Grass constitutes a vital poetic imagery in classical Chinese poetry,embodying multifaceted symbolic connotations ranging from the tenacity of life to sentiments of separation and nostalgic longing.The translation of ...Grass constitutes a vital poetic imagery in classical Chinese poetry,embodying multifaceted symbolic connotations ranging from the tenacity of life to sentiments of separation and nostalgic longing.The translation of this botanical motif necessitates not merely lexical equivalence,but more importantly,the transmission of its profound cultural resonance and aesthetic essence.This study posits that effective rendition of grass imagery should adopt an integrative approach synthesizing the objectives of cultural translation with the intrinsic aesthetic characteristics of classical poetry.Through systematic analysis of the cultural semiotics embedded in grass symbolism,the research investigates practical translation techniques at lexical,syntactic,and stylistic dimensions.The findings aim to contribute to the theoretical framework of cultural image translation in Chinese poetic tradition while providing methodological references for cross-cultural interpretation of classical verse.By bridging cultural semiotics with translation praxis,this investigation seeks to advance the intercultural communication of Chinese poetic heritage through nuanced treatment of its botanical symbolism.展开更多
Research fruits in classical Chinese folk houses since 1980s were summarized in this study from various perspectives,such as architectural structure,spatial layout,decoration,aesthetic value,regional features and hist...Research fruits in classical Chinese folk houses since 1980s were summarized in this study from various perspectives,such as architectural structure,spatial layout,decoration,aesthetic value,regional features and historical attributes,meanwhile,the future study orientation in this field was also discussed.展开更多
The author analyzes the untranslatability of the classical Chinese poetry from the perspective of aesthetic function of language. The untranslatability lies firstly in the heterogeneity, indeterminism and the ambiguit...The author analyzes the untranslatability of the classical Chinese poetry from the perspective of aesthetic function of language. The untranslatability lies firstly in the heterogeneity, indeterminism and the ambiguity of the Chinese language itself. Moreover, the classical Chinese poetry displays its unique features and beauty which can not be rendered into English in terms of aesthetic function of language.展开更多
In classical Chinese gardens,the waterscape has its own unique style of expression,which is to highlight the simulation of the natural water landscape and its combination with the elements of the garden.As a pole of c...In classical Chinese gardens,the waterscape has its own unique style of expression,which is to highlight the simulation of the natural water landscape and its combination with the elements of the garden.As a pole of classical garden theory,waterscape plays an important role in organizing space and creating the overall landscape effect.In addition to the landscape concept and water management method,the combination of engineering practices and landscape aesthetics involved guarantees Artistic presentation of water bodies in gardens.Based on the existing research,this study cut in from the perspective of engineering technology,and conducted detailed research on engineering techniques,materials application and artistic expression under different water body functions and forms,and explored the fusion of "making" "technique" and "art" in the waterscape construction.展开更多
While over two thousand years apart, Western postmodernism and ancient Chinese philosophy share some extraordinary similarities, especially epistemology wise. For example, they both recognize the role of language in c...While over two thousand years apart, Western postmodernism and ancient Chinese philosophy share some extraordinary similarities, especially epistemology wise. For example, they both recognize the role of language in constructing, and limiting, knowledge and reality. This is because thinkers of different cultures and geographical regions, and of different historical periods, can possibly come up with similar philosophical conclusions when addressing what is commonly known as the ＂human condition＂. The paper will discuss, in general terms, some of the philosophical similarities between postmodemism and classical Chinese philosophy; it will also take a close look at three concepts in Chinese philosophy that register strong affinity with Western postmodernism： namely, change, dialectic, and relativism.展开更多
The purpose of this article is to enhance the understanding of how Classical Chinese Philosophy has been interpreted and transferred by Enlightenment thinkers into the narrative framework of European philosophy as a f...The purpose of this article is to enhance the understanding of how Classical Chinese Philosophy has been interpreted and transferred by Enlightenment thinkers into the narrative framework of European philosophy as a far-reaching source of ideas and inspiration with a driving force for promoting modern European social change. We examine outsider perspectives within the context of Enlightenment thinking that contributed to advances in the cross-cultural understanding of how Chinese stories could be disseminated in the framework of East-West dialogue.展开更多
Chinese classical literature is precious treasure of the world literature. In order to transmit and carry forward it, translation is an effective and necessary way, especially as the development ofglobalization and Ch...Chinese classical literature is precious treasure of the world literature. In order to transmit and carry forward it, translation is an effective and necessary way, especially as the development ofglobalization and China＇s economy. This paper mainly discusses the history, difficulties, ways and skills on translation of classical Chinese literary texts in this paper.展开更多
Classical Chinese poems（CCP） is regarded as the inheritance and treasure of Chinese culture. CCP translation, on one hand, makes us have access to explore the linguistic charming and the cultural value of classical ...Classical Chinese poems（CCP） is regarded as the inheritance and treasure of Chinese culture. CCP translation, on one hand, makes us have access to explore the linguistic charming and the cultural value of classical Chinese poems; on the other hand, it provides an opportunity to transmit Chinese classical culture into western culture. While translatability of CCP translation, coupled with its untranslatability is considered a contentious topic in translation circle. Admittedly, in the process of CCP translation, some problems or barriers turn out to be our stumbling stone. But generally speaking, most of the poetry are translatable and untranslatability can be transformed into translatability with certain strategies. This thesis have compared the similarities and differences between Chinese and western poems to analyze the reasons why CCP can or cannot be translated and lays much emphasis on untranslatability as well as the compensation of untranslatability. Lastly, foreignization and domestication are recommended as two strategies in CCP translation when untranslatability occurs.展开更多
“Analects of Confucius”is an important carrier of outstanding traditional culture of our country,and“The Ministry of Education”junior high school Chinese textbook seventh grade volume of the third unit of“<Ana...“Analects of Confucius”is an important carrier of outstanding traditional culture of our country,and“The Ministry of Education”junior high school Chinese textbook seventh grade volume of the third unit of“<Analects>12 chapters”included 12 chapters as learning content.In the actual teaching,Xiao Pei-dong teacher teaching reading as self-reading,let the Analects of Confucius into the students’hearts.Mr.Xu Jie stimulates students’interest by reading Chinese teaching,teaching with culture and teaching in activities.Teacher Zhu Xingxiang guides students to use the method of mutual verification,to explore“the joy of learning”,“the joy of having friends”and“the joy of gentleman”,and to learn Confucius’s optimistic life attitude.The three teachers have different teaching methods,each with its own characteristics,but all reach the same destination,aiming at improving the core quality of students,which has important reference significance for the teaching of classical Chinese in junior high school under the new curriculum standard.展开更多
In the summer of 2023,Zhang Zhizhong’s Reading English Literature to Translate Classical Chinese Poems got published as one of the“Comparative Literature and World Literature Research Series”edited by Cao Shunqing....In the summer of 2023,Zhang Zhizhong’s Reading English Literature to Translate Classical Chinese Poems got published as one of the“Comparative Literature and World Literature Research Series”edited by Cao Shunqing.It presents Zhang’s latest theory and praxis of translating classical Chinese poems.As a kind of rewriting,Zhang’s translations are similar to modern English poems—with creative expressions in contemporary English,the enjambments from free verses,the form of concrete poetry,and the artistic conceptions of classical Chinese poetry,but without the rhymes in original works.How this poetry translation as rewriting generates in the constraints of ideology,poetics,and patronage is to be analyzed in the light of AndréLefevere’s rewriting theory.By examining the non-textual factors related to Zhang’s rewriting,it aims to reveal how this rewriting,as an experimental approach to poetry translation,can shed light on the global circulation of Chinese poetry.展开更多
Classical Chinese Poetry represents a unique intersection of linguistic art and cultural heritage,yet the spatiotemporal dynamics of its reading process remain difficult to observe using traditional methods.While prev...Classical Chinese Poetry represents a unique intersection of linguistic art and cultural heritage,yet the spatiotemporal dynamics of its reading process remain difficult to observe using traditional methods.While previous studies have relied on static eye-tracking metrics,this study applies a data-driven machine learning approach to visualize the distinct reading strategies of learners.Using eyemovement analysis with hidden Markov models(EMHMM),we recorded and modeled the gaze patterns of 35 participants(experts vs.novices)as they read a classical poem.The results successfully visualized two distinct spatiotemporal patterns through representative case modeling:the novice exemplar exhibited a“text-bound,local scanning”strategy characterized by high self-loop probabilities,reflecting high cognitive load;in contrast,the expert exemplar employed a“schema-driven,global scanning”strategy,efficiently integrating imagery.Furthermore,the application of EMHMM revealed significant differences in the late-stage processing of“Poetry Eye”(expressive words),highlighting the gap in aesthetic integration.Critically,this study demonstrates the utility of EMHMM as a visualization tool for educational assessment.We propose that these quantified spatiotemporal patterns demonstrate the potential to serve as prototypical computational biomarkers,providing empirical evidence for the design of AIdriven intelligent tutoring systems(ITS)that offer gaze-contingent scaffolding.展开更多
Classical Chinese gardens are purposely designed so that no matter where you stand,you can never see the whole thing at once.The mystery and the discovery have helped the classical gardens of China,especially those in...Classical Chinese gardens are purposely designed so that no matter where you stand,you can never see the whole thing at once.The mystery and the discovery have helped the classical gardens of China,especially those in Suzhou,remain popular attractions after all these years.Put simply,the aim of a classical Chinese garden is to deepen one?s admiration of nature.Besides just relaxing in nature,the classical Chinese gardens have another purpose-to inspire artistic expression like poetry,literature or painting.Nearly all Chinese gardens feature the things in the list below.展开更多
This article explores the role of short video platforms such as Douyin and Kuaishou in disseminating traditionalcultural content such as classical poetry and prose.We track quantitative indicators such as completion r...This article explores the role of short video platforms such as Douyin and Kuaishou in disseminating traditionalcultural content such as classical poetry and prose.We track quantitative indicators such as completion rate,such as the commentrate and conversion rate of each video type,and study behavioral data such as changes in audience perceptions of cultural valuesand adjustments in weekly reading time.The results show that the completion rate of recitation videos is the highest(72.6%),leading to a 14.3%increase in the number of account followers.68%of respondents reported that the weekly reading time oforiginal works increased by 38.7%,and 54%of users downloaded at least one complete document within two weeks of viewing.This evidence indicates that short videos are not only a dynamic repository of classic texts but can also effectively guideaudiences to conduct in-depth text reading.It is suggested that cultural institutions fully leverage the potential of disseminatingshort videos in further protection work.展开更多
This study constructs a classical Chinese to modern Chinese translation model based on the Guwen Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers(GuwenBERT)pre-trained model.Through comparative experiments betw...This study constructs a classical Chinese to modern Chinese translation model based on the Guwen Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers(GuwenBERT)pre-trained model.Through comparative experiments between the original model and the model incorporating Generative Adversarial Networks(GAN)under training conditions of 2,000,5,000,and 7,000 parallel corpus sentences,we analyze the impact of data scale and model architecture on translation quality.The experiments employ Bilingual Evaluation Understudy(BLEU)and Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation-Longest Common Subsequence(ROUGE-L)metrics to evaluate translation quality and validate model effectiveness through typical case analysis.The findings reveal that increasing training data significantly enhances model performance.When the corpus scale increases from 2,000 to 7,000 sentences,the BLEU metric improves by 100%.The GAN-incorporated model outperforms the original model under the same corpus scale.Under 5,000-sentence corpus training,the GAN model achieves a BLEU value of 0.017,representing a 6.25%improvement over the original model.However,translation accuracy remains insufficient under small-scale data conditions,particularly in handling complex grammatical structures.This study provides technical pathways and empirical evidence for model optimization in classical Chinese automated translation,offering important reference value for the digital processing of ancient literature.展开更多
Though it is not new, the topic of the modem transformation of classical Chinese literary theory still holds profound significance for China＇s current efforts in carrying forward the essence of classical literary the...Though it is not new, the topic of the modem transformation of classical Chinese literary theory still holds profound significance for China＇s current efforts in carrying forward the essence of classical literary theory and constructing a new literary theory that conforms to the spirit of our times. Today, Chinese scholars have to handle two traditions： one is the classical literary scholarship up to the 19th century, distant in time and space from today; the other is the modern tradition that started in the early 20th century. These two traditions involve not only rupture and heterogeneous change but also continuity and partial homogeneous preservation. Taking our stand on the modem and contemporary tradition, we should consciously pursue research on classical literary theory, using modem consciousness to scrutinize, reorder, discover, select, interpret, activate and absorb its finer elements, those that are still vital, so as to creatively promote its modem transformation and further integrate it as an organic component of the construction of modem Chinese literary theory. Over the past two or three decades, Chinese scholars have been advancing this great project in a systematic and solid way, achieving gratifying progress. We must strengthen our efforts and make further progress with this great undertaking.展开更多
Since modern Singapore was founded in 1819,different generations of Chinese immigrants have come to live there.The intellectuals among them established literary societies and composed classical Chinese poetry.Differen...Since modern Singapore was founded in 1819,different generations of Chinese immigrants have come to live there.The intellectuals among them established literary societies and composed classical Chinese poetry.Different generations of poets wrote about Singapore in different ways.Sojourner poets wrote about Nanyang(a Chinese word referring to Southeast Asia in general,and Malaya and Singapore in particular)as a foreign land;their poetry reflected a strong sense of homesickness.In contrast,the naturalized first-generation and localized poets considered Nanyang their native land;their poetry focused more on Singaporean stories and experiences.Classical Chinese poetry by Chinese immigrants in Singapore,thus,has its own characteristics even as it draws on the essence of Chinese cultural tradition.展开更多
文摘Grass constitutes a vital poetic imagery in classical Chinese poetry,embodying multifaceted symbolic connotations ranging from the tenacity of life to sentiments of separation and nostalgic longing.The translation of this botanical motif necessitates not merely lexical equivalence,but more importantly,the transmission of its profound cultural resonance and aesthetic essence.This study posits that effective rendition of grass imagery should adopt an integrative approach synthesizing the objectives of cultural translation with the intrinsic aesthetic characteristics of classical poetry.Through systematic analysis of the cultural semiotics embedded in grass symbolism,the research investigates practical translation techniques at lexical,syntactic,and stylistic dimensions.The findings aim to contribute to the theoretical framework of cultural image translation in Chinese poetic tradition while providing methodological references for cross-cultural interpretation of classical verse.By bridging cultural semiotics with translation praxis,this investigation seeks to advance the intercultural communication of Chinese poetic heritage through nuanced treatment of its botanical symbolism.
文摘Research fruits in classical Chinese folk houses since 1980s were summarized in this study from various perspectives,such as architectural structure,spatial layout,decoration,aesthetic value,regional features and historical attributes,meanwhile,the future study orientation in this field was also discussed.
文摘The author analyzes the untranslatability of the classical Chinese poetry from the perspective of aesthetic function of language. The untranslatability lies firstly in the heterogeneity, indeterminism and the ambiguity of the Chinese language itself. Moreover, the classical Chinese poetry displays its unique features and beauty which can not be rendered into English in terms of aesthetic function of language.
基金Youth Fund Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51808005)General Social Science Project of Beijing Municipal Education Commission(SM201910009008)Youth Yuyou Talent Training Plan of North China University of Technology(NCUT2020).
文摘In classical Chinese gardens,the waterscape has its own unique style of expression,which is to highlight the simulation of the natural water landscape and its combination with the elements of the garden.As a pole of classical garden theory,waterscape plays an important role in organizing space and creating the overall landscape effect.In addition to the landscape concept and water management method,the combination of engineering practices and landscape aesthetics involved guarantees Artistic presentation of water bodies in gardens.Based on the existing research,this study cut in from the perspective of engineering technology,and conducted detailed research on engineering techniques,materials application and artistic expression under different water body functions and forms,and explored the fusion of "making" "technique" and "art" in the waterscape construction.
文摘While over two thousand years apart, Western postmodernism and ancient Chinese philosophy share some extraordinary similarities, especially epistemology wise. For example, they both recognize the role of language in constructing, and limiting, knowledge and reality. This is because thinkers of different cultures and geographical regions, and of different historical periods, can possibly come up with similar philosophical conclusions when addressing what is commonly known as the ＂human condition＂. The paper will discuss, in general terms, some of the philosophical similarities between postmodemism and classical Chinese philosophy; it will also take a close look at three concepts in Chinese philosophy that register strong affinity with Western postmodernism： namely, change, dialectic, and relativism.
基金funded by the National Social Science Foundation of China “Research on narrative strategies in crosscultural contexts (17XXW008).”。
文摘The purpose of this article is to enhance the understanding of how Classical Chinese Philosophy has been interpreted and transferred by Enlightenment thinkers into the narrative framework of European philosophy as a far-reaching source of ideas and inspiration with a driving force for promoting modern European social change. We examine outsider perspectives within the context of Enlightenment thinking that contributed to advances in the cross-cultural understanding of how Chinese stories could be disseminated in the framework of East-West dialogue.
文摘Chinese classical literature is precious treasure of the world literature. In order to transmit and carry forward it, translation is an effective and necessary way, especially as the development ofglobalization and China＇s economy. This paper mainly discusses the history, difficulties, ways and skills on translation of classical Chinese literary texts in this paper.
文摘Classical Chinese poems（CCP） is regarded as the inheritance and treasure of Chinese culture. CCP translation, on one hand, makes us have access to explore the linguistic charming and the cultural value of classical Chinese poems; on the other hand, it provides an opportunity to transmit Chinese classical culture into western culture. While translatability of CCP translation, coupled with its untranslatability is considered a contentious topic in translation circle. Admittedly, in the process of CCP translation, some problems or barriers turn out to be our stumbling stone. But generally speaking, most of the poetry are translatable and untranslatability can be transformed into translatability with certain strategies. This thesis have compared the similarities and differences between Chinese and western poems to analyze the reasons why CCP can or cannot be translated and lays much emphasis on untranslatability as well as the compensation of untranslatability. Lastly, foreignization and domestication are recommended as two strategies in CCP translation when untranslatability occurs.
文摘“Analects of Confucius”is an important carrier of outstanding traditional culture of our country,and“The Ministry of Education”junior high school Chinese textbook seventh grade volume of the third unit of“<Analects>12 chapters”included 12 chapters as learning content.In the actual teaching,Xiao Pei-dong teacher teaching reading as self-reading,let the Analects of Confucius into the students’hearts.Mr.Xu Jie stimulates students’interest by reading Chinese teaching,teaching with culture and teaching in activities.Teacher Zhu Xingxiang guides students to use the method of mutual verification,to explore“the joy of learning”,“the joy of having friends”and“the joy of gentleman”,and to learn Confucius’s optimistic life attitude.The three teachers have different teaching methods,each with its own characteristics,but all reach the same destination,aiming at improving the core quality of students,which has important reference significance for the teaching of classical Chinese in junior high school under the new curriculum standard.
基金Tianjin Philosophy and Social Science Project“A Brief History of the English Translation of Classical Chinese Poetry”(ratification num.TJYY22-001).
文摘In the summer of 2023,Zhang Zhizhong’s Reading English Literature to Translate Classical Chinese Poems got published as one of the“Comparative Literature and World Literature Research Series”edited by Cao Shunqing.It presents Zhang’s latest theory and praxis of translating classical Chinese poems.As a kind of rewriting,Zhang’s translations are similar to modern English poems—with creative expressions in contemporary English,the enjambments from free verses,the form of concrete poetry,and the artistic conceptions of classical Chinese poetry,but without the rhymes in original works.How this poetry translation as rewriting generates in the constraints of ideology,poetics,and patronage is to be analyzed in the light of AndréLefevere’s rewriting theory.By examining the non-textual factors related to Zhang’s rewriting,it aims to reveal how this rewriting,as an experimental approach to poetry translation,can shed light on the global circulation of Chinese poetry.
基金funded by the Center for Language Education and Cooperation,Ministry of Education,Online Course Construction Project(Grant No.SKZ2025-0184)the Central China Normal University 2025“Excellent Seed Cultivation”Project(Grant No.CCNU25ZZ040).
文摘Classical Chinese Poetry represents a unique intersection of linguistic art and cultural heritage,yet the spatiotemporal dynamics of its reading process remain difficult to observe using traditional methods.While previous studies have relied on static eye-tracking metrics,this study applies a data-driven machine learning approach to visualize the distinct reading strategies of learners.Using eyemovement analysis with hidden Markov models(EMHMM),we recorded and modeled the gaze patterns of 35 participants(experts vs.novices)as they read a classical poem.The results successfully visualized two distinct spatiotemporal patterns through representative case modeling:the novice exemplar exhibited a“text-bound,local scanning”strategy characterized by high self-loop probabilities,reflecting high cognitive load;in contrast,the expert exemplar employed a“schema-driven,global scanning”strategy,efficiently integrating imagery.Furthermore,the application of EMHMM revealed significant differences in the late-stage processing of“Poetry Eye”(expressive words),highlighting the gap in aesthetic integration.Critically,this study demonstrates the utility of EMHMM as a visualization tool for educational assessment.We propose that these quantified spatiotemporal patterns demonstrate the potential to serve as prototypical computational biomarkers,providing empirical evidence for the design of AIdriven intelligent tutoring systems(ITS)that offer gaze-contingent scaffolding.
文摘Classical Chinese gardens are purposely designed so that no matter where you stand,you can never see the whole thing at once.The mystery and the discovery have helped the classical gardens of China,especially those in Suzhou,remain popular attractions after all these years.Put simply,the aim of a classical Chinese garden is to deepen one?s admiration of nature.Besides just relaxing in nature,the classical Chinese gardens have another purpose-to inspire artistic expression like poetry,literature or painting.Nearly all Chinese gardens feature the things in the list below.
文摘This article explores the role of short video platforms such as Douyin and Kuaishou in disseminating traditionalcultural content such as classical poetry and prose.We track quantitative indicators such as completion rate,such as the commentrate and conversion rate of each video type,and study behavioral data such as changes in audience perceptions of cultural valuesand adjustments in weekly reading time.The results show that the completion rate of recitation videos is the highest(72.6%),leading to a 14.3%increase in the number of account followers.68%of respondents reported that the weekly reading time oforiginal works increased by 38.7%,and 54%of users downloaded at least one complete document within two weeks of viewing.This evidence indicates that short videos are not only a dynamic repository of classic texts but can also effectively guideaudiences to conduct in-depth text reading.It is suggested that cultural institutions fully leverage the potential of disseminatingshort videos in further protection work.
文摘This study constructs a classical Chinese to modern Chinese translation model based on the Guwen Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers(GuwenBERT)pre-trained model.Through comparative experiments between the original model and the model incorporating Generative Adversarial Networks(GAN)under training conditions of 2,000,5,000,and 7,000 parallel corpus sentences,we analyze the impact of data scale and model architecture on translation quality.The experiments employ Bilingual Evaluation Understudy(BLEU)and Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation-Longest Common Subsequence(ROUGE-L)metrics to evaluate translation quality and validate model effectiveness through typical case analysis.The findings reveal that increasing training data significantly enhances model performance.When the corpus scale increases from 2,000 to 7,000 sentences,the BLEU metric improves by 100%.The GAN-incorporated model outperforms the original model under the same corpus scale.Under 5,000-sentence corpus training,the GAN model achieves a BLEU value of 0.017,representing a 6.25%improvement over the original model.However,translation accuracy remains insufficient under small-scale data conditions,particularly in handling complex grammatical structures.This study provides technical pathways and empirical evidence for model optimization in classical Chinese automated translation,offering important reference value for the digital processing of ancient literature.
文摘Though it is not new, the topic of the modem transformation of classical Chinese literary theory still holds profound significance for China＇s current efforts in carrying forward the essence of classical literary theory and constructing a new literary theory that conforms to the spirit of our times. Today, Chinese scholars have to handle two traditions： one is the classical literary scholarship up to the 19th century, distant in time and space from today; the other is the modern tradition that started in the early 20th century. These two traditions involve not only rupture and heterogeneous change but also continuity and partial homogeneous preservation. Taking our stand on the modem and contemporary tradition, we should consciously pursue research on classical literary theory, using modem consciousness to scrutinize, reorder, discover, select, interpret, activate and absorb its finer elements, those that are still vital, so as to creatively promote its modem transformation and further integrate it as an organic component of the construction of modem Chinese literary theory. Over the past two or three decades, Chinese scholars have been advancing this great project in a systematic and solid way, achieving gratifying progress. We must strengthen our efforts and make further progress with this great undertaking.
文摘Since modern Singapore was founded in 1819,different generations of Chinese immigrants have come to live there.The intellectuals among them established literary societies and composed classical Chinese poetry.Different generations of poets wrote about Singapore in different ways.Sojourner poets wrote about Nanyang(a Chinese word referring to Southeast Asia in general,and Malaya and Singapore in particular)as a foreign land;their poetry reflected a strong sense of homesickness.In contrast,the naturalized first-generation and localized poets considered Nanyang their native land;their poetry focused more on Singaporean stories and experiences.Classical Chinese poetry by Chinese immigrants in Singapore,thus,has its own characteristics even as it draws on the essence of Chinese cultural tradition.
