In recent years,great breakthroughs have been made in the exploration and development of natural gas in deep coal-rock reservoirs in Junggar,Ordos and other basins in China.In view of the inconsistency between the ind...In recent years,great breakthroughs have been made in the exploration and development of natural gas in deep coal-rock reservoirs in Junggar,Ordos and other basins in China.In view of the inconsistency between the industrial and academic circles on this new type of unconventional natural gas,this paper defines the concept of"coal-rock gas"on the basis of previous studies,and systematically analyzes its characteristics of occurrence state,transport and storage form,differential accumulation,and development law.Coal-rock gas,geologically unlike coalbed methane in the traditional sense,occurs in both free and adsorbed states,with free state in abundance.It is generated and stored in the same set of rocks through short distance migration,occasionally with the accumulation from other sources.Moreover,coal rock develops cleat fractures,and the free gas accumulates differentially.The coal-rock gas reservoirs deeper than 2000 m are high in pressure,temperature,gas content,gas saturation,and free-gas content.In terms of development,similar to shale gas and tight gas,coal-rock gas can be exploited by natural formation energy after the reservoirs connectivity is improved artificially,that is,the adsorbed gas is desorbed due to pressure drop after the high-potential free gas is recovered,so that the free gas and adsorbed gas are produced in succession for a long term without water drainage for pressure drop.According to buried depth,coal rank,pressure coefficient,reserves scale,reserves abundance and gas well production,the classification criteria and reserves/resources estimation method of coal-rock gas are presented.It is preliminarily estimated that the coal-rock gas in place deeper than 2000 m in China exceeds 30×10^(12)m^(3),indicating an important strategic resource for the country.The Ordos,Sichuan,Junggar and Bohai Bay basins are favorable areas for large-scale enrichment of coal-rock gas.The paper summarizes the technical and management challenges and points out the research directions,laying a foundation for the management,exploration,and development of coal-rock gas in China.展开更多
This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the new clinical diagnostic and classification criteria for Kashin-Beck disease （KBD） using six clinical markers： flexion of the distal part of finger...This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the new clinical diagnostic and classification criteria for Kashin-Beck disease （KBD） using six clinical markers： flexion of the distal part of fingers, deformed fingers, enlarged finger joints, shortened fingers, squat down, and dwarfism. One-third of the total population in Linyou County was sampled by stratified random sampling.展开更多
Ice-induced structural vibration generally decreases with an increase in structural width at the waterline. Definitions of wide/narrow ice-resistant conical structures, according to ice-induced vibration, are directly...Ice-induced structural vibration generally decreases with an increase in structural width at the waterline. Definitions of wide/narrow ice-resistant conical structures, according to ice-induced vibration, are directly related to structure width, sea ice parameters, and clearing modes of broken ice. This paper proposes three clearing modes for broken ice acting on conical structures: complete clearing, temporary ice pile up, and ice pile up. In this paper, sea ice clearing modes and the formation requirements of dynamic ice force are analyzed to explore criteria determining wide/narrow ice-resistant conical structures. According to the direct measurement data of typical prototype structures, quantitative criteria of the ratio of a cone width at waterline(D) to sea ice thickness(h) is proposed. If the ratio is less than 30(narrow conical structure), broken ice is completely cleared and a dynamic ice force is produced; however, if the ratio is larger than 50(wide conical structure), the front stacking of broken ice or dynamic ice force will not occur.展开更多
There is a lack of appropriate classification criteria for the determination of atretic follicles in guinea pigs.In the present study,new criteria were established based on the latest morphologic criteria for cell dea...There is a lack of appropriate classification criteria for the determination of atretic follicles in guinea pigs.In the present study,new criteria were established based on the latest morphologic criteria for cell death proposed by the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death(NCCD) in 2009.Ovaries of guinea pigs were sampled on different stages of estrous cycle,and the morphologic observations of atretic follicles were investigated in serial sections.The results showed that the process of follicular atresia could be classified into four continuous stages:(1) the granulosa layer became loose,and some apoptotic bodies began to appear;(2) the granulosa cells were massively eliminated;(3) the theca interna cells differentiated;and(4) the residual follicular cells degenerated.In addition,the examination revealed that these morphologic criteria were accurate and feasible.In conclusion,this study provides new criteria for the classification of atretic follicles in guinea pigs,and this knowledge can inform future research in the area.展开更多
Although the development of the 2009 Sp A classification criteria by Assessment of Spondylo Arthritis international Society（ASAS） represents an important step towards a better definition of the early disease stage p...Although the development of the 2009 Sp A classification criteria by Assessment of Spondylo Arthritis international Society（ASAS） represents an important step towards a better definition of the early disease stage particularly in axial spondyloarthritis（ax Sp A）, the specificity of the criteria has been criticized these days. As the commonest zoonotic infection worldwide, human brucellosis can mimic a large number of diseases, including Sp A. This study was performed to determine the frequency of rheumatologic manifestations in patients with brucellosis and the chance of misdiagnosing them as having ax Sp A in central China. The results showed that clinical manifestations of ax Sp A could be observed in brucellosis. Over half of patients had back pain, and one fifth of the patients with back pain were less than 45 years old at onset and had the symptom for more than 3 months. Two young males were falsely classified as suffering from ax Sp A according to the ASAS criteria, and one with MRI proved sacroiliitis was once given Etanercept for treatment. Therefore, differential diagnosis including human brucellosis should always be kept in mind when applying the ASAS criteria, even in traditionally non-endemic areas.展开更多
Background Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis(AAV)is a type of necrotizing vasculitis with poor prognosis,which is more severe in children.Classifying AAV patients may be helpful for diagnosis ...Background Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis(AAV)is a type of necrotizing vasculitis with poor prognosis,which is more severe in children.Classifying AAV patients may be helpful for diagnosis and management.However,present classification criteria for pediatric AAV are developed mainly based on adults,which have limitations in clinical practice.In this study,we introduced an updated algorithm based on the European Medicines Agency(EMA)algorithm in conjunction with the American College of Rheumatology(ACR)/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology(EULAR)criteria.This new approach aims to resolve the issue of duplicate classification present in the 2022 ACR/EULAR criteria and to refine the existing EMA algorithm.Methods This study included 179 pediatric patients diagnosed with AAV across 17 centers in China.Patients were classified using the EMA algorithm,the ACR/EULAR criteria,and the EMA-ACR/EULAR algorithm.The Kappa value and Net Reclassification Index(NRI)were used to evaluate the classification performance of these criteria.Results According to the EMA algorithm,136(76.0%)patients were classified with microscopic polyangiitis(MPA)and 14(7.8%)with granulomatosis with polyangiitis(GPA),while 29(16.2%)remained unclassifiable.According to the ACR/EULAR criteria,145(81.0%)patients were classified with MPA,14(7.8%)with GPA,2(1.1%)with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis(EGPA),and 4(2.2%)with both MPA and GPA,while 14(7.8%)remained unclassifiable.The EMA-ACR/EULAR algorithm classified 124 patients(69.3%)as MPA,26(14.5%)as GPA,and 2(1.1%)as EGPA,while 27(15.1%)were unclassified.The Kappa values between the EMA algorithm and ACR/EULAR criteria for GPA and MPA were 0.225[95%confidence interval(CI)0.000-0.456,P=0.003]and 0.357(95%CI 0.196-0.518,P<0.001).Compared to these two criteria,the EMA-ACR/EULAR algorithm demonstrated positive NRIs in the classification of both GPA(0.702,95%CI 0.258-1.146,P=0.002;0.54795%CI 0.150-0.944,P=0.007)and MPA(0.425,95%CI 0.209-0.642,P<0.001;0.519,95%CI 0.305-0.733,P<0.001).Conclusions The EMA-ACR/EULAR algorithm addresses the limitations of the 1990 ACR criteria within the EMA framework and resolves the issue of duplicate classification in the 2022 ACR/EULAR criteria.However,further research is necessary to validate the superiority of the EMA-ACR/EULAR algorithm in the clinical classification of pediatric AAV patients.展开更多
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin G4-related disease(IgG4-RD)is a multi-system fibroinflammatory disorder that can involve any organ,including the salivary glands,pancreas,and biliary tree.Treatment of immunoglobulin G4-relat...BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin G4-related disease(IgG4-RD)is a multi-system fibroinflammatory disorder that can involve any organ,including the salivary glands,pancreas,and biliary tree.Treatment of immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis(IgG4-SC)is similar to that for IgG4-RD,but progression is irreversible in some cases.We present a case of IgG4-SC in which an immuno-suppressant induced marked clinical and radiologic improvement.CASE SUMMARY A 63-year-old male presented with a prominent itching sensation and wholebody jaundice.He showed obstructive-pattern jaundice,an elevated IgG4 level,and infiltration of a large number of IgG4-positive cells in the ampulla of Vater.The imaging findings of intrahepatic duct(IHD)and common bile duct dilation,an elevated serum IgG4 level,and characteristic histological findings led to diagnosis of IgG4-SC that compatible with the 2019 ACR/EULAR classification criteria.We planned to treat the patient with high-dose glucocorticoid(GC),followed by cyclophosphamide pulse therapy.After treatment with high-dose GC and an immunosuppressant,imaging studies showed that IHD dilatation had completely resolved.CONCLUSION Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment of IgG4-SC are important.Because there is a risk of relapse of IgG4-SC,the GC dose should be gradually reduced,and a maintenance immunosuppressant should be given.展开更多
The Chinese Neurology and Psychiatry Association conducted a national field trial of its Chinese Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Mental Disorders (CCMD-2) involov-ing 26 provinces and municipalities, 80 psyc...The Chinese Neurology and Psychiatry Association conducted a national field trial of its Chinese Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Mental Disorders (CCMD-2) involov-ing 26 provinces and municipalities, 80 psychiatric institutes, and 224 professionals. The results were as follows: (1)95.2% of researchers considered the comprehensibility of the CCMD-2 diagnstic criteria good. Within the ten major categories, comprehensibility ranged from 85.7% to 100%. (2) Of those surveyed concerning the acceptibility of the CCCMD-2 diagnostic criteria, 85.9% considered them acceptable. In individual classifications, the rate ranged from 74.1% to 95.2%. (3) 1498 cases were tested. The overall applicability rate which indicated the consistency between the CCMD-2 result and the actual clinical diagnoses was found to be 87.6%, (averaging Kappa = 0.82,P<0.01), better than those obtained from non-Chinese systems of diagnosis.展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.This review explores the recent progress in the application of artificial intelligence(AI)in radiological diagnosis of HCC.The Barcelona...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.This review explores the recent progress in the application of artificial intelligence(AI)in radiological diagnosis of HCC.The Barcelona Classification of Liver Cancer criteria guides treatment decisions based on tumour characteristics and liver function indicators,but HCC often remains undetected until intermediate or advanced stages,limiting treatment options and patient outcomes.Timely and accurate diagnostic methods are crucial for enabling curative therapies and improving patient outcomes.AI,particularly deep learning and neural network models,has shown promise in the radiological detection of HCC.AI offers several advantages in HCC diagnosis,including reducing diagnostic variability,optimising data analysis and reallocating healthcare resources.By providing objective and consistent analysis of imaging data,AI can overcome the limitations of human interpretation and enhance the accuracy of HCC diagnosis.Furthermore,AI systems can assist healthcare professionals in managing the increasing workload by serving as a reliable diagnostic tool.Integration of AI with information systems enables comprehensive analysis of patient data,facilitating more informed and reliable diagnoses.The advancements in AI-based radiological diagnosis hold significant potential to improve early detection,treatment selection and patient outcomes in HCC.Further research and clinical implementation of AI models in routine practice are necessary to harness the full potential of this technology in HCC management.展开更多
基金Supported by the Prospective and Basic Research Project of PetroChina(2021DJ23)。
文摘In recent years,great breakthroughs have been made in the exploration and development of natural gas in deep coal-rock reservoirs in Junggar,Ordos and other basins in China.In view of the inconsistency between the industrial and academic circles on this new type of unconventional natural gas,this paper defines the concept of"coal-rock gas"on the basis of previous studies,and systematically analyzes its characteristics of occurrence state,transport and storage form,differential accumulation,and development law.Coal-rock gas,geologically unlike coalbed methane in the traditional sense,occurs in both free and adsorbed states,with free state in abundance.It is generated and stored in the same set of rocks through short distance migration,occasionally with the accumulation from other sources.Moreover,coal rock develops cleat fractures,and the free gas accumulates differentially.The coal-rock gas reservoirs deeper than 2000 m are high in pressure,temperature,gas content,gas saturation,and free-gas content.In terms of development,similar to shale gas and tight gas,coal-rock gas can be exploited by natural formation energy after the reservoirs connectivity is improved artificially,that is,the adsorbed gas is desorbed due to pressure drop after the high-potential free gas is recovered,so that the free gas and adsorbed gas are produced in succession for a long term without water drainage for pressure drop.According to buried depth,coal rank,pressure coefficient,reserves scale,reserves abundance and gas well production,the classification criteria and reserves/resources estimation method of coal-rock gas are presented.It is preliminarily estimated that the coal-rock gas in place deeper than 2000 m in China exceeds 30×10^(12)m^(3),indicating an important strategic resource for the country.The Ordos,Sichuan,Junggar and Bohai Bay basins are favorable areas for large-scale enrichment of coal-rock gas.The paper summarizes the technical and management challenges and points out the research directions,laying a foundation for the management,exploration,and development of coal-rock gas in China.
基金supported by the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China(81472924,81620108026)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in 2015
文摘This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the new clinical diagnostic and classification criteria for Kashin-Beck disease （KBD） using six clinical markers： flexion of the distal part of fingers, deformed fingers, enlarged finger joints, shortened fingers, squat down, and dwarfism. One-third of the total population in Linyou County was sampled by stratified random sampling.
基金Foundation item： Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 41306087）, Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean （Grant No. 201505019）
文摘Ice-induced structural vibration generally decreases with an increase in structural width at the waterline. Definitions of wide/narrow ice-resistant conical structures, according to ice-induced vibration, are directly related to structure width, sea ice parameters, and clearing modes of broken ice. This paper proposes three clearing modes for broken ice acting on conical structures: complete clearing, temporary ice pile up, and ice pile up. In this paper, sea ice clearing modes and the formation requirements of dynamic ice force are analyzed to explore criteria determining wide/narrow ice-resistant conical structures. According to the direct measurement data of typical prototype structures, quantitative criteria of the ratio of a cone width at waterline(D) to sea ice thickness(h) is proposed. If the ratio is less than 30(narrow conical structure), broken ice is completely cleared and a dynamic ice force is produced; however, if the ratio is larger than 50(wide conical structure), the front stacking of broken ice or dynamic ice force will not occur.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No.2007CB947403)the Open-Ended Fund for the Youth of China Agricultural University-Nanjing Agricultural University (No.NC2008005)
文摘There is a lack of appropriate classification criteria for the determination of atretic follicles in guinea pigs.In the present study,new criteria were established based on the latest morphologic criteria for cell death proposed by the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death(NCCD) in 2009.Ovaries of guinea pigs were sampled on different stages of estrous cycle,and the morphologic observations of atretic follicles were investigated in serial sections.The results showed that the process of follicular atresia could be classified into four continuous stages:(1) the granulosa layer became loose,and some apoptotic bodies began to appear;(2) the granulosa cells were massively eliminated;(3) the theca interna cells differentiated;and(4) the residual follicular cells degenerated.In addition,the examination revealed that these morphologic criteria were accurate and feasible.In conclusion,this study provides new criteria for the classification of atretic follicles in guinea pigs,and this knowledge can inform future research in the area.
文摘Although the development of the 2009 Sp A classification criteria by Assessment of Spondylo Arthritis international Society（ASAS） represents an important step towards a better definition of the early disease stage particularly in axial spondyloarthritis（ax Sp A）, the specificity of the criteria has been criticized these days. As the commonest zoonotic infection worldwide, human brucellosis can mimic a large number of diseases, including Sp A. This study was performed to determine the frequency of rheumatologic manifestations in patients with brucellosis and the chance of misdiagnosing them as having ax Sp A in central China. The results showed that clinical manifestations of ax Sp A could be observed in brucellosis. Over half of patients had back pain, and one fifth of the patients with back pain were less than 45 years old at onset and had the symptom for more than 3 months. Two young males were falsely classified as suffering from ax Sp A according to the ASAS criteria, and one with MRI proved sacroiliitis was once given Etanercept for treatment. Therefore, differential diagnosis including human brucellosis should always be kept in mind when applying the ASAS criteria, even in traditionally non-endemic areas.
基金sponsored by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFC2702002).
文摘Background Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis(AAV)is a type of necrotizing vasculitis with poor prognosis,which is more severe in children.Classifying AAV patients may be helpful for diagnosis and management.However,present classification criteria for pediatric AAV are developed mainly based on adults,which have limitations in clinical practice.In this study,we introduced an updated algorithm based on the European Medicines Agency(EMA)algorithm in conjunction with the American College of Rheumatology(ACR)/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology(EULAR)criteria.This new approach aims to resolve the issue of duplicate classification present in the 2022 ACR/EULAR criteria and to refine the existing EMA algorithm.Methods This study included 179 pediatric patients diagnosed with AAV across 17 centers in China.Patients were classified using the EMA algorithm,the ACR/EULAR criteria,and the EMA-ACR/EULAR algorithm.The Kappa value and Net Reclassification Index(NRI)were used to evaluate the classification performance of these criteria.Results According to the EMA algorithm,136(76.0%)patients were classified with microscopic polyangiitis(MPA)and 14(7.8%)with granulomatosis with polyangiitis(GPA),while 29(16.2%)remained unclassifiable.According to the ACR/EULAR criteria,145(81.0%)patients were classified with MPA,14(7.8%)with GPA,2(1.1%)with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis(EGPA),and 4(2.2%)with both MPA and GPA,while 14(7.8%)remained unclassifiable.The EMA-ACR/EULAR algorithm classified 124 patients(69.3%)as MPA,26(14.5%)as GPA,and 2(1.1%)as EGPA,while 27(15.1%)were unclassified.The Kappa values between the EMA algorithm and ACR/EULAR criteria for GPA and MPA were 0.225[95%confidence interval(CI)0.000-0.456,P=0.003]and 0.357(95%CI 0.196-0.518,P<0.001).Compared to these two criteria,the EMA-ACR/EULAR algorithm demonstrated positive NRIs in the classification of both GPA(0.702,95%CI 0.258-1.146,P=0.002;0.54795%CI 0.150-0.944,P=0.007)and MPA(0.425,95%CI 0.209-0.642,P<0.001;0.519,95%CI 0.305-0.733,P<0.001).Conclusions The EMA-ACR/EULAR algorithm addresses the limitations of the 1990 ACR criteria within the EMA framework and resolves the issue of duplicate classification in the 2022 ACR/EULAR criteria.However,further research is necessary to validate the superiority of the EMA-ACR/EULAR algorithm in the clinical classification of pediatric AAV patients.
文摘BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin G4-related disease(IgG4-RD)is a multi-system fibroinflammatory disorder that can involve any organ,including the salivary glands,pancreas,and biliary tree.Treatment of immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis(IgG4-SC)is similar to that for IgG4-RD,but progression is irreversible in some cases.We present a case of IgG4-SC in which an immuno-suppressant induced marked clinical and radiologic improvement.CASE SUMMARY A 63-year-old male presented with a prominent itching sensation and wholebody jaundice.He showed obstructive-pattern jaundice,an elevated IgG4 level,and infiltration of a large number of IgG4-positive cells in the ampulla of Vater.The imaging findings of intrahepatic duct(IHD)and common bile duct dilation,an elevated serum IgG4 level,and characteristic histological findings led to diagnosis of IgG4-SC that compatible with the 2019 ACR/EULAR classification criteria.We planned to treat the patient with high-dose glucocorticoid(GC),followed by cyclophosphamide pulse therapy.After treatment with high-dose GC and an immunosuppressant,imaging studies showed that IHD dilatation had completely resolved.CONCLUSION Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment of IgG4-SC are important.Because there is a risk of relapse of IgG4-SC,the GC dose should be gradually reduced,and a maintenance immunosuppressant should be given.
文摘The Chinese Neurology and Psychiatry Association conducted a national field trial of its Chinese Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Mental Disorders (CCMD-2) involov-ing 26 provinces and municipalities, 80 psychiatric institutes, and 224 professionals. The results were as follows: (1)95.2% of researchers considered the comprehensibility of the CCMD-2 diagnstic criteria good. Within the ten major categories, comprehensibility ranged from 85.7% to 100%. (2) Of those surveyed concerning the acceptibility of the CCCMD-2 diagnostic criteria, 85.9% considered them acceptable. In individual classifications, the rate ranged from 74.1% to 95.2%. (3) 1498 cases were tested. The overall applicability rate which indicated the consistency between the CCMD-2 result and the actual clinical diagnoses was found to be 87.6%, (averaging Kappa = 0.82,P<0.01), better than those obtained from non-Chinese systems of diagnosis.
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.This review explores the recent progress in the application of artificial intelligence(AI)in radiological diagnosis of HCC.The Barcelona Classification of Liver Cancer criteria guides treatment decisions based on tumour characteristics and liver function indicators,but HCC often remains undetected until intermediate or advanced stages,limiting treatment options and patient outcomes.Timely and accurate diagnostic methods are crucial for enabling curative therapies and improving patient outcomes.AI,particularly deep learning and neural network models,has shown promise in the radiological detection of HCC.AI offers several advantages in HCC diagnosis,including reducing diagnostic variability,optimising data analysis and reallocating healthcare resources.By providing objective and consistent analysis of imaging data,AI can overcome the limitations of human interpretation and enhance the accuracy of HCC diagnosis.Furthermore,AI systems can assist healthcare professionals in managing the increasing workload by serving as a reliable diagnostic tool.Integration of AI with information systems enables comprehensive analysis of patient data,facilitating more informed and reliable diagnoses.The advancements in AI-based radiological diagnosis hold significant potential to improve early detection,treatment selection and patient outcomes in HCC.Further research and clinical implementation of AI models in routine practice are necessary to harness the full potential of this technology in HCC management.
