The damage map is an important tool for the investigation of the conservation state of a building,especially when the surveyed element is a property with historical preservation interest.Thereby,we consider that the f...The damage map is an important tool for the investigation of the conservation state of a building,especially when the surveyed element is a property with historical preservation interest.Thereby,we consider that the full understanding of the construction techniques is crucial to diagnose anomalies found in the facades of the buildings.It is very important to know the materials used in the construction and the routine of building maintenance.It is also necessary to emphasize the importance of having historical information about interventions and modifications that the building’s structure suffered over the years in order to obtain data and requirements for the complete configuration of the analyzed building.This article results from a master's research in progress and it aims to present the process of the development of a damage map,seeking its implementation in a real case study,the facades of the Carmo’s Church in the city of Olinda.There are three reasons why we chose this church to study.First,this building is inserted in the Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda,which is inscribed on the UNESCO’s World Heritage list since 1982;second it was built in 1588 configuring the oldest church of the Carmelite Order in Brazil and finally the building has been restored and recovered recently in July 2012 and it is observed that,after four years,we observe some pathological manifestations in their facades.展开更多
Authoritarian societies that follow certain rules in the religious,cultural,and political realms tend to be little tolerant of other views and practices.There is a very revealing research niche for the study of“other...Authoritarian societies that follow certain rules in the religious,cultural,and political realms tend to be little tolerant of other views and practices.There is a very revealing research niche for the study of“otherness”in the regulated fields of human activity.Yet,a niche within a niche is a study of historical or,in any case,former practices that come back to life after a gap of many decades.This is the case with church music of the last decade of Soviet history that has returned to artistic practice after a sixty-year ban.The article examines the socio-cultural circumstances that accompanied the creation of a number of works in various church genres written by professional Soviet composers,supported by a brief description of these works.Information about atheistic ideology,cultural doctrine,music management,and church life in the USSR completes the range of topics discussed.展开更多
The history of the design of St. Joseph the Betrothed church in Olszyna Lubaflska is presented in the paper. The first design of the church was drawn up by a local master builder in 1889 but was given such a poor eval...The history of the design of St. Joseph the Betrothed church in Olszyna Lubaflska is presented in the paper. The first design of the church was drawn up by a local master builder in 1889 but was given such a poor evaluation by a firm of architects in Berlin that a new project had to be commissioned. The technical opinion on the design is analysed in the paper： both projects are discussed and some of the drawings from the projects are presented. The text of the expert evaluation and the draft of the church have never been published yet.展开更多
The Church of Kidane Mehret stands at 2,450 m above sea level, close to the village of Sen＇afe, on the border between Ethiopia and Eritrea. Probably built in the fifteenth or sixteenth century, the church gradually b...The Church of Kidane Mehret stands at 2,450 m above sea level, close to the village of Sen＇afe, on the border between Ethiopia and Eritrea. Probably built in the fifteenth or sixteenth century, the church gradually became a ruin in the middle of the last century. Following the intervention of the monks of this church, a restoration program was set up in 2006. With the agreement of the National Museum in Asmara and the World Monuments Fund, funding was collected together by the German Embassy, the French Embassy, and the Alliance Fran^aise of Asmara, which made it possible to restore the church, between 2006 and 2008. Teams of workmen and women were created to this end. Only traditional techniques were employed for the masonry of the walls, the wooden roofing the plastering, and the interior paintwork. This project, which conforms to the Charter of Venice, could serve as an example for similar restorations in the region and as a model for professional training. Finally, a trilingual article （English, German, and Tigrinya） was published in the Collection ＂Cultures et Patrimoines d＇ErythrGe＂, 2009.展开更多
El-Ashmonein is a significant archaeological site with different buildings from various eras. Between the villages of El-Idara and El-Ashmonein are there mains of Hermopolis, one of the ancient Egyptian metropolis cap...El-Ashmonein is a significant archaeological site with different buildings from various eras. Between the villages of El-Idara and El-Ashmonein are there mains of Hermopolis, one of the ancient Egyptian metropolis capitals of the fifteenth century of Upper Egypt, called the hare. The buildings in this archaeological site are exposed to many causes of destruction and damage. The remaining structures and granite free standing columns in this area are suffered from plenty of geo-environmental and geotechnical problems. The main objectives of this study are 1) to assess the current state of preservation of this important archaeological site, especially the basilica church with its free standing huge columns, 2) to analyze the different actions which cause the destruction of the archaeological site, in particular the old flash floods and earthquakes, and 3) to identify the geochemical and engineering properties of the construction materials of the granitic columns and other limestone structures of the basilica church by using different kind of sophisticated analytical and diagnostic tools and methods. The multi-criteria analysis allowed the integration of several elements for mapping the vulnerable zones. Results revealed that about 80% of the study area was exposed to high and medium old floods vulnerability because of the vicinity to the Nile River. The structural and non-structural measures recommended in this research will help the decision makers and planners to effectively develop strategies for future site management, intervention retrofitting and rehabilitation of this unique archaeological site.展开更多
Religious practices in general,but primarily Christian ones,are undergoing major changes in the modern world,which is rapidly changing day by day.One of the most revealing manifestations of these changes is liturgical...Religious practices in general,but primarily Christian ones,are undergoing major changes in the modern world,which is rapidly changing day by day.One of the most revealing manifestations of these changes is liturgical music,which has always been considered“traditional”,whereas the boundaries of the tradition have been subject to sharp disputes between those responsible for the church ritual and its accessories.The palette of the musical environment of modern church in terms of attendance and congregational acceptability in its sustainable development is addressed in the article based on recent research,in particular,several related studies by A.Rosenblatt,who over the past two decades has explored different aspects of church music heard in the field and presented in various hymnal books.Summary of this review allows us to consider a tangle of reasons to the preference for this or that musical style,which often completely excludes purely musical tastes and preferences.展开更多
Dry afromontane forests are among the most poorly managed and endangered ecosystems.Therefore,we assessed the composition,diversity,and conservation status of woody plant species of the Debre Libanos church forests an...Dry afromontane forests are among the most poorly managed and endangered ecosystems.Therefore,we assessed the composition,diversity,and conservation status of woody plant species of the Debre Libanos church forests and surrounding forest lands in Oromiya Regional National State,central Ethiopia in 62 nested circular sample plots spaced 200 m apart along two transect lines.Large circular plots 314 m^(2)were used to sample trees with DBH of at least 10 cm,and subplots of 28.26 m^(2)were laid in each main plot were used to assess saplings and shrubs;a small subplot of 3.14 m2 was used to assess seedlings.In total,70 woody plant species belonging to 62 genera and 43 families were recorded.Of these,59,28 and 32 were in the church,government and private forest types,respectively.The most dominant families were Fabaceae and Verbenaceae,each represented by five species.In the forests considered,trees accounted for 61%,and shrubs with diameter at breast height(DBH)of 1-10 cm accounted for ca.33%.Among growth forms of woody species,shrubs and seedlings,followed by trees constituted much of the density of woody species in all the three ownership types of forests.The church forest had the most species(59)and highest Shannon(3.12)and Simpson(0.92)species diversity indices,and the government and private forests had a nearly similar total number of species and Shannon and Simpson species diversity indices.Most of the species with higher importance value indices(IVI)were indigenous in origin within the church forest(Juniperus procera=82),government forest(J.procera=66)and private forest(Acacia abyssinica=84).The composition,diversity,and population structure of woody species in the church forest were significantly higher than in the other forest lands.However,interventions of the government and private sectors to conserve forest systems in the areas,particularly the government-owned forest and specific species such as Olea europaea need active enrichment plantings due to their limited natural regeneration.Without improved management interventions,livelihood income diversification and ecosystem services obtained from the forest will not be sustainable.展开更多
Ecosystem services(ES)are the connection between nature and society,and are essential for the well-being of local communities that depend on them.In Ethiopia,church forests and the surrounding agricultural matrix supp...Ecosystem services(ES)are the connection between nature and society,and are essential for the well-being of local communities that depend on them.In Ethiopia,church forests and the surrounding agricultural matrix supply numerous ES.However,the ES delivered by both land use types have not yet been assessed simultaneously.Here we surveyed both church forests and their agricultural matrices,aiming to quantify,compare and unravel the drivers underlying tree-based ES supply,density and multifunctionality.We found that almost all church forests and half of the agricultural matrices provided high ES densities.ES multifunctionality was higher in the agricultural matrices,suggesting that people deliberately conserve or plant multifunctional tree species.Furthermore,the supply of all categories of ES was positively correlated with church forest age(p-value<0.001)in the agricultural matrix,while the extent of church forest was positively correlated with the density of all categories ecosystem services score in the church forests(p-value<0.001).Our results can be used to prioritize conservation efforts at sites that provide high levels of ES supply,ES density and ES multifunctionality,and to prioritize restoration efforts at sites with low levels thereof.展开更多
The effect of biodeteriogenic living organisms on historical and archeological sites is a well-known problem affecting the world’s cultural heritage. Indeed, the growth inside the bricks of shrubs and herbs roots can...The effect of biodeteriogenic living organisms on historical and archeological sites is a well-known problem affecting the world’s cultural heritage. Indeed, the growth inside the bricks of shrubs and herbs roots can cause breakage, collapse and, detachment of materials. The knowledge of the spontaneous vascular flora present on monuments is essential for protection and safeguarding of cultural heritage. In this paper, we identify and describe biodeteriogenic vascular flora of three historical Calabrian (Southern Italy) churches, showing the relationship between plant biodiversity and exposure and building material of churches. The species present on the wall and in perimeter for each church were sampled noting substrate type, surface inclination (vertical or horizontal) and exposure. The total number of plant species recorded was 27. Hemicryptophytes (41%) prevail over the other biological forms and the most represented families are that of the Asteraceae. Parietaria judaica is the only species present in all three sites. Substrate type, climatic condition and surface inclination affect the floristic composition. Sixteen out of 27 species grow on vertical surfaces, all Geophythes and Chamaephytes grow on horizontal surfaces, while Therophytes were rather on vertical surfaces. A significant difference was found in the Hazard Index values in the three churches. Only one site, presents a high average value of Hazard Index, due to the simultaneous presence of Ailanthus altissima, Ficus carica, Rubus ulmifolius and Sambucus nigra. The data collected indicate that the flora growing on wall of three Calabrian churches partially reflects the floristic context in which they are located. The diversity of the vegetational spectrum is remarkable, most of the plants are ruderal herbaceous, many weeds and invasive, and for the most part typical of the Mediterranean environment. The data collected contribute to the knowledge of the spontaneous vascular flora present on three historical Calabrian churches and their biodiversity, also in terms of conservation interest, considering its biodeteriogenic potential in the evaluation of the impact of the vegetation on each monument.展开更多
Based on the historical records and field investigation, this paper aims at elaborating the architectural styles, interior space design and architectural landscape of modern church architecture in Yan’an, analyzing t...Based on the historical records and field investigation, this paper aims at elaborating the architectural styles, interior space design and architectural landscape of modern church architecture in Yan’an, analyzing the influence of Chinese and western culture on modern church architecture in Yan’an and expounding the historical and cultural value as church architecture, which will play a great role in the protection, inheritance and utilization of modern architecture in Yan’an area.展开更多
The rim partials of a church bell (those with an antinode at the soundbow) generate the strike pitch or perceived note of the bell. The spacing in frequency of the higher rim partials has an important effect on the to...The rim partials of a church bell (those with an antinode at the soundbow) generate the strike pitch or perceived note of the bell. The spacing in frequency of the higher rim partials has an important effect on the tonal quality of the bell. Investigations into the partial frequencies of 2752 bells, both bronze and steel, of a wide variety of dates, founders and sizes, show a simple and unexpected relationship between the frequencies of the rim partials. This relationship explains why attempts to tune the higher rim partials independently have failed. A modified version of Chladni’s law provides insight into the musical relationship of the partials, and predicts the partials of individual bells well, but fails to give a simple model of the spacing between the partials seen in bells with different profiles.展开更多
It is well established that musical sounds comprising multiple partials with frequencies approximately in the ratio of small integers give rise to a strong sensation of pitch even if the lowest or fundamental partial ...It is well established that musical sounds comprising multiple partials with frequencies approximately in the ratio of small integers give rise to a strong sensation of pitch even if the lowest or fundamental partial is missing—the so-called virtual pitch effect. Experiments on thirty test subjects demonstrate that this virtual pitch is shifted significantly by changes in the spacing of the constituent partials. The experiments measured pitch by comparison of sounds of similar timbre and were automated so that they could be performed remotely across the Internet. Analysis of the test sounds used shows that the pitch shifts are not predicted by Terhardt’s classic model of virtual pitch. The test sounds used were modelled on the sounds of church bells, but a further experiment on seventeen test subjects showed that changes in partial amplitude only had a minor effect on the pitch shifts observed, and that a pitch shift was still observed when two of the lowest frequency partials were removed, so that the effects reported are of general interest.展开更多
In Nigeria today,it seems that politics is synonymous to violence.Though there are many political parties with different ideologies in the country,some of them are found to engage in actions or words intended to hurt ...In Nigeria today,it seems that politics is synonymous to violence.Though there are many political parties with different ideologies in the country,some of them are found to engage in actions or words intended to hurt people.In fact,they go to the extent of using dangerous weapons to inflict injuries on perceived political opponents.In this respect,this paper establishes the fact that there is political violence in Nigeria and also examined some of the factors responsible for violence in Nigeria politics such as political environment,ethnicity or tribal politics,intolerance,the insincerity of our political leaders,and electoral fraud.In the same vein,critical criticism as a result of deep hatred for a party or person may also engender political violence in the form of words or utterances.The consequences of such political violence are enormous in every aspect of our national life,which would need the intervention of the church as a voice to save Nigeria and the world from the state of violence and the insurmountable problems attached.Though the church in this country has been playing significant roles,more has to be done to make a positive impact especially among the youths who are the leaders of tomorrow and unfortunately the instruments being used for this political violence.This paper adopted a qualitative research method,while data were collected through secondary sources and internet materials.展开更多
To mark the eleventh year of its sponsorship of the Beijing Music Festival,UBS sponsored a special concert by world-renowned Chinese pianist,YUNDI LI,at the Wangfujing Church in October.YUNDI’s performance at the ann...To mark the eleventh year of its sponsorship of the Beijing Music Festival,UBS sponsored a special concert by world-renowned Chinese pianist,YUNDI LI,at the Wangfujing Church in October.YUNDI’s performance at the annual Church Concert,which has been a feature of the Beijing Music Festival since its inception in 2006,marks his return to the Festival after a four-year absence.Taking place on展开更多
Fifty-four years ago, the Pact of the Catacombs was signed by a small group of churchmen, determined to make a difference. It was the time of the Second Vatican Council. It was the closing phase of that momentous expe...Fifty-four years ago, the Pact of the Catacombs was signed by a small group of churchmen, determined to make a difference. It was the time of the Second Vatican Council. It was the closing phase of that momentous experience in the Church’s life―a transforming event about which many still talk about, half a century later. A handful of bishops―40 out of an impressive 2,000-plus contingent meeting in St Peter’s Basilica―decided to assemble at the dead of night in the Catacombs of Domitilla, outside Rome. During that eventful night of 16 November 1965, they dreamt of a poor servant church. In that holy place, beneath the earth’s surface, where many generations of early Christians met to pray and to bury their loved ones, those 40 modern-day bishops met in heartfelt prayer to celebrate the Eucharist. They also signed the Pact of the Catacombs as they committed themselves to the ideals of Vatican II. The group of like-minded courageous shepherds was led by Archbishop Helder Camara of Recife, Brazil, the revered champion of the downtrodden poor and marginalized. Those gathered made a common pledge to live according to the daily manner of ordinary people, with regard to housing, food, means of transport, and such routine needs. In the Pact, they renounced the appearance and trappings of wealth, especially the use of gaudy vestments, resembling those of earthly monarchs, and symbols of precious metals, insisting that such signs should rather be according to the spirit of the Gospel. They promised to divest themselves of earthly riches and properties, and if they had to possess anything they placed it in the name of the diocese or some charitable foundation. In the humble consoling light of flickering candles, the group renounced all those aspects which appeared to be associated with privilege, prominence, and the wealthy echelons of society. In line with this, they expressed their desire not to be addressed verbally or in writing with titles expressing power, but rather with the more scriptural and homely title of “Father”. Their evangelical intention was focused on avoiding any sort of vanity. The signatories that night at the Domitilla Catacombs affirmed that “we will give whatever is needed in terms of our time, our reflection, our heart, our means, etc., to the apostolic and pastoral service of workers and labour groups and to those who are economically weak and disadvantaged, without allowing that to detract from the welfare of other persons or groups of the diocese. We will support lay people, religious, deacons and priests whom the Lord calls to evangelize the poor and the workers, by sharing their lives and their labours”. This paper shows how the Pact of the Catacombs was to be an early harbinger of Pope Francis’ vision of the church.展开更多
In the history of cities and society,architecture plays an important role in the materialization of buildings,in the ways of life and in the constitution of an era.Documenting architectural heritage is an essential ta...In the history of cities and society,architecture plays an important role in the materialization of buildings,in the ways of life and in the constitution of an era.Documenting architectural heritage is an essential task for the conservation,management and collection of knowledge,however it is a time consuming and costly task.Presently,the application of digital aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry has made this process simpler,more agile and of relatively low cost.In this context,the objective of this study was to analyze the visual and geometric quality of the 3D model,of architectural heritage,generated by photogrammetric techniques.To this end,topographic mapping(reference)and aerial and terrestrial photogrammetric surveys of the Church of Nossa Senhora do Rosário and São Benedito,in Estrela do Sul/MG,Brazil,which is a historical and cultural heritage of the country,were carried out.Adopted as a reference,the 3D topographic model was generated by the points collected with a total station.To generate the photogrammetric 3D model,aerial photos were obtained using a UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)and terrestrial photos,acquired at strategic points.In both cases the PowerShot SX260HS camera was used.The two georeferenced 3D models were analyzed visually,considering texture and completeness,and compared geometrically through coordinates of homologous points.Comparatively,the photogrammetric 3D model presented results with a wealth of details far superior to the topographic ones and a geometry with centimetric discrepancies,showing that the method is suitable for generating 3D models relating to architectural heritage.展开更多
The purpose of our paper is to show, on the example of Tbilisi, how places become sacred and the sights of pilgrimage; what are the modern and traditional forms of pilgrimage in Georgia. The study showed that the grav...The purpose of our paper is to show, on the example of Tbilisi, how places become sacred and the sights of pilgrimage; what are the modern and traditional forms of pilgrimage in Georgia. The study showed that the graves of the prominent people for their pure life and miraculous deeds, who lived during the Soviet and post-Soviet periods until now are the places of veneration. These people before official canonization became saints for people and as I call them, they became “folk Saints”, as the forms of their veneration are the same as canonized ones. After post-Soviet revival of religiousness in the late 1970es, one form of pilgrimage became especially popular in the Orthodox Church of Georgia. On the memorial days of Saints or just after Sunday liturgy priest and congregation visit graves of these Saints or prominent churches dedicated to them, where they pray and have small services. The study showed that this form was not traditional Georgian form of pilgrimage, but Russian one. I also argue that there might have been five forms of traditional pilgrimage in Georgia. The study was based on historical sources, published scientific works and the personal field ethnographic materials.展开更多
文摘The damage map is an important tool for the investigation of the conservation state of a building,especially when the surveyed element is a property with historical preservation interest.Thereby,we consider that the full understanding of the construction techniques is crucial to diagnose anomalies found in the facades of the buildings.It is very important to know the materials used in the construction and the routine of building maintenance.It is also necessary to emphasize the importance of having historical information about interventions and modifications that the building’s structure suffered over the years in order to obtain data and requirements for the complete configuration of the analyzed building.This article results from a master's research in progress and it aims to present the process of the development of a damage map,seeking its implementation in a real case study,the facades of the Carmo’s Church in the city of Olinda.There are three reasons why we chose this church to study.First,this building is inserted in the Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda,which is inscribed on the UNESCO’s World Heritage list since 1982;second it was built in 1588 configuring the oldest church of the Carmelite Order in Brazil and finally the building has been restored and recovered recently in July 2012 and it is observed that,after four years,we observe some pathological manifestations in their facades.
文摘Authoritarian societies that follow certain rules in the religious,cultural,and political realms tend to be little tolerant of other views and practices.There is a very revealing research niche for the study of“otherness”in the regulated fields of human activity.Yet,a niche within a niche is a study of historical or,in any case,former practices that come back to life after a gap of many decades.This is the case with church music of the last decade of Soviet history that has returned to artistic practice after a sixty-year ban.The article examines the socio-cultural circumstances that accompanied the creation of a number of works in various church genres written by professional Soviet composers,supported by a brief description of these works.Information about atheistic ideology,cultural doctrine,music management,and church life in the USSR completes the range of topics discussed.
文摘The history of the design of St. Joseph the Betrothed church in Olszyna Lubaflska is presented in the paper. The first design of the church was drawn up by a local master builder in 1889 but was given such a poor evaluation by a firm of architects in Berlin that a new project had to be commissioned. The technical opinion on the design is analysed in the paper： both projects are discussed and some of the drawings from the projects are presented. The text of the expert evaluation and the draft of the church have never been published yet.
文摘The Church of Kidane Mehret stands at 2,450 m above sea level, close to the village of Sen＇afe, on the border between Ethiopia and Eritrea. Probably built in the fifteenth or sixteenth century, the church gradually became a ruin in the middle of the last century. Following the intervention of the monks of this church, a restoration program was set up in 2006. With the agreement of the National Museum in Asmara and the World Monuments Fund, funding was collected together by the German Embassy, the French Embassy, and the Alliance Fran^aise of Asmara, which made it possible to restore the church, between 2006 and 2008. Teams of workmen and women were created to this end. Only traditional techniques were employed for the masonry of the walls, the wooden roofing the plastering, and the interior paintwork. This project, which conforms to the Charter of Venice, could serve as an example for similar restorations in the region and as a model for professional training. Finally, a trilingual article （English, German, and Tigrinya） was published in the Collection ＂Cultures et Patrimoines d＇ErythrGe＂, 2009.
文摘El-Ashmonein is a significant archaeological site with different buildings from various eras. Between the villages of El-Idara and El-Ashmonein are there mains of Hermopolis, one of the ancient Egyptian metropolis capitals of the fifteenth century of Upper Egypt, called the hare. The buildings in this archaeological site are exposed to many causes of destruction and damage. The remaining structures and granite free standing columns in this area are suffered from plenty of geo-environmental and geotechnical problems. The main objectives of this study are 1) to assess the current state of preservation of this important archaeological site, especially the basilica church with its free standing huge columns, 2) to analyze the different actions which cause the destruction of the archaeological site, in particular the old flash floods and earthquakes, and 3) to identify the geochemical and engineering properties of the construction materials of the granitic columns and other limestone structures of the basilica church by using different kind of sophisticated analytical and diagnostic tools and methods. The multi-criteria analysis allowed the integration of several elements for mapping the vulnerable zones. Results revealed that about 80% of the study area was exposed to high and medium old floods vulnerability because of the vicinity to the Nile River. The structural and non-structural measures recommended in this research will help the decision makers and planners to effectively develop strategies for future site management, intervention retrofitting and rehabilitation of this unique archaeological site.
文摘Religious practices in general,but primarily Christian ones,are undergoing major changes in the modern world,which is rapidly changing day by day.One of the most revealing manifestations of these changes is liturgical music,which has always been considered“traditional”,whereas the boundaries of the tradition have been subject to sharp disputes between those responsible for the church ritual and its accessories.The palette of the musical environment of modern church in terms of attendance and congregational acceptability in its sustainable development is addressed in the article based on recent research,in particular,several related studies by A.Rosenblatt,who over the past two decades has explored different aspects of church music heard in the field and presented in various hymnal books.Summary of this review allows us to consider a tangle of reasons to the preference for this or that musical style,which often completely excludes purely musical tastes and preferences.
基金supported financially by the Fundamental Research Funds of Environment and Coffee Forest Forum。
文摘Dry afromontane forests are among the most poorly managed and endangered ecosystems.Therefore,we assessed the composition,diversity,and conservation status of woody plant species of the Debre Libanos church forests and surrounding forest lands in Oromiya Regional National State,central Ethiopia in 62 nested circular sample plots spaced 200 m apart along two transect lines.Large circular plots 314 m^(2)were used to sample trees with DBH of at least 10 cm,and subplots of 28.26 m^(2)were laid in each main plot were used to assess saplings and shrubs;a small subplot of 3.14 m2 was used to assess seedlings.In total,70 woody plant species belonging to 62 genera and 43 families were recorded.Of these,59,28 and 32 were in the church,government and private forest types,respectively.The most dominant families were Fabaceae and Verbenaceae,each represented by five species.In the forests considered,trees accounted for 61%,and shrubs with diameter at breast height(DBH)of 1-10 cm accounted for ca.33%.Among growth forms of woody species,shrubs and seedlings,followed by trees constituted much of the density of woody species in all the three ownership types of forests.The church forest had the most species(59)and highest Shannon(3.12)and Simpson(0.92)species diversity indices,and the government and private forests had a nearly similar total number of species and Shannon and Simpson species diversity indices.Most of the species with higher importance value indices(IVI)were indigenous in origin within the church forest(Juniperus procera=82),government forest(J.procera=66)and private forest(Acacia abyssinica=84).The composition,diversity,and population structure of woody species in the church forest were significantly higher than in the other forest lands.However,interventions of the government and private sectors to conserve forest systems in the areas,particularly the government-owned forest and specific species such as Olea europaea need active enrichment plantings due to their limited natural regeneration.Without improved management interventions,livelihood income diversification and ecosystem services obtained from the forest will not be sustainable.
基金flnancial support from VLIR-UOS,Belgium through the VLIR-IUC Interuniversity cooperation with Bahir Dar University,Ethiopia(BDU-IUC)
文摘Ecosystem services(ES)are the connection between nature and society,and are essential for the well-being of local communities that depend on them.In Ethiopia,church forests and the surrounding agricultural matrix supply numerous ES.However,the ES delivered by both land use types have not yet been assessed simultaneously.Here we surveyed both church forests and their agricultural matrices,aiming to quantify,compare and unravel the drivers underlying tree-based ES supply,density and multifunctionality.We found that almost all church forests and half of the agricultural matrices provided high ES densities.ES multifunctionality was higher in the agricultural matrices,suggesting that people deliberately conserve or plant multifunctional tree species.Furthermore,the supply of all categories of ES was positively correlated with church forest age(p-value<0.001)in the agricultural matrix,while the extent of church forest was positively correlated with the density of all categories ecosystem services score in the church forests(p-value<0.001).Our results can be used to prioritize conservation efforts at sites that provide high levels of ES supply,ES density and ES multifunctionality,and to prioritize restoration efforts at sites with low levels thereof.
文摘The effect of biodeteriogenic living organisms on historical and archeological sites is a well-known problem affecting the world’s cultural heritage. Indeed, the growth inside the bricks of shrubs and herbs roots can cause breakage, collapse and, detachment of materials. The knowledge of the spontaneous vascular flora present on monuments is essential for protection and safeguarding of cultural heritage. In this paper, we identify and describe biodeteriogenic vascular flora of three historical Calabrian (Southern Italy) churches, showing the relationship between plant biodiversity and exposure and building material of churches. The species present on the wall and in perimeter for each church were sampled noting substrate type, surface inclination (vertical or horizontal) and exposure. The total number of plant species recorded was 27. Hemicryptophytes (41%) prevail over the other biological forms and the most represented families are that of the Asteraceae. Parietaria judaica is the only species present in all three sites. Substrate type, climatic condition and surface inclination affect the floristic composition. Sixteen out of 27 species grow on vertical surfaces, all Geophythes and Chamaephytes grow on horizontal surfaces, while Therophytes were rather on vertical surfaces. A significant difference was found in the Hazard Index values in the three churches. Only one site, presents a high average value of Hazard Index, due to the simultaneous presence of Ailanthus altissima, Ficus carica, Rubus ulmifolius and Sambucus nigra. The data collected indicate that the flora growing on wall of three Calabrian churches partially reflects the floristic context in which they are located. The diversity of the vegetational spectrum is remarkable, most of the plants are ruderal herbaceous, many weeds and invasive, and for the most part typical of the Mediterranean environment. The data collected contribute to the knowledge of the spontaneous vascular flora present on three historical Calabrian churches and their biodiversity, also in terms of conservation interest, considering its biodeteriogenic potential in the evaluation of the impact of the vegetation on each monument.
文摘Based on the historical records and field investigation, this paper aims at elaborating the architectural styles, interior space design and architectural landscape of modern church architecture in Yan’an, analyzing the influence of Chinese and western culture on modern church architecture in Yan’an and expounding the historical and cultural value as church architecture, which will play a great role in the protection, inheritance and utilization of modern architecture in Yan’an area.
文摘The rim partials of a church bell (those with an antinode at the soundbow) generate the strike pitch or perceived note of the bell. The spacing in frequency of the higher rim partials has an important effect on the tonal quality of the bell. Investigations into the partial frequencies of 2752 bells, both bronze and steel, of a wide variety of dates, founders and sizes, show a simple and unexpected relationship between the frequencies of the rim partials. This relationship explains why attempts to tune the higher rim partials independently have failed. A modified version of Chladni’s law provides insight into the musical relationship of the partials, and predicts the partials of individual bells well, but fails to give a simple model of the spacing between the partials seen in bells with different profiles.
文摘It is well established that musical sounds comprising multiple partials with frequencies approximately in the ratio of small integers give rise to a strong sensation of pitch even if the lowest or fundamental partial is missing—the so-called virtual pitch effect. Experiments on thirty test subjects demonstrate that this virtual pitch is shifted significantly by changes in the spacing of the constituent partials. The experiments measured pitch by comparison of sounds of similar timbre and were automated so that they could be performed remotely across the Internet. Analysis of the test sounds used shows that the pitch shifts are not predicted by Terhardt’s classic model of virtual pitch. The test sounds used were modelled on the sounds of church bells, but a further experiment on seventeen test subjects showed that changes in partial amplitude only had a minor effect on the pitch shifts observed, and that a pitch shift was still observed when two of the lowest frequency partials were removed, so that the effects reported are of general interest.
文摘In Nigeria today,it seems that politics is synonymous to violence.Though there are many political parties with different ideologies in the country,some of them are found to engage in actions or words intended to hurt people.In fact,they go to the extent of using dangerous weapons to inflict injuries on perceived political opponents.In this respect,this paper establishes the fact that there is political violence in Nigeria and also examined some of the factors responsible for violence in Nigeria politics such as political environment,ethnicity or tribal politics,intolerance,the insincerity of our political leaders,and electoral fraud.In the same vein,critical criticism as a result of deep hatred for a party or person may also engender political violence in the form of words or utterances.The consequences of such political violence are enormous in every aspect of our national life,which would need the intervention of the church as a voice to save Nigeria and the world from the state of violence and the insurmountable problems attached.Though the church in this country has been playing significant roles,more has to be done to make a positive impact especially among the youths who are the leaders of tomorrow and unfortunately the instruments being used for this political violence.This paper adopted a qualitative research method,while data were collected through secondary sources and internet materials.
文摘To mark the eleventh year of its sponsorship of the Beijing Music Festival,UBS sponsored a special concert by world-renowned Chinese pianist,YUNDI LI,at the Wangfujing Church in October.YUNDI’s performance at the annual Church Concert,which has been a feature of the Beijing Music Festival since its inception in 2006,marks his return to the Festival after a four-year absence.Taking place on
文摘Fifty-four years ago, the Pact of the Catacombs was signed by a small group of churchmen, determined to make a difference. It was the time of the Second Vatican Council. It was the closing phase of that momentous experience in the Church’s life―a transforming event about which many still talk about, half a century later. A handful of bishops―40 out of an impressive 2,000-plus contingent meeting in St Peter’s Basilica―decided to assemble at the dead of night in the Catacombs of Domitilla, outside Rome. During that eventful night of 16 November 1965, they dreamt of a poor servant church. In that holy place, beneath the earth’s surface, where many generations of early Christians met to pray and to bury their loved ones, those 40 modern-day bishops met in heartfelt prayer to celebrate the Eucharist. They also signed the Pact of the Catacombs as they committed themselves to the ideals of Vatican II. The group of like-minded courageous shepherds was led by Archbishop Helder Camara of Recife, Brazil, the revered champion of the downtrodden poor and marginalized. Those gathered made a common pledge to live according to the daily manner of ordinary people, with regard to housing, food, means of transport, and such routine needs. In the Pact, they renounced the appearance and trappings of wealth, especially the use of gaudy vestments, resembling those of earthly monarchs, and symbols of precious metals, insisting that such signs should rather be according to the spirit of the Gospel. They promised to divest themselves of earthly riches and properties, and if they had to possess anything they placed it in the name of the diocese or some charitable foundation. In the humble consoling light of flickering candles, the group renounced all those aspects which appeared to be associated with privilege, prominence, and the wealthy echelons of society. In line with this, they expressed their desire not to be addressed verbally or in writing with titles expressing power, but rather with the more scriptural and homely title of “Father”. Their evangelical intention was focused on avoiding any sort of vanity. The signatories that night at the Domitilla Catacombs affirmed that “we will give whatever is needed in terms of our time, our reflection, our heart, our means, etc., to the apostolic and pastoral service of workers and labour groups and to those who are economically weak and disadvantaged, without allowing that to detract from the welfare of other persons or groups of the diocese. We will support lay people, religious, deacons and priests whom the Lord calls to evangelize the poor and the workers, by sharing their lives and their labours”. This paper shows how the Pact of the Catacombs was to be an early harbinger of Pope Francis’ vision of the church.
文摘In the history of cities and society,architecture plays an important role in the materialization of buildings,in the ways of life and in the constitution of an era.Documenting architectural heritage is an essential task for the conservation,management and collection of knowledge,however it is a time consuming and costly task.Presently,the application of digital aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry has made this process simpler,more agile and of relatively low cost.In this context,the objective of this study was to analyze the visual and geometric quality of the 3D model,of architectural heritage,generated by photogrammetric techniques.To this end,topographic mapping(reference)and aerial and terrestrial photogrammetric surveys of the Church of Nossa Senhora do Rosário and São Benedito,in Estrela do Sul/MG,Brazil,which is a historical and cultural heritage of the country,were carried out.Adopted as a reference,the 3D topographic model was generated by the points collected with a total station.To generate the photogrammetric 3D model,aerial photos were obtained using a UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)and terrestrial photos,acquired at strategic points.In both cases the PowerShot SX260HS camera was used.The two georeferenced 3D models were analyzed visually,considering texture and completeness,and compared geometrically through coordinates of homologous points.Comparatively,the photogrammetric 3D model presented results with a wealth of details far superior to the topographic ones and a geometry with centimetric discrepancies,showing that the method is suitable for generating 3D models relating to architectural heritage.
文摘The purpose of our paper is to show, on the example of Tbilisi, how places become sacred and the sights of pilgrimage; what are the modern and traditional forms of pilgrimage in Georgia. The study showed that the graves of the prominent people for their pure life and miraculous deeds, who lived during the Soviet and post-Soviet periods until now are the places of veneration. These people before official canonization became saints for people and as I call them, they became “folk Saints”, as the forms of their veneration are the same as canonized ones. After post-Soviet revival of religiousness in the late 1970es, one form of pilgrimage became especially popular in the Orthodox Church of Georgia. On the memorial days of Saints or just after Sunday liturgy priest and congregation visit graves of these Saints or prominent churches dedicated to them, where they pray and have small services. The study showed that this form was not traditional Georgian form of pilgrimage, but Russian one. I also argue that there might have been five forms of traditional pilgrimage in Georgia. The study was based on historical sources, published scientific works and the personal field ethnographic materials.
