Fear memory,a predictive and protective mechanism in potentially hostile environments,elicits defensive behavioral responses that have evolved to help organisms avoid harm and ensure survival.However,excessive fear me...Fear memory,a predictive and protective mechanism in potentially hostile environments,elicits defensive behavioral responses that have evolved to help organisms avoid harm and ensure survival.However,excessive fear memories may contribute to the onset of various psychological disorders,such as panic disorder,phobias,and post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD).展开更多
Thalamocortical circuitry has a substantial impact on emotion and cognition.Previous studies have demonstrated alterations in thalamocortical functional connectivity(FC),characterized by region-dependent hypo-or hyper...Thalamocortical circuitry has a substantial impact on emotion and cognition.Previous studies have demonstrated alterations in thalamocortical functional connectivity(FC),characterized by region-dependent hypo-or hyper-connectivity,among individuals with major depressive disorder(MDD).However,the dynamical reconfiguration of the thalamocortical system over time and potential abnormalities in dynamic thalamocortical connectivity associated with MDD remain unclear.Hence,we analyzed dynamic FC(dFC)between ten thalamic subregions and seven cortical subnetworks from resting-state functional magnetic resonance images of 48 patients with MDD and 57 healthy controls(HCs)to investigate time-varying changes in thalamocortical FC in patients with MDD.Moreover,dynamic laterality analysis was conducted to examine the changes in functional lateralization of the thalamocortical system over time.Correlations between the dynamic measures of thalamocortical FC and clinical assessment were also calculated.We identified four dynamic states of thalamocortical circuitry wherein patients with MDD exhibited decreased fractional time and reduced transitions within a negative connectivity state that showed strong correlations with primary cortical networks,compared with the HCs.In addition,MDD patients also exhibited increased fluctuations in functional laterality in the thalamocortical system across the scan duration.The thalamo-subnetwork analysis unveiled abnormal dFC variability involving higher-order cortical networks in the MDD cohort.Significant correlations were found between increased dFC variability with dorsal attention and default mode networks and the severity of symptoms.Our study comprehensively investigated the pattern of alteration of the thalamocortical dFC in MDD patients.The heterogeneous alterations of dFC between the thalamus and both primary and higher-order cortical networks may help characterize the deficits of sensory and cognitive processing in MDD.展开更多
The ability of the adult central nervous system to reorganize its circuits over time is the key to understand the functional improvement in subjects with spinal cord injury （SCI）. Adaptive changes within spared neur...The ability of the adult central nervous system to reorganize its circuits over time is the key to understand the functional improvement in subjects with spinal cord injury （SCI）. Adaptive changes within spared neuronal circuits may occur at cortical, brainstem, or spinal cord level, both above and below a spinal lesion （Bareyre et al., 2004）. At each level the reorganization is a very dynamic process, and its degree is highly variable, depending on several factors, including the age of the subject when SCI has occurred and the rehabilitative therapy. The use of electrophysiological techniques to assess these functional changes in neural networks is of great interest, because invasive methodologies as employed in preclinical models can obviously not be used in clinical studies.展开更多
This paper introduces a switched hyperchaotic system that changes its behavior randomly from one subsystem to another via two switch functions, and its characteristics of symmetry, dissipation, equilibrium, bifurcatio...This paper introduces a switched hyperchaotic system that changes its behavior randomly from one subsystem to another via two switch functions, and its characteristics of symmetry, dissipation, equilibrium, bifurcation diagram, basic dynamics have been analyzed. The hardware implementation of the system is based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). It is shown that the experimental results are identical with numerical simulations, and the chaotic trajectories are much more complex.展开更多
Mental health symptoms secondary to trauma exposure and substance use disorders(SUDs)co-occur frequently in both clinical and community samples.The possibility of a shared aetiology remains an important question in tr...Mental health symptoms secondary to trauma exposure and substance use disorders(SUDs)co-occur frequently in both clinical and community samples.The possibility of a shared aetiology remains an important question in translational neuroscience.Advancements in genetics,basic science,and neuroimaging have led to an improved understanding of the neural basis of these disorders,their frequent comorbidity and high rates of relapse remain a clinical challenge.This project aimed to conduct a review of the field’s current understanding regarding the neural circuitry underlying posttraumatic stress disorder and SUD.A comprehensive review was conducted of available published literature regarding the shared neurobiology of these disorders,and is summarized in detail,including evidence from both animal and clinical studies.Upon summarizing the relevant literature,this review puts forth a hypothesis related to their shared neurobiology within the context of fear processing and reward cues.It provides an overview of brain reward circuitry and its relation to the neurobiology,symptomology,and phenomenology of trauma and substance use.This review provides clinical insights and implications of the proposed theory,including the potential development of novel pharmacological and therapeutic treatments to address this shared neurobiology.Limitations and extensions of this theory are discussed to provide future directions and insights for this shared phenomena.展开更多
In the last years, some studies have shown that behavior disorder seems in frontotemporal dementia is related to dysfunction in the fronto-subcortical circuitry. <strong>Objectives:</strong> We did a narra...In the last years, some studies have shown that behavior disorder seems in frontotemporal dementia is related to dysfunction in the fronto-subcortical circuitry. <strong>Objectives:</strong> We did a narrative literature review concerning fronto-subcortical circuitry and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). <strong>Methods:</strong> Manuscripts related to fronto-subcortical network and frontotemporal dementia were selected for further analysis. <strong>Results:</strong> From the executions of simple motor actions to the most complex behaviors like goal-direct behavior and social cognition, the fronto-subcortical circuitry involves an intrigued network of fibers that reaches to basal ganglia nuclei. Recently, researchers have shown five parallel fronto-subcortical circuits integrating and segregating information from the frontal cortex to basal ganglia. Understanding the relationship between the fronto-subcortical circuit dysfunctions and neurodegenerative diseases requires studying the functional anatomy and neurochemical basis involved.<strong> Conclusions:</strong> In this view, it is essential to review the functional anatomy of the fronto-subcortical network, and it’s correlated with clinical aspects to pursuing a better therapeutic approach.展开更多
Depression leads to a large social burden because of its substantial impairment and disability in everyday activities. The prevalence and considerable impact of this disorder call for a better understanding of its pat...Depression leads to a large social burden because of its substantial impairment and disability in everyday activities. The prevalence and considerable impact of this disorder call for a better understanding of its pathophysiology to improve the diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Though productive animal models and pathophysiological theories have been documented, it is still very far to uncover the complex array of symptoms caused by depression. Moreover, the neural circuitry mechanism underlying behavioral changes in some depression-like behavior animals is still limited. Changes in the neural circuitry of amygdala, dorsal raphe nucleus, ventral tegmental area, hippocampus, locus coeruleus and nucleus accumbens are related to depression. However, the interactions between individual neural circuitry of different brain areas, have not yet been fully elucidated. The purpose of the present review is to examine and summarize the current evidence for the pathophysiological mechanism of depression, with a focus on the neural circuitry, and emphasize the necessity and importance of integrating individual neural circuitry in different brain regions to understand depression.展开更多
Traumatic brain injury is a prevalent disorder of the central nervous system.In addition to primary brain parenchymal damage,the enduring biological consequences of traumatic brain injury pose long-term risks for pati...Traumatic brain injury is a prevalent disorder of the central nervous system.In addition to primary brain parenchymal damage,the enduring biological consequences of traumatic brain injury pose long-term risks for patients with traumatic brain injury;however,the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear,and effective intervention methods are lacking.Intestinal dysfunction is a significant consequence of traumatic brain injury.Being the most densely innervated peripheral tissue in the body,the gut possesses multiple pathways for the establishment of a bidirectional“brain-gut axis”with the central nervous system.The gut harbors a vast microbial community,and alterations of the gut niche contribute to the progression of traumatic brain injury and its unfavorable prognosis through neuronal,hormonal,and immune pathways.A comprehensive understanding of microbiota-mediated peripheral neuroimmunomodulation mechanisms is needed to enhance treatment strategies for traumatic brain injury and its associated complications.We comprehensively reviewed alterations in the gut microecological environment following traumatic brain injury,with a specific focus on the complex biological processes of peripheral nerves,immunity,and microbes triggered by traumatic brain injury,encompassing autonomic dysfunction,neuroendocrine disturbances,peripheral immunosuppression,increased intestinal barrier permeability,compromised responses of sensory nerves to microorganisms,and potential effector nuclei in the central nervous system influenced by gut microbiota.Additionally,we reviewed the mechanisms underlying secondary biological injury and the dynamic pathological responses that occur following injury to enhance our current understanding of how peripheral pathways impact the outcome of patients with traumatic brain injury.This review aimed to propose a conceptual model for future risk assessment of central nervous system-related diseases while elucidating novel insights into the bidirectional effects of the“brain-gut-microbiota axis.”展开更多
Sleep is an indispensable part of life−its deficiency has significant implications for overall health and wellbeing[1].In today’s fast-paced society,sleep loss from either stressful or non-stressful origins has becom...Sleep is an indispensable part of life−its deficiency has significant implications for overall health and wellbeing[1].In today’s fast-paced society,sleep loss from either stressful or non-stressful origins has become prevalent.Specifically,active sleep deprivation(ASD),resulting from extended use of smartphones and other recreational activities,has risen as a global health issue.Clinical research has underscored a strong correlation between chronic pain and inadequate sleep[2].The relationship between pain and sleep is reciprocal:pain disturbs sleep,while poor sleep quality,in turn,reduces pain tolerance and exacerbates spontaneous pain sensations[3].While these interplays are well-documented in cases of passive sleep deprivation(PSD)associated with external pressures or illnesses,understanding how and which regions of the brain collaborate to recalibrate the intricate neural circuitry governing pain perception during ASD remains a crucial yet unresolved frontier.展开更多
The nucleus accumbens(NAc)is a subcortical brain structure known primarily for its roles in pleasure,reward,and addiction.Despite less focus on the NAc in pain research,it also plays a large role in the mediation of p...The nucleus accumbens(NAc)is a subcortical brain structure known primarily for its roles in pleasure,reward,and addiction.Despite less focus on the NAc in pain research,it also plays a large role in the mediation of pain and is effective as a source of analgesia.Evidence for this involvement lies in the NAc’s cortical connections,functions,pharmacology,and therapeutic targeting.The NAc projects to and receives information from notable pain structures,such as the prefrontal cortex,anterior cingulate cortex,periaqueductal gray,habenula,thalamus,etc.Additionally,the NAc and other pain-modulating structures share functions involving opioid regulation and motivational and emotional processing,which each work beyond simply the rewarding experience of pain offset.Pharmacologically speaking,the NAc responds heavily to painful stimuli,due to its high density ofμopioid receptors and the activation of several different neurotransmitter systems in the NAc,such as opioids,dopamine,calcitonin gene-related peptide,γ-aminobutyric acid,glutamate,and substance P,each of which have been shown to elicit analgesic effects.In both preclinical and clinical models,deep brain stimulation of the NAc has elicited successful analgesia.The multi-functional NAc is important in motivational behavior,and the motivation for avoiding pain is just as important to survival as the motivation for seeking pleasure.It is possible,then,that the NAc must be involved in both pleasure and pain in order to help determine the motivational salience of positive and negative events.展开更多
Despite the regenerative capabilities of peripheral nerves, severe injuries or neuronal trauma of critical size impose immense hurdles for proper restoration of neuro-muscular circuitry. Autologous nerve grafts improv...Despite the regenerative capabilities of peripheral nerves, severe injuries or neuronal trauma of critical size impose immense hurdles for proper restoration of neuro-muscular circuitry. Autologous nerve grafts improve re-establishment of connectivity, but also comprise substantial donor site morbidity. We developed a rat model which allows the testing of different cell applications, i.e., mesenchymal stem cells, to improve nerve regeneration in vivo. To mimic inaccurate alignment of autologous nerve grafts with the injured nerve, a 20 mm portion of the sciatic nerve was excised, and sutured back in place in reversed direction. To validate the feasibility of our novel model, a fibrin gel conduit containing autologous undifferentiated adipose-derived stem cells was applied around the coaptation sites and compared to autologous nerve grafts. After evaluating sciatic nerve function for 16 weeks postoperatively, animals were sacrificed, and gastrocnemius muscle weight was determined along with morphological parameters（g-ratio, axon density ＆ diameter） of regenerating axons. Interestingly, the addition of undifferentiated adipose-derived stem cells resulted in a significantly improved re-myelination, axon ingrowth and functional outcome, when compared to animals without a cell seeded conduit. The presented model thus displays several intriguing features： it imitates a certain mismatch in size, distribution and orientation of axons within the nerve coaptation site. The fibrin conduit itself allows for an easy application of cells and, as a true critical-size defect model, any observed improvement relates directly to the performed intervention. Since fibrin and adipose-derived stem cells have been approved for human applications, the technique can theoretically be performed on humans. Thus, we suggest that the model is a powerful tool to investigate cell mediated assistance of peripheral nerve regeneration.展开更多
This paper investigates the synchronization of a fractional order hyperchaotic system using passive control. A passive controller is designed, based on the properties of a passive system. Then the synchronization betw...This paper investigates the synchronization of a fractional order hyperchaotic system using passive control. A passive controller is designed, based on the properties of a passive system. Then the synchronization between two fractional order hyperchaotic systems under different initial conditions is realized, on the basis of the stability theorem for fractional order systems. Numerical simulations and circuitry simulations are presented to verify the analytical results.展开更多
A universal and low-cost temperature thermometer is realized via a special circuit,integrated circuit chip with microprocessor and analog to digital converter,and digital bus interface.Various thermocouples and resist...A universal and low-cost temperature thermometer is realized via a special circuit,integrated circuit chip with microprocessor and analog to digital converter,and digital bus interface.Various thermocouples and resistance temperature detectors used for temperature sensing may be connected to same thermometer.A special signal condition circuitry is designed and a matching algorithm is proposed.A novel calibration method named disassembled calibration is proposed in order to enhance efficiency and flexibility for the whole system.Additionally,it presents a combination method of low order polynomial fitting and piecewise linearity for the nonlinearity calibration of the thermocouple and the resistance temperature detector.A cold junction compensation based on digital way is described.And the matching algorithm and calibration method may eliminate errors stemming from excitation voltage source and reference voltage source,and can weaken quantization error of analog to digital converter and drift of components,too.Furthermore,the 400 times oversampling is completed by sequential and equal interval sampling to upgrade accuracy of analog to digital converter from original 12 to 15 bits and to raise signal-to-noise ratio.Finally,during a long time monitoring,experiment results show that errors at each static point are less than±0.2°C for the thermocouple system and less than±0.1°C for the resistance temperature detector system.展开更多
Nervous systems must not only generate specific adaptive behaviors,such as reproduction,aggression,feeding,and sleep,but also select a single behavior for execution at any given time,depending on both internal states ...Nervous systems must not only generate specific adaptive behaviors,such as reproduction,aggression,feeding,and sleep,but also select a single behavior for execution at any given time,depending on both internal states and external environmental conditions.Despite their tremendous biological importance,the neural mechanisms of action selection remain poorly understood.In the past decade,studies in the model animal Drosophila melanogaster have demonstrated valuable neural mechanisms underlying action selection of innate behaviors.In this review,we summarize circuit mechanisms with a particular focus on a small number of sexually dimorphic neurons in controlling action selection among sex,fight,feeding,and sleep behaviors in both sexes of flies.We also discuss potentially conserved circuit configurations and neuromodulation of action selection in both the fly and mouse models,aiming to provide insights into action selection and the sexually dimorphic prioritization of innate behaviors.展开更多
A detailed experiment of 1-pixel bit reconfigurable ternary optical processor （TOP） is proposed in the paper. 42 basic operation units （BOUs） and 28 typical logic operators of the TOP are realized in the experimen...A detailed experiment of 1-pixel bit reconfigurable ternary optical processor （TOP） is proposed in the paper. 42 basic operation units （BOUs） and 28 typical logic operators of the TOP are realized in the experiment. Results of the test cases elaborately cover the every combination of BOUs and all the nine inputs of ternary processor. Both the experiment process and results analysis are given in this paper. The experimental results demonstrate that the theory of reconfiguring a TOP is valid and that the reconfiguration circuitry is effective.展开更多
The accessory olfactory bulb(AOB), located at the posterior dorsal aspect of the main olfactory bulb(MOB), is the first brain relay of the accessory olfactory system(AOS), which can parallelly detect and process volat...The accessory olfactory bulb(AOB), located at the posterior dorsal aspect of the main olfactory bulb(MOB), is the first brain relay of the accessory olfactory system(AOS), which can parallelly detect and process volatile and nonvolatile social chemosignals and mediate different sexual and social behaviors with the main olfactory system(MOS). However, due to its anatomical location and absence of specific markers, there is a lack of research on the internal and external neural circuits of the AOB. This issue was addressed by singlecolor labeling and fluorescent double labeling using retrograde rAAVs injected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis(BST), anterior cortical amygdalar area(ACo), medial amygdaloid nucleus(MeA), and posteromedial cortical amygdaloid area(PMCo) in mice. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this AOB projection neuron labeling method and showed that the mitral cells of the AOB exhibited efferent projection dispersion characteristics similar to those of the MOB. Moreover, there were significant differences in the number of neurons projected to different brain regions, which indicated that each mitral cell in the AOB could project to a different number of neurons in different cortices. These results provide a circuitry basis to help understand the mechanism by which pheromone information is encoded and decoded in the AOS.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship of lower limb dominance with left- and right-handedness, supporting findings suggest that there is a role for peripheral factors in the neural control o...BACKGROUND： Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship of lower limb dominance with left- and right-handedness, supporting findings suggest that there is a role for peripheral factors in the neural control of movement. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effect of laterality pattern on the neural mechanisms of motor control at the peripheral level. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A controlled observation experiment was performed at the Motor Diagnostics Laboratory of the Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland, in June 2009. PARTICIPANTS： Twenty young male adults aged 21-23 years and presenting two laterality patterns in hand-foot combination （right handed-right footed and left handed-left footed groups） took part in the experiment. All participants were carefully screened to eliminate any neurological or muscle disease or trauma. METHODS： The experiment included a laterality evaluation and the motor evoked potentials of dominant and non-dominant limbs. Measures were done through the use of the Hoffmann-reflex （H-reflex） circuitry. The soleus H-reflex parameters elicited at rest in lower extremities were compared. The soleus H-reflex and the direct motor response were elicited in lower extremities of each participant in the same laboratory session. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Onset latencies and min-max amplitudes of the direct motor response and the H-reflex; the motor and sensory conduction velocities; and symmetry coefficients of response parameters. RESULTS： The analysis of symmetry coefficients of direct and late motor responses confirmed differences between two laterality patterns in amplitude and latency of the H-reflex as well as in a sensory conduction velocity （P 〈 0.05）, but not in direct motor response parameters. The amplitude of the H-reflex and the calculated sensory la afferent conduction velocity in the dominant lower extremity were significantly depressed in the right-sided group in comparison to the left-sided group （P = 0.001）. The right-sided group presented significantly higher motor fiber conduction velocity in the dominant leg than in the non-dominant leg （P = 0.006）, with no similar effect in the left-sided group. CONCLUSION： The neural control of the H-reflex elicited at rest is related to the laterality pattern in hand-foot combination in healthy adults. This result strongly suggests the possible existence of intrinsic control mechanisms of afferent feedback related to functional dominance in human limbs.展开更多
In this paper, some basic dynamical properties of a four-dimensional autonomous hyperchaotic system are investi- gated by means of Poincare mapping, Lyapunov exponents and bifurcation diagram. The dynamical behaviours...In this paper, some basic dynamical properties of a four-dimensional autonomous hyperchaotic system are investi- gated by means of Poincare mapping, Lyapunov exponents and bifurcation diagram. The dynamical behaviours of this new hyperchaotic system are proved not only by performing numerical simulation and brief theoretical analysis but also by conducting an electronic circuit experiment. An efficient approaching is developed for global asymptotic stabilization of this four-dimensional hyperchaotic system. Based on the method of inverse optimal control for nonlinear systems, a linear state feedback is electronically implemented. It is remarkably simple as compared with other chaos control ways, like nonlinear state feedback.展开更多
A modular flat-screen liquid crystal television display is described. The picture elements of the modules may be emissive, reflective or transmissive. The flat-screen liquid crystal television also comprised of an ele...A modular flat-screen liquid crystal television display is described. The picture elements of the modules may be emissive, reflective or transmissive. The flat-screen liquid crystal television also comprised of an electrical control circuit capable of categorizing incoming television picture signals corresponding to the modules in the array and directing the electrical signals to the drive circuits of each module according to the portion of the television picture to be reproduced by the picture elements of that module. The picture elements are preferably formed in a light modulating film composed of a liquid crystal dispersion in a polymeric binder. A color display was also produced by placing a patterned red-green-blue filter adjacent the active matrix so that each picture element could also be coordinated with the color components of a color video signal.展开更多
A modular flat-screen liquid crystal television display is described.The picture elements of the modules may be emissive,reflective or transmissive.The flat-screen liquid crystal television also comprised of an electr...A modular flat-screen liquid crystal television display is described.The picture elements of the modules may be emissive,reflective or transmissive.The flat-screen liquid crystal television also comprised of an electrical control circuit capable of categorizing incoming television picture signals corresponding to the modules in the array and directing the electrical signals to the drive circuits of each module according to the portion of the television picture to be reproduced by the picture elements of that module.The picture elements are preferably formed in a light modulating film composed of a liquid crystal dispersion in a polymeric binder.A color display was also produced by placing a patterned red-green-blue filter adjacent the active matrix so that each picture element could also be coordinated with the color components of a color video signal.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82104138)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LY24H310003).
文摘Fear memory,a predictive and protective mechanism in potentially hostile environments,elicits defensive behavioral responses that have evolved to help organisms avoid harm and ensure survival.However,excessive fear memories may contribute to the onset of various psychological disorders,such as panic disorder,phobias,and post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD).
基金supported by the Science and Technology Innovation 2030-Major Projects(Nos.2021ZD0202000,2021ZD0200800,and 2021ZD0200701)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFA0706200)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62227807,62202212,U21A20520,and U22A2033)the Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(No.23YFGA0004),China.
文摘Thalamocortical circuitry has a substantial impact on emotion and cognition.Previous studies have demonstrated alterations in thalamocortical functional connectivity(FC),characterized by region-dependent hypo-or hyper-connectivity,among individuals with major depressive disorder(MDD).However,the dynamical reconfiguration of the thalamocortical system over time and potential abnormalities in dynamic thalamocortical connectivity associated with MDD remain unclear.Hence,we analyzed dynamic FC(dFC)between ten thalamic subregions and seven cortical subnetworks from resting-state functional magnetic resonance images of 48 patients with MDD and 57 healthy controls(HCs)to investigate time-varying changes in thalamocortical FC in patients with MDD.Moreover,dynamic laterality analysis was conducted to examine the changes in functional lateralization of the thalamocortical system over time.Correlations between the dynamic measures of thalamocortical FC and clinical assessment were also calculated.We identified four dynamic states of thalamocortical circuitry wherein patients with MDD exhibited decreased fractional time and reduced transitions within a negative connectivity state that showed strong correlations with primary cortical networks,compared with the HCs.In addition,MDD patients also exhibited increased fluctuations in functional laterality in the thalamocortical system across the scan duration.The thalamo-subnetwork analysis unveiled abnormal dFC variability involving higher-order cortical networks in the MDD cohort.Significant correlations were found between increased dFC variability with dorsal attention and default mode networks and the severity of symptoms.Our study comprehensively investigated the pattern of alteration of the thalamocortical dFC in MDD patients.The heterogeneous alterations of dFC between the thalamus and both primary and higher-order cortical networks may help characterize the deficits of sensory and cognitive processing in MDD.
文摘The ability of the adult central nervous system to reorganize its circuits over time is the key to understand the functional improvement in subjects with spinal cord injury （SCI）. Adaptive changes within spared neuronal circuits may occur at cortical, brainstem, or spinal cord level, both above and below a spinal lesion （Bareyre et al., 2004）. At each level the reorganization is a very dynamic process, and its degree is highly variable, depending on several factors, including the age of the subject when SCI has occurred and the rehabilitative therapy. The use of electrophysiological techniques to assess these functional changes in neural networks is of great interest, because invasive methodologies as employed in preclinical models can obviously not be used in clinical studies.
文摘This paper introduces a switched hyperchaotic system that changes its behavior randomly from one subsystem to another via two switch functions, and its characteristics of symmetry, dissipation, equilibrium, bifurcation diagram, basic dynamics have been analyzed. The hardware implementation of the system is based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). It is shown that the experimental results are identical with numerical simulations, and the chaotic trajectories are much more complex.
文摘Mental health symptoms secondary to trauma exposure and substance use disorders(SUDs)co-occur frequently in both clinical and community samples.The possibility of a shared aetiology remains an important question in translational neuroscience.Advancements in genetics,basic science,and neuroimaging have led to an improved understanding of the neural basis of these disorders,their frequent comorbidity and high rates of relapse remain a clinical challenge.This project aimed to conduct a review of the field’s current understanding regarding the neural circuitry underlying posttraumatic stress disorder and SUD.A comprehensive review was conducted of available published literature regarding the shared neurobiology of these disorders,and is summarized in detail,including evidence from both animal and clinical studies.Upon summarizing the relevant literature,this review puts forth a hypothesis related to their shared neurobiology within the context of fear processing and reward cues.It provides an overview of brain reward circuitry and its relation to the neurobiology,symptomology,and phenomenology of trauma and substance use.This review provides clinical insights and implications of the proposed theory,including the potential development of novel pharmacological and therapeutic treatments to address this shared neurobiology.Limitations and extensions of this theory are discussed to provide future directions and insights for this shared phenomena.
文摘In the last years, some studies have shown that behavior disorder seems in frontotemporal dementia is related to dysfunction in the fronto-subcortical circuitry. <strong>Objectives:</strong> We did a narrative literature review concerning fronto-subcortical circuitry and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). <strong>Methods:</strong> Manuscripts related to fronto-subcortical network and frontotemporal dementia were selected for further analysis. <strong>Results:</strong> From the executions of simple motor actions to the most complex behaviors like goal-direct behavior and social cognition, the fronto-subcortical circuitry involves an intrigued network of fibers that reaches to basal ganglia nuclei. Recently, researchers have shown five parallel fronto-subcortical circuits integrating and segregating information from the frontal cortex to basal ganglia. Understanding the relationship between the fronto-subcortical circuit dysfunctions and neurodegenerative diseases requires studying the functional anatomy and neurochemical basis involved.<strong> Conclusions:</strong> In this view, it is essential to review the functional anatomy of the fronto-subcortical network, and it’s correlated with clinical aspects to pursuing a better therapeutic approach.
文摘Depression leads to a large social burden because of its substantial impairment and disability in everyday activities. The prevalence and considerable impact of this disorder call for a better understanding of its pathophysiology to improve the diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Though productive animal models and pathophysiological theories have been documented, it is still very far to uncover the complex array of symptoms caused by depression. Moreover, the neural circuitry mechanism underlying behavioral changes in some depression-like behavior animals is still limited. Changes in the neural circuitry of amygdala, dorsal raphe nucleus, ventral tegmental area, hippocampus, locus coeruleus and nucleus accumbens are related to depression. However, the interactions between individual neural circuitry of different brain areas, have not yet been fully elucidated. The purpose of the present review is to examine and summarize the current evidence for the pathophysiological mechanism of depression, with a focus on the neural circuitry, and emphasize the necessity and importance of integrating individual neural circuitry in different brain regions to understand depression.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82174112(to PZ)Science and Technology Project of Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine,No.22HHZYSS00015(to PZ)State-Sponsored Postdoctoral Researcher Program,No.GZC20231925(to LN)。
文摘Traumatic brain injury is a prevalent disorder of the central nervous system.In addition to primary brain parenchymal damage,the enduring biological consequences of traumatic brain injury pose long-term risks for patients with traumatic brain injury;however,the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear,and effective intervention methods are lacking.Intestinal dysfunction is a significant consequence of traumatic brain injury.Being the most densely innervated peripheral tissue in the body,the gut possesses multiple pathways for the establishment of a bidirectional“brain-gut axis”with the central nervous system.The gut harbors a vast microbial community,and alterations of the gut niche contribute to the progression of traumatic brain injury and its unfavorable prognosis through neuronal,hormonal,and immune pathways.A comprehensive understanding of microbiota-mediated peripheral neuroimmunomodulation mechanisms is needed to enhance treatment strategies for traumatic brain injury and its associated complications.We comprehensively reviewed alterations in the gut microecological environment following traumatic brain injury,with a specific focus on the complex biological processes of peripheral nerves,immunity,and microbes triggered by traumatic brain injury,encompassing autonomic dysfunction,neuroendocrine disturbances,peripheral immunosuppression,increased intestinal barrier permeability,compromised responses of sensory nerves to microorganisms,and potential effector nuclei in the central nervous system influenced by gut microbiota.Additionally,we reviewed the mechanisms underlying secondary biological injury and the dynamic pathological responses that occur following injury to enhance our current understanding of how peripheral pathways impact the outcome of patients with traumatic brain injury.This review aimed to propose a conceptual model for future risk assessment of central nervous system-related diseases while elucidating novel insights into the bidirectional effects of the“brain-gut-microbiota axis.”
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20418).
文摘Sleep is an indispensable part of life−its deficiency has significant implications for overall health and wellbeing[1].In today’s fast-paced society,sleep loss from either stressful or non-stressful origins has become prevalent.Specifically,active sleep deprivation(ASD),resulting from extended use of smartphones and other recreational activities,has risen as a global health issue.Clinical research has underscored a strong correlation between chronic pain and inadequate sleep[2].The relationship between pain and sleep is reciprocal:pain disturbs sleep,while poor sleep quality,in turn,reduces pain tolerance and exacerbates spontaneous pain sensations[3].While these interplays are well-documented in cases of passive sleep deprivation(PSD)associated with external pressures or illnesses,understanding how and which regions of the brain collaborate to recalibrate the intricate neural circuitry governing pain perception during ASD remains a crucial yet unresolved frontier.
文摘The nucleus accumbens(NAc)is a subcortical brain structure known primarily for its roles in pleasure,reward,and addiction.Despite less focus on the NAc in pain research,it also plays a large role in the mediation of pain and is effective as a source of analgesia.Evidence for this involvement lies in the NAc’s cortical connections,functions,pharmacology,and therapeutic targeting.The NAc projects to and receives information from notable pain structures,such as the prefrontal cortex,anterior cingulate cortex,periaqueductal gray,habenula,thalamus,etc.Additionally,the NAc and other pain-modulating structures share functions involving opioid regulation and motivational and emotional processing,which each work beyond simply the rewarding experience of pain offset.Pharmacologically speaking,the NAc responds heavily to painful stimuli,due to its high density ofμopioid receptors and the activation of several different neurotransmitter systems in the NAc,such as opioids,dopamine,calcitonin gene-related peptide,γ-aminobutyric acid,glutamate,and substance P,each of which have been shown to elicit analgesic effects.In both preclinical and clinical models,deep brain stimulation of the NAc has elicited successful analgesia.The multi-functional NAc is important in motivational behavior,and the motivation for avoiding pain is just as important to survival as the motivation for seeking pleasure.It is possible,then,that the NAc must be involved in both pleasure and pain in order to help determine the motivational salience of positive and negative events.
基金financially supported by the Faculty of Medicine,LMU(to TH and MMSFöFole,Project 843 and 955)
文摘Despite the regenerative capabilities of peripheral nerves, severe injuries or neuronal trauma of critical size impose immense hurdles for proper restoration of neuro-muscular circuitry. Autologous nerve grafts improve re-establishment of connectivity, but also comprise substantial donor site morbidity. We developed a rat model which allows the testing of different cell applications, i.e., mesenchymal stem cells, to improve nerve regeneration in vivo. To mimic inaccurate alignment of autologous nerve grafts with the injured nerve, a 20 mm portion of the sciatic nerve was excised, and sutured back in place in reversed direction. To validate the feasibility of our novel model, a fibrin gel conduit containing autologous undifferentiated adipose-derived stem cells was applied around the coaptation sites and compared to autologous nerve grafts. After evaluating sciatic nerve function for 16 weeks postoperatively, animals were sacrificed, and gastrocnemius muscle weight was determined along with morphological parameters（g-ratio, axon density ＆ diameter） of regenerating axons. Interestingly, the addition of undifferentiated adipose-derived stem cells resulted in a significantly improved re-myelination, axon ingrowth and functional outcome, when compared to animals without a cell seeded conduit. The presented model thus displays several intriguing features： it imitates a certain mismatch in size, distribution and orientation of axons within the nerve coaptation site. The fibrin conduit itself allows for an easy application of cells and, as a true critical-size defect model, any observed improvement relates directly to the performed intervention. Since fibrin and adipose-derived stem cells have been approved for human applications, the technique can theoretically be performed on humans. Thus, we suggest that the model is a powerful tool to investigate cell mediated assistance of peripheral nerve regeneration.
文摘This paper investigates the synchronization of a fractional order hyperchaotic system using passive control. A passive controller is designed, based on the properties of a passive system. Then the synchronization between two fractional order hyperchaotic systems under different initial conditions is realized, on the basis of the stability theorem for fractional order systems. Numerical simulations and circuitry simulations are presented to verify the analytical results.
基金the Beijing Municipal Education Commission Science Technology Fund(No.KM201411232015)the Project of Construction of Innovative Teams and Teacher Career Development for Universities and Colleges Under Beijing Municipality(No.IDHT20130519)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61272375)
文摘A universal and low-cost temperature thermometer is realized via a special circuit,integrated circuit chip with microprocessor and analog to digital converter,and digital bus interface.Various thermocouples and resistance temperature detectors used for temperature sensing may be connected to same thermometer.A special signal condition circuitry is designed and a matching algorithm is proposed.A novel calibration method named disassembled calibration is proposed in order to enhance efficiency and flexibility for the whole system.Additionally,it presents a combination method of low order polynomial fitting and piecewise linearity for the nonlinearity calibration of the thermocouple and the resistance temperature detector.A cold junction compensation based on digital way is described.And the matching algorithm and calibration method may eliminate errors stemming from excitation voltage source and reference voltage source,and can weaken quantization error of analog to digital converter and drift of components,too.Furthermore,the 400 times oversampling is completed by sequential and equal interval sampling to upgrade accuracy of analog to digital converter from original 12 to 15 bits and to raise signal-to-noise ratio.Finally,during a long time monitoring,experiment results show that errors at each static point are less than±0.2°C for the thermocouple system and less than±0.1°C for the resistance temperature detector system.
基金This review was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970943)the Jiangsu Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team Program.
文摘Nervous systems must not only generate specific adaptive behaviors,such as reproduction,aggression,feeding,and sleep,but also select a single behavior for execution at any given time,depending on both internal states and external environmental conditions.Despite their tremendous biological importance,the neural mechanisms of action selection remain poorly understood.In the past decade,studies in the model animal Drosophila melanogaster have demonstrated valuable neural mechanisms underlying action selection of innate behaviors.In this review,we summarize circuit mechanisms with a particular focus on a small number of sexually dimorphic neurons in controlling action selection among sex,fight,feeding,and sleep behaviors in both sexes of flies.We also discuss potentially conserved circuit configurations and neuromodulation of action selection in both the fly and mouse models,aiming to provide insights into action selection and the sexually dimorphic prioritization of innate behaviors.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61073049)the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project(Grant No.J50103)the Doctorate Foundation of Education Ministry of China(Grant No.20093108110016)
文摘A detailed experiment of 1-pixel bit reconfigurable ternary optical processor （TOP） is proposed in the paper. 42 basic operation units （BOUs） and 28 typical logic operators of the TOP are realized in the experiment. Results of the test cases elaborately cover the every combination of BOUs and all the nine inputs of ternary processor. Both the experiment process and results analysis are given in this paper. The experimental results demonstrate that the theory of reconfiguring a TOP is valid and that the reconfiguration circuitry is effective.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31400946,31771156,91632303/H09,91732304 and 31830035)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB32030200)。
文摘The accessory olfactory bulb(AOB), located at the posterior dorsal aspect of the main olfactory bulb(MOB), is the first brain relay of the accessory olfactory system(AOS), which can parallelly detect and process volatile and nonvolatile social chemosignals and mediate different sexual and social behaviors with the main olfactory system(MOS). However, due to its anatomical location and absence of specific markers, there is a lack of research on the internal and external neural circuits of the AOB. This issue was addressed by singlecolor labeling and fluorescent double labeling using retrograde rAAVs injected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis(BST), anterior cortical amygdalar area(ACo), medial amygdaloid nucleus(MeA), and posteromedial cortical amygdaloid area(PMCo) in mice. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this AOB projection neuron labeling method and showed that the mitral cells of the AOB exhibited efferent projection dispersion characteristics similar to those of the MOB. Moreover, there were significant differences in the number of neurons projected to different brain regions, which indicated that each mitral cell in the AOB could project to a different number of neurons in different cortices. These results provide a circuitry basis to help understand the mechanism by which pheromone information is encoded and decoded in the AOS.
基金a Grant from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland, No. N 404 045 31/2332
文摘BACKGROUND： Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship of lower limb dominance with left- and right-handedness, supporting findings suggest that there is a role for peripheral factors in the neural control of movement. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effect of laterality pattern on the neural mechanisms of motor control at the peripheral level. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A controlled observation experiment was performed at the Motor Diagnostics Laboratory of the Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland, in June 2009. PARTICIPANTS： Twenty young male adults aged 21-23 years and presenting two laterality patterns in hand-foot combination （right handed-right footed and left handed-left footed groups） took part in the experiment. All participants were carefully screened to eliminate any neurological or muscle disease or trauma. METHODS： The experiment included a laterality evaluation and the motor evoked potentials of dominant and non-dominant limbs. Measures were done through the use of the Hoffmann-reflex （H-reflex） circuitry. The soleus H-reflex parameters elicited at rest in lower extremities were compared. The soleus H-reflex and the direct motor response were elicited in lower extremities of each participant in the same laboratory session. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Onset latencies and min-max amplitudes of the direct motor response and the H-reflex; the motor and sensory conduction velocities; and symmetry coefficients of response parameters. RESULTS： The analysis of symmetry coefficients of direct and late motor responses confirmed differences between two laterality patterns in amplitude and latency of the H-reflex as well as in a sensory conduction velocity （P 〈 0.05）, but not in direct motor response parameters. The amplitude of the H-reflex and the calculated sensory la afferent conduction velocity in the dominant lower extremity were significantly depressed in the right-sided group in comparison to the left-sided group （P = 0.001）. The right-sided group presented significantly higher motor fiber conduction velocity in the dominant leg than in the non-dominant leg （P = 0.006）, with no similar effect in the left-sided group. CONCLUSION： The neural control of the H-reflex elicited at rest is related to the laterality pattern in hand-foot combination in healthy adults. This result strongly suggests the possible existence of intrinsic control mechanisms of afferent feedback related to functional dominance in human limbs.
文摘In this paper, some basic dynamical properties of a four-dimensional autonomous hyperchaotic system are investi- gated by means of Poincare mapping, Lyapunov exponents and bifurcation diagram. The dynamical behaviours of this new hyperchaotic system are proved not only by performing numerical simulation and brief theoretical analysis but also by conducting an electronic circuit experiment. An efficient approaching is developed for global asymptotic stabilization of this four-dimensional hyperchaotic system. Based on the method of inverse optimal control for nonlinear systems, a linear state feedback is electronically implemented. It is remarkably simple as compared with other chaos control ways, like nonlinear state feedback.
文摘A modular flat-screen liquid crystal television display is described. The picture elements of the modules may be emissive, reflective or transmissive. The flat-screen liquid crystal television also comprised of an electrical control circuit capable of categorizing incoming television picture signals corresponding to the modules in the array and directing the electrical signals to the drive circuits of each module according to the portion of the television picture to be reproduced by the picture elements of that module. The picture elements are preferably formed in a light modulating film composed of a liquid crystal dispersion in a polymeric binder. A color display was also produced by placing a patterned red-green-blue filter adjacent the active matrix so that each picture element could also be coordinated with the color components of a color video signal.
文摘A modular flat-screen liquid crystal television display is described.The picture elements of the modules may be emissive,reflective or transmissive.The flat-screen liquid crystal television also comprised of an electrical control circuit capable of categorizing incoming television picture signals corresponding to the modules in the array and directing the electrical signals to the drive circuits of each module according to the portion of the television picture to be reproduced by the picture elements of that module.The picture elements are preferably formed in a light modulating film composed of a liquid crystal dispersion in a polymeric binder.A color display was also produced by placing a patterned red-green-blue filter adjacent the active matrix so that each picture element could also be coordinated with the color components of a color video signal.
