As one of the earliest markers for predicting pregnancy outcomes, human chorionic gonadotropin(h CG) values have been inconclusive on reliability of the prediction after frozen and fresh embryo transfer(ET). In this r...As one of the earliest markers for predicting pregnancy outcomes, human chorionic gonadotropin(h CG) values have been inconclusive on reliability of the prediction after frozen and fresh embryo transfer(ET). In this retrospective study, patients with positive h CG(day 12 after transfer) were included to examine the h CG levels and their predictive value for pregnancy outcomes following 214 fresh and 1513 vitrified-warmed single-blastocyst transfer cycles. For patients who got clinical pregnancy, the mean initial h CG value was significantly higher after frozen cycles than fresh cycles, and the similar result was demonstrated for patients with live births(LB). The difference in h CG value existed even after adjusting for the potential covariates. The area under curves(AUC) and threshold values calculated by receiver operator characteristic curves were 0.944 and 213.05 m IU/m L for clinical pregnancy after fresh ET, 0.894 and 399.50 m IU/m L for clinical pregnancy after frozen ET, 0.812 and 222.86 m IU/m L for LB after fresh ET, and 0.808 and 410.80 m IU/mL for LB after frozen ET with acceptable sensitivity and specificity, respectively. In conclusion, single frozen blastocyst transfer leads to higher initial h CG values than single fresh blastocyst transfer, and the initial h CG level is a reliable predictive factor for predicting IVF outcomes.展开更多
Objective:To determine whether maternal β-human chorionic gonadotropin(β-hCG) level in second-trimester may be associated with subsequent development of pregnancy-induced hypertension(PIH).Methods:Seven hundred and ...Objective:To determine whether maternal β-human chorionic gonadotropin(β-hCG) level in second-trimester may be associated with subsequent development of pregnancy-induced hypertension(PIH).Methods:Seven hundred and sixty-two women in mid-trimester were to have maternal urine β-hCG standardized concentrations and maternal serum β-hCG measurements.Their case histories were recorded and reviewed from mid-trimester to delivery.The relation was observed between maternal urine,serum markers and subsequent development of PIH.Results:Among 762 women,504 cases were normal pregnancies,42 cases had PIH,94 cases had premature rupture of membrane (PROM),69 cases had preterm delivery (PD),53 other cases were excluded by various reasons.The levels of maternal urine,serum β-hCG in PIH were (61.75±9.78) IU/L and (304.56±54.17) ng/mg respectively,which were higher significantly than normal pregnancy group ([20.65±7.61] IU/L and [146.34±47.81] ng/mg,P<0.05).When maternal serum,urine β-hCG levels ≥2 MOM(multiple of mean),the incidences of developing PIH were increased significantly as compared with those of β-hCG <2 MOM women.The incidence of PIH increased from 5.1% in pregnancies with urine β-hCG ≥2 MOM to 11.7% in cases with urine β-hCG ≥4 MOM.Conclusion:The elevation of maternal mid-trimester urine,serum β-hCG levels is not only an early signal for dysfunction of placenta but also a dangerous signal for development of PIH.Second-trimester maternal urine β-hCG measurement proves to be superior to serum marker in clinical prediction.展开更多
Angiotensin-(1 - 7) [Ang-(1 - 7)] is an endogenous heptapeptide hormone of the renin-angiotensin system that has antiproliferative properties. The aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-proliferative and pro-apopto...Angiotensin-(1 - 7) [Ang-(1 - 7)] is an endogenous heptapeptide hormone of the renin-angiotensin system that has antiproliferative properties. The aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic properties of Ang-(1 - 7) and of Ang-(1 - 7)-substituents 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) e Ang II-derivatives containing the TOAC (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl-4-amino-4-carboxylic acid) in normal (MCF10A) and in tumoral (MCF7) epithelial mammary cell lines. Both cell lines received an hCG and angiotensin peptides 24-hour treatment, in combination or alone followed by cell viability, apoptosis and cell cycle assays performed by flow cytometer (GUAVA). After hCG, Ang-(1 - 7), hCG + Ang-(1 - 7) and hCG + Ang-(1 - 7)-Fmoc treatments, MCF7 displayed cell viability decrease and mid-apoptosis increase. We also observed cell viability decrease in MCF10A after Ang-(1 - 7), Ang-(1 - 7) Fmoc and hCG + AngII Toac treatments. These cells had an increase in late apoptosis and necrosis after AngII Toac, hCG + Ang-(1 - 7) and hCG + Ang-(1 - 7)-Fmoc treatments. Regarding the cell cycle analysis, we did not observed any changes in cell cycle phases. In summary, cell viability was decreased and apoptosis (initial, mid and late) was increased after hCG and/or Ang-(1 - 7) peptides treatments. These results point out hCG and Ang-(1 - 7) as effective compounds to inhibit cell proliferation, since they decrease cell viability and increase apoptosis in both normal and in tumoral breast cells, being the effect more pronounced in the tumoral cell line. Our results support the idea of investigating more closely the putative use of these compounds as novel therapeutic agents for breast cancer.展开更多
The effects of equine chorionic gonadotropin （eCG） on follicular development and ovulation in cyclic guinea pigs were investigated by histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Three groups of guinea pigs （n=12...The effects of equine chorionic gonadotropin （eCG） on follicular development and ovulation in cyclic guinea pigs were investigated by histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Three groups of guinea pigs （n=12） were administrated subcutaneously with saline, 20 or 50 IU of eCG, respectively, on cyclic Day 12 （Day 1=vaginal openings）. Ovaries were collected at 4 and 8 d after administration （6 animals per group each time）. The eCG administration induced significant and distinct morphological changes in the ovaries, as it promoted the luteinization of granulosa cells, but not follicular development. In addition, proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA） and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein （STAR） were immunolocalized specifically in luteinized follicles. Our experiments together indicate that eCG administration can induce follicular luteinization but not superovulation in guinea pigs. The eCG in cyclic guinea pigs functions similar to that of luteinizing hormone （LH）, but not follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH）.展开更多
To study the expression of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (βhCG) genes in renal cell carcinomas (RCC) and benign renal disease tissues, nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and restricti...To study the expression of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (βhCG) genes in renal cell carcinomas (RCC) and benign renal disease tissues, nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and restriction endonuclease analysis were employed to detect the expression of βhCG genes in 44 cases of RCC tissues and 24 cases of benign renal disease tissues It was found that 52% RCC samples revealed positive for βhCG mRNA expression Positive rate in advanced stage and poorly differentiated RCC was higher, but there was no significant difference The positive rate of βhCG mRNA expression was 54% in 24 cases of benign renal tissues, including 3 cases out of 6 polycystic kidneys, 7 cases out of 13 renal atrophies, 2 cases out of 2 oncocytomas and 1 case out of 2 pyonephrotic kidneys β7 was most frequently transcribed subtype gene independent on the histology These findings suggested βhCG gene transcription is not only involved in RCC but also in benign renal diseases展开更多
Objective To describe two clinical cases involving patients who were administered 800 IU of hCG to trigger oocyte maturation and who underwent a frozen-thawed embryo transfer （FET） cycle. Methods Two infertile patie...Objective To describe two clinical cases involving patients who were administered 800 IU of hCG to trigger oocyte maturation and who underwent a frozen-thawed embryo transfer （FET） cycle. Methods Two infertile patients with high ovarian response undergoing stimulation for IVF,, in which 800 IU of hCG was injected by mistake. IVF patients treated under a short protocol with 800 IU of hCG triggering ovulation. Live birth, clinical pregnancy outcomes and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome （OHSS） were observed. Results Neither cycle of the two patients was canceled for oocyte retrieval failure and no OHSS was observed. Both patients gave birth to live twins after FET. Conclusion Triggering oocyte maturation in two hyper-responders by employing 800 IU of hCG could produce a good quantity of good-quality oocytes and an excellent clinical pregnancy and retain the opportunity for conception and live birth. Broader studies are needed.展开更多
The purpose of this experiment was to observe the alterations in bioactivity of chorionic gonadotropin (CG) associated with early fetal loss (EFL), induced by the environmental toxin TCDD (2,3,7,8\|tetrachlorodibenzo\...The purpose of this experiment was to observe the alterations in bioactivity of chorionic gonadotropin (CG) associated with early fetal loss (EFL), induced by the environmental toxin TCDD (2,3,7,8\|tetrachlorodibenzo\| p \|dioxin) in the cynomolgus macaque. Ten of twelve females administered single doses of 1, 2 or 4 μg/kg TCDD on gestational day (GD) 12 had EFL from ten to twenty days later. Seven control animals treated only with the vehicle had normal pregnancies. Blood samples were repeatedly collected for hormone evaluation, from two days before treatment to thirty\|one days following treatment. Immunoreactive monkey chorionic gonadotropin (mCG) was measured in serum using ELISA, and bioactive mCG was measured using a luminescence LH/CG bioassay. No change in immunoreactive mCG levels was detected as a result of TCDD, treatment, but bioactive mCG levels were significantly lower in TCDD\|treated animals compared to controls. This change in bioactivity of mCG was also reflected in the ratio of mCG bioactivity to mCG immunoreactivity (B/I ratio) which began to rise in normal pregnancies by GD 20, but did not rise in TCDD treated animals. These results demonstrate that normal pregnancy in the monkey, as in humans, is characterized by a post\|implantation change in the B/I ratio of CG. These findings therefore suggest that changes in the production of bioactive CG may be used as a biomarker of environmental toxicant exposures which lead to EFL.展开更多
BACKGROUND Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor(ETT)is an extremely rare malignant gestational trophoblastic neoplasm commonly presenting with abnormal vaginal bleeding,abdominal pain,and increased human chorionic gonadotr...BACKGROUND Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor(ETT)is an extremely rare malignant gestational trophoblastic neoplasm commonly presenting with abnormal vaginal bleeding,abdominal pain,and increased human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG).This study reported a case of uterine ETT with the main manifestation being increased hCG.CASE SUMMARY A 39-year-old female was referred to the Ningbo Maternal and Child Hospital of China in December 2022,complaining of increased hCG levels for 1 month.Magnetic resonance imaging revealed gestational trophoblastic tumor,and hysteroscopic electrotomy and curettage of intrauterine hyperplasia were performed.The patient was diagnosed with uterine ETT through postoperative pathological examination and immunohistochemical results.Total laparoscopic hysterectomy and bilateral salpingectomy were performed,and hCG levels returned to normal.The patient was without recurrence during the postoperative 3-month follow-up.CONCLUSION This study reported a case of uterine ETT with the main manifestation being increased hCG,highlighting that ETT should be considered in the presence of abnormal hCG.A total laparoscopic hysterectomy is recommended.展开更多
Objective:To explore the effect of different fertilization time after human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG)injection on the outcome of fertilization in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer(IVF-ET).Methods:One thousand one ...Objective:To explore the effect of different fertilization time after human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG)injection on the outcome of fertilization in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer(IVF-ET).Methods:One thousand one hundred and forty IVF-ET cycles from January 2016 to August 2018 were analyzed retrospectively.According to the different fertilization time after injection of HCG divided into four groups:Group A(38.0 h~39.0 h),Group B(39.1 h~40.0 h),Group C(40.1 h~41.0 h),and Group D(41.1 h~42.0 h).The normal fertilization rate,the normal cleavage rate,the embryo utilization rate,the high-quality embryo rate,the clinical pregnancy rate,the implantation rate,and the spontaneous abortion rate were analyzed among the groups.Then we investigated the effect of different promotion methods on the outcome of fertilization during the optimal fertilization time.Results:There was no significant difference in 2PN cleavage rate,available embryo rate,clinical pregnancy rate,implantation rate and abortion rate among the four groups(P>0.05).The high-quality embryo rate in Group D(44.6%)was the highest,and was significantly different among the four groups(P<0.05).The normal fertilization rate in Group D(71.6%)was the highest,and was significantly different among the four groups(P<0.05).The normal fertilization rate(78.1%)of antagonist group was significantly higher than other groups(P<0.05).Conclusion:The different fertilization time after HCG injection have effects on high-quality embryo rate and normal fertilization rate of patients in IVF-ET.The appropriate fertilization time of patients in IVF-ET was 41 h~42 h after HCG injection in our reproductive center,improved the clinical pregnancy rate and reduced the early abortion rate.The GnRH-ant protocol is superior to other protocol in IVF-ET.展开更多
In this study, the immuno-response of recombinant hCG-β and natural hCGβ was comparatively investigated by using Freund's adjuvant. The results showed that, the properties and merits of the antibodies elicited b...In this study, the immuno-response of recombinant hCG-β and natural hCGβ was comparatively investigated by using Freund's adjuvant. The results showed that, the properties and merits of the antibodies elicited by both kinds of hCG-β were similar. The antisera had high affinity for binding with hCG (Kαγβ≈5.86×108/mol/L, Kαβ≈8.18×108/mol/L), and were found to be effective in inhibiting the binding of 125I-hCG to receptors in rat testes. Results also indicated that, similar to the antisera induced by natural hCG-β, the recombinant hCG-β induced antisera had capacity of neutralizing the biological activities of hCG. Recombinant hCG-β could be used as an immunogen for contraceptive vaccine.展开更多
Objective： To study the clinical effects of Prescription Zhuyun-Ⅲ （助孕3号方, ZYⅢ） on early pregnant women diagnosed as threatened abortion, and its mechanism in immunity and endocrine by determining serum Th1- a...Objective： To study the clinical effects of Prescription Zhuyun-Ⅲ （助孕3号方, ZYⅢ） on early pregnant women diagnosed as threatened abortion, and its mechanism in immunity and endocrine by determining serum Th1- and Th2-type cytokines, progesterone, and β-human chorionic gonadotropin （β-HCG）. Methods： The treatment group comprised 30 early pregnant women diagnosed as threatened abortion of deficiency syndrome of Pi （脾）, Shen （肾）, or both. The control group consisted of 20 normal early pregnant women of similar gestational age. Patients in the treatment group were administered with ZYⅢ for 4 weeks. Peripheral blood samples were collected pre- and post-treatment from both the treatment and the control groups. Serum Thl-type cytokine [interleukin-2 （IL-2）] and Th2-type cytokine [interleukin-10 （IL-10）] were determined by flow cytometry, and serum progesterone and 13-HCG were determined by ELISA. Results： （1） The treatment was effective in 26 and ineffective in 4 patients of the treatment group. Therefore, the cure percentage was 86.67%. （2） In the treatment group before the treatment, IL-2 was significantly higher, IL-10 tended to be less, and the Th1/Th2 balance shifted toward Thl compared with those in the control group. （3） After the treatment, IL-2 was decreased, IL-10 was increased, and IL-2/IL-10 was decreased. Both progesterone and β-HCG were increased. Changes of progesterone were positively correlated with changes of IL-10, whereas changes of β-HCG were negatively correlated with changes of IL-2. Conclusions： Our study suggests that ZYⅢ has an evident function of protecting the fetus, and one of its mechanisms is inhibiting the secretion of Thl cytokines, promoting the secretion of Th2 cytokines, and recovering the pathological shift of the Th1/Th2 balance. The other possible mechanism is increasing serum progesterone and β-HCG concentrations. Moreover, there are some correlations between the above two effects.展开更多
Background:Compared to adult studies,studies which involve the treatment of pediatric congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism(CHH)are limited and no universal treatment regimen is available.The aim of this study was ...Background:Compared to adult studies,studies which involve the treatment of pediatric congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism(CHH)are limited and no universal treatment regimen is available.The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG)/human menopausal gonadotropin(hMG)therapy for treating male adolescents with CHH.Methods:Male adolescent CHH patients were treated with hCG/hMG(n=20)or a gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)pump(n=21).The treatment was divided into a study phase(0-3 months)and a follow-up phase(3-12 months).The testicular volume(TV),penile length(PL),penis diameter(PD),and sex hormone levels were compared between the two groups.The TV and other indicators between the groups were analyzed using a t-test(equal variance)or a rank sum test(unequal variance).Results:Before treatment,there was no statistical difference between the two groups in terms of the biochemistry,hormones,and other demographic indicators.After 3 months of treatment,the TV of the hCG/hMG and GnRH groups increased to 5.1±2.3 mL and 4.1±1.8 mL,respectively;however,the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05,t=1.394).The PL reached 6.9±1.8 cm and 5.1±1.6 cm(P<0.05,t=3.083),the PD reached 2.4±0.5 cm and 2.0±0.6 cm(P<0.05,t=2.224),respectively,in the two groups.At the end of 6 months of treatment,biomarkers were in normal range in the two groups.Compared with the GnRH group,the testosterone(T)level and growth of PL and PD were significantly greater in the hCG/hMG group(all P<0.05).While the TV of both groups increased,the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05,t=0.314).After 9 to 12 months of treatment,the T level was higher in the hCG/hMG group.Other parameters did not exhibit a statistical difference.Conclusions:The hCG/hMG regimen is feasible and effective for treating male adolescents with CHH.The initial 3 months of treatment may be a window to optimally observe the strongest effects of therapy.Furthermore,results from the extended time-period showed positive outcomes at the 1-year mark;however,the long-term effectiveness,strengths,and weaknesses of the hCG/hMG regimen require further research.Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov,NCT02880280;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02880280.展开更多
Background The second-trimester maternal serum screening in twin pregnancy is still controversial, as the serum marker levels in twins are not as clear as those in singletons. This study aimed to evaluate the relation...Background The second-trimester maternal serum screening in twin pregnancy is still controversial, as the serum marker levels in twins are not as clear as those in singletons. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the levels of the second-trimester maternal serum free β-human chorionic gonadotropin （free β-HCG） and a-fetoprotein （AFP） in normal twin and singleton pregnancies and to estimate feasible analysis methods for utilizing these markers in second trimester screening for twin pregnancy. Methods On the basis of a prospective population-based study of second-trimester maternal serum screening, the concentrations of maternal serum AFP and free β-HCG of 195 normal twin pregnancy and 26 512 singleton controls at gestational weeks 15 to 20 were measured by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay in one laboratory. The levels of markers were compared between the twins and singletons using weight-correction and gestational age-specific model. Results According to the research protocol, 95 communities were randomly sampled, which covered the whole Jiangsu province, the east of China. A total of 26 803 pregnant women （98%）, from the target population accepted prenatal screening for maternal serum AFP, β-HCG detection, and all babies were followed up for at least six months. There were 197 （0.73%） twin pregnancies, of which one case had fetal trisomy 18, and one case with fetal anencephaly. The others were normal twin pregnancy. From a total enrollment of 26 803 women participants, 26 512 women with normal singleton pregnancies were selected as the model controls. The other 291 pregnancies, including trisomy 21, neural tube defect （NTD）, trisomy 18, and other fetal abnormalities, were excluded. No significant differences were found in the medians of gestational age-specific maternal serum free β-hCG and AFP in normal twin pregnancy comparing with twice those in model controls with the exception of the medians for free β-hCG during the 16th gestational week （P=0.012）. Conclusion The weight-correction and gestational age-specific levels of Chinese Han population maternal serum free β-hCG and AFP in normal twins were twice the levels as those in the singleton controls during the 17-19 gestational weeks.展开更多
Human chorionic gonadotropin （hCG） level in cerebrospinal fluid （CSF hCG） is very useful for thediagnosis of intracranial germinoma. We have previously reported on two patients with germinoma located in the basal ...Human chorionic gonadotropin （hCG） level in cerebrospinal fluid （CSF hCG） is very useful for thediagnosis of intracranial germinoma. We have previously reported on two patients with germinoma located in the basal ganglia. Their CSF hCG levels were extremely low upon presentation.1 However, significantly increased CSF hCG levels were detected when these two patients had a relapse. The experience acquired in these two cases is helpful to appropriately interpret the CSF hCG levels that are used to detect intracranial germinoma, evaluate the effectiveness of treatment and monitor recurrence.展开更多
BACKGROUND The prevalence of female infertility between the ages of 25 and 44 is 3.5%to 16.7%in developed countries and 6.9%to 9.3%in developing countries.This means that infertility affects one in six couples and is ...BACKGROUND The prevalence of female infertility between the ages of 25 and 44 is 3.5%to 16.7%in developed countries and 6.9%to 9.3%in developing countries.This means that infertility affects one in six couples and is recognized by the World Health Organization as the fifth most serious global disability.The International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology reported that the global total of babies born as a result of assisted reproductive technology procedures and other advanced fertility treatments is more than 8 million.Advancements in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation procedures led to crucial accomplishments in human fertility treatments.The European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology guideline on ovarian stimulation gave us valuable evidence-based recommendations to optimize ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology.Conventional ovarian stimulation protocols for in vitro fertilization(IVF)–embryo transfer are based upon the administration of gonadotropins combined with gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)analogues,either GnRH agonists(GnRHa)or antagonists.The development of ovarian cysts requires the combination of GnRHa and gonadotropins for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation.However,in rare cases patients may develop an ovarian hyper response after administration of GnRHa alone.CASE SUMMARY Here,two case studies were conducted.In the first case,a 33-year-old female diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome presented for her first IVF cycle at our reproductive center.Fourteen days after triptorelin acetate was administrated(day 18 of her menstrual cycle),bilateral ovaries presented polycystic manifestations.The patient was given 5000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin.Twenty-two oocytes were obtained,and eight embryos formed.Two blastospheres were transferred in the frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycle,and the patient was impregnated.In the second case,a 37-year-old woman presented to the reproductive center for her first donor IVF cycle.Fourteen days after GnRHa administration,the transvaginal ultrasound revealed six follicles measuring 17-26 mm in the bilateral ovaries.The patient was given 10000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin.Three oocytes were obtained,and three embryos formed.Two high-grade embryos were transferred in the frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycle,and the patient was impregnated.CONCLUSION These two special cases provide valuable knowledge through our experience.We hypothesize that oocyte retrieval can be an alternative to cycle cancellation in these conditions.Considering the high progesterone level in most cases of this situation,we advocate freezing embryos after oocyte retrieval rather than fresh embryo transfer.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the effect of human chorionic gonadotropins(hCG)and equine chorionic gonadotropins(eCG)on in vitro gilt oocyte maturation and embryonic development,using frozen semen for fertilization.Methods:Tw...Objective:To evaluate the effect of human chorionic gonadotropins(hCG)and equine chorionic gonadotropins(eCG)on in vitro gilt oocyte maturation and embryonic development,using frozen semen for fertilization.Methods:Two independent experiments(6 replicates each)were carried out to evaluate gilt oocyte maturation,and fertilization and embryonic development by using ovaries from a local abattoir.Totally,712 oocytes were randomly distributed in four-well dishes to receive Novormon(eCG 5.0 IU),PG600(eCG 5.0 IU and hCG 2.5 IU),Chorulon(hCG 5.0 IU),or no hormones.Oocytes were incubated with 5%CO2,95%air and saturation humidity at 39℃for 44 h.Maturation of the oocytes to metaphaseⅡwas assessed by using the aceto-orcein technique.In addition,741 oocytes were used and randomly distributed in four-well dishes,and then oocyte maturation was carried out as mentioned,but matured oocytes were washed and placed in fertilization medium with frozen-thawed sperm.Gametes were co-incubated for 7 h,and then washed and placed in development medium,and incubated for further 7 days,at which time embryonic development was evaluated.Fertilization and embryo development media were not supplemented with the studied hormones.Results:Novormon(eCG)and PG600(eCG+hCG)treatments significantly improved the percentages of metaphaseⅡoocytes compared to the control group(P<0.05).Furthermore,a significant increase was also observed in the young blastocyst stage between the control group and the PG600 treatment group(P<0.05).Conclusions:Hormonal products Novormon(eCG)and PG600(eCG+hCG)can obtain the highest percentages of in vitro maturation in gilt oocytes;however,this effect is not transferred to fertilization rates.展开更多
To compare the efficacy of human chorionic gonadotrophin （hCG） at reduced doses of 2 000 IU and 3 000 IU for moderate or high responders with the dose of 5 000 IU in term of inducing final oocyte maturation for IV...To compare the efficacy of human chorionic gonadotrophin （hCG） at reduced doses of 2 000 IU and 3 000 IU for moderate or high responders with the dose of 5 000 IU in term of inducing final oocyte maturation for IVF/ICSI and the subsequent pregnancy outcome in frozen-thawed embryo transfer （FET）. Methods In the retrospective cohort study, 2 166patients undergoing IVF/ICSI with moderate or high response were recruited and classified into three groups according to the trigger dose of hCG： 2 000 IU （group A, n=722）, 3 000 IU （group B, n=722） and 5 000 IU （group C, n= 722）. The main outcome was the proportion of mature oocytes retrieved, fertilization rates, clinical pregnancy rates, cumulative pregnancy rates and incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome （OHSS）. Results No evidence of statistically difference was found in the proportion of mature oocytes retrieved （89.92%, 91.40%, 90.20%, respectively） and fertilization rate （79.8%, 80.07%, 80.51%, respectively） among groups A, B and C. Serum E2 level on the day of hCG injection, the number of mature oocytes retrieved and good-quality embryos in group A were significantly higher than those in group B and group C. Clinical pregnancy rates per transfer cycle （45.95%, 43.97% and 44.25%）, ongoing pregnancy rates （43.17%, 40.91% and 42,53%）, implantation rates （30, 74%, 2Z 78% and 29.86%） and cumulative pregnancy rates per patient （58.31%, 53.6% and 54.85%）A reduced hCG dose of 2 000 IUfor moderate or high responders leads展开更多
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal bleeding due to metastasis of an invasive mole to the small intestine is very rare.Most reported cases of metastatic invasive mole are diagnosed after surgery,and lack rich illustrations,wh...BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal bleeding due to metastasis of an invasive mole to the small intestine is very rare.Most reported cases of metastatic invasive mole are diagnosed after surgery,and lack rich illustrations,which leads to insufficient understanding by clinicians,misdiagnosis,and unnecessary surgeries.CASE SUMMARY A 22-year-old female patient presented with bloody stool and elevated human chorionic gonadotropin.The transvaginal gynecological ultrasound ruled out pregnancy.Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and colonoscopy were performed,but no bleeding focus was detected.The contrast-enhanced computed tomography was unremarkable.The capsule endoscopy suggested jejunal protuberant lesions with dark red blood clots.Therefore,oral single-balloon enteroscopy was performed,and two connected protuberant lesions were detected,with blood clot traces and local ulceration.The enteroscopic biopsy revealed trophoblastic cells with a probable diagnosis of trophoblastic tumor.The patient underwent surgical resection of the diseased jejunum.Intraoperative endoscopy was performed,and the findings were the same as those of the small intestine endoscopy.The postoperative pathology confirmed the preoperative diagnosis of invasive mole.CONCLUSION In non-pregnant women with elevated human chorionic gonadotropin and gastrointestinal bleeding,metastatic trophoblastic neoplasia should be considered.展开更多
Male factor contributes to 50%-60% of overall infertility but is solely responsible in only 20% of couples. Although most male factor infertility is ascertained from an abnormal semen analysis, other male factors can ...Male factor contributes to 50%-60% of overall infertility but is solely responsible in only 20% of couples. Although most male factor infertility is ascertained from an abnormal semen analysis, other male factors can be contributory especially if the sample returns normal. Male infertility can be due to identifiable hormonal or anatomical etiologies that may be reversible or irreversible. This manuscript will highlight existing guidelines and our recommendations for hormone evaluation for male infertility and empiric therapies including multivitamins, estrogen receptor modulators （clomiphene）, estrogen conversion blockers （anastrozole）, and hormone replacement.展开更多
This paper was aimed to study the minimum dose of human chorionic gonadotropin （hCG） to effectively trigger maturation of oocytes and prevent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome （OHSS） in a series of hyper-responder...This paper was aimed to study the minimum dose of human chorionic gonadotropin （hCG） to effectively trigger maturation of oocytes and prevent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome （OHSS） in a series of hyper-responders treated with a long gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist （GnRHa） proto- col. Six women at high risk of developing severe OHSS in a long GnRHa protocol were enrolled into this study. Serum hormone levels on the day of and after hCO administration, antral follicle count, oo- cyte retrieval number and quality were determined. In total, 6 women aged between 29 and 36 years and at risk of developing severe OHSS, received 2000 U hCG Five of them were treated with coasting for 1 day and the rest one for 4 days. The mean number of oocytes collected was 19 （range 14-27） and the fertilization rate per collected oocyte was 72.81%. Of the 6 women in the study, only one cancelled em- bryos transfer and all embryos were frozen, and then she delivered two health boys on term in the sub- sequent frozen-thawed embryo transfer （FET） cycle. Pregnancies and births were achieved in 3 patients out of 5 in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer （IVF-ET） cycles. No woman developed moderate or severe OHSS. Triggering with 2000 U hCG is feasible to prevent OHSS in unpredicted hyper-responders undergoing IVF in a long GnRHa protocol.展开更多
文摘As one of the earliest markers for predicting pregnancy outcomes, human chorionic gonadotropin(h CG) values have been inconclusive on reliability of the prediction after frozen and fresh embryo transfer(ET). In this retrospective study, patients with positive h CG(day 12 after transfer) were included to examine the h CG levels and their predictive value for pregnancy outcomes following 214 fresh and 1513 vitrified-warmed single-blastocyst transfer cycles. For patients who got clinical pregnancy, the mean initial h CG value was significantly higher after frozen cycles than fresh cycles, and the similar result was demonstrated for patients with live births(LB). The difference in h CG value existed even after adjusting for the potential covariates. The area under curves(AUC) and threshold values calculated by receiver operator characteristic curves were 0.944 and 213.05 m IU/m L for clinical pregnancy after fresh ET, 0.894 and 399.50 m IU/m L for clinical pregnancy after frozen ET, 0.812 and 222.86 m IU/m L for LB after fresh ET, and 0.808 and 410.80 m IU/mL for LB after frozen ET with acceptable sensitivity and specificity, respectively. In conclusion, single frozen blastocyst transfer leads to higher initial h CG values than single fresh blastocyst transfer, and the initial h CG level is a reliable predictive factor for predicting IVF outcomes.
文摘Objective:To determine whether maternal β-human chorionic gonadotropin(β-hCG) level in second-trimester may be associated with subsequent development of pregnancy-induced hypertension(PIH).Methods:Seven hundred and sixty-two women in mid-trimester were to have maternal urine β-hCG standardized concentrations and maternal serum β-hCG measurements.Their case histories were recorded and reviewed from mid-trimester to delivery.The relation was observed between maternal urine,serum markers and subsequent development of PIH.Results:Among 762 women,504 cases were normal pregnancies,42 cases had PIH,94 cases had premature rupture of membrane (PROM),69 cases had preterm delivery (PD),53 other cases were excluded by various reasons.The levels of maternal urine,serum β-hCG in PIH were (61.75±9.78) IU/L and (304.56±54.17) ng/mg respectively,which were higher significantly than normal pregnancy group ([20.65±7.61] IU/L and [146.34±47.81] ng/mg,P<0.05).When maternal serum,urine β-hCG levels ≥2 MOM(multiple of mean),the incidences of developing PIH were increased significantly as compared with those of β-hCG <2 MOM women.The incidence of PIH increased from 5.1% in pregnancies with urine β-hCG ≥2 MOM to 11.7% in cases with urine β-hCG ≥4 MOM.Conclusion:The elevation of maternal mid-trimester urine,serum β-hCG levels is not only an early signal for dysfunction of placenta but also a dangerous signal for development of PIH.Second-trimester maternal urine β-hCG measurement proves to be superior to serum marker in clinical prediction.
基金supported by Grants number 2007/56480-0,2008/54383-0 and 2011/10516-0 from the Sao Paulo Research Foundation(FAPESP)-Brazil.
文摘Angiotensin-(1 - 7) [Ang-(1 - 7)] is an endogenous heptapeptide hormone of the renin-angiotensin system that has antiproliferative properties. The aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic properties of Ang-(1 - 7) and of Ang-(1 - 7)-substituents 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) e Ang II-derivatives containing the TOAC (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl-4-amino-4-carboxylic acid) in normal (MCF10A) and in tumoral (MCF7) epithelial mammary cell lines. Both cell lines received an hCG and angiotensin peptides 24-hour treatment, in combination or alone followed by cell viability, apoptosis and cell cycle assays performed by flow cytometer (GUAVA). After hCG, Ang-(1 - 7), hCG + Ang-(1 - 7) and hCG + Ang-(1 - 7)-Fmoc treatments, MCF7 displayed cell viability decrease and mid-apoptosis increase. We also observed cell viability decrease in MCF10A after Ang-(1 - 7), Ang-(1 - 7) Fmoc and hCG + AngII Toac treatments. These cells had an increase in late apoptosis and necrosis after AngII Toac, hCG + Ang-(1 - 7) and hCG + Ang-(1 - 7)-Fmoc treatments. Regarding the cell cycle analysis, we did not observed any changes in cell cycle phases. In summary, cell viability was decreased and apoptosis (initial, mid and late) was increased after hCG and/or Ang-(1 - 7) peptides treatments. These results point out hCG and Ang-(1 - 7) as effective compounds to inhibit cell proliferation, since they decrease cell viability and increase apoptosis in both normal and in tumoral breast cells, being the effect more pronounced in the tumoral cell line. Our results support the idea of investigating more closely the putative use of these compounds as novel therapeutic agents for breast cancer.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31172206)
文摘The effects of equine chorionic gonadotropin （eCG） on follicular development and ovulation in cyclic guinea pigs were investigated by histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Three groups of guinea pigs （n=12） were administrated subcutaneously with saline, 20 or 50 IU of eCG, respectively, on cyclic Day 12 （Day 1=vaginal openings）. Ovaries were collected at 4 and 8 d after administration （6 animals per group each time）. The eCG administration induced significant and distinct morphological changes in the ovaries, as it promoted the luteinization of granulosa cells, but not follicular development. In addition, proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA） and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein （STAR） were immunolocalized specifically in luteinized follicles. Our experiments together indicate that eCG administration can induce follicular luteinization but not superovulation in guinea pigs. The eCG in cyclic guinea pigs functions similar to that of luteinizing hormone （LH）, but not follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH）.
文摘To study the expression of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (βhCG) genes in renal cell carcinomas (RCC) and benign renal disease tissues, nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and restriction endonuclease analysis were employed to detect the expression of βhCG genes in 44 cases of RCC tissues and 24 cases of benign renal disease tissues It was found that 52% RCC samples revealed positive for βhCG mRNA expression Positive rate in advanced stage and poorly differentiated RCC was higher, but there was no significant difference The positive rate of βhCG mRNA expression was 54% in 24 cases of benign renal tissues, including 3 cases out of 6 polycystic kidneys, 7 cases out of 13 renal atrophies, 2 cases out of 2 oncocytomas and 1 case out of 2 pyonephrotic kidneys β7 was most frequently transcribed subtype gene independent on the histology These findings suggested βhCG gene transcription is not only involved in RCC but also in benign renal diseases
文摘Objective To describe two clinical cases involving patients who were administered 800 IU of hCG to trigger oocyte maturation and who underwent a frozen-thawed embryo transfer （FET） cycle. Methods Two infertile patients with high ovarian response undergoing stimulation for IVF,, in which 800 IU of hCG was injected by mistake. IVF patients treated under a short protocol with 800 IU of hCG triggering ovulation. Live birth, clinical pregnancy outcomes and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome （OHSS） were observed. Results Neither cycle of the two patients was canceled for oocyte retrieval failure and no OHSS was observed. Both patients gave birth to live twins after FET. Conclusion Triggering oocyte maturation in two hyper-responders by employing 800 IU of hCG could produce a good quantity of good-quality oocytes and an excellent clinical pregnancy and retain the opportunity for conception and live birth. Broader studies are needed.
文摘The purpose of this experiment was to observe the alterations in bioactivity of chorionic gonadotropin (CG) associated with early fetal loss (EFL), induced by the environmental toxin TCDD (2,3,7,8\|tetrachlorodibenzo\| p \|dioxin) in the cynomolgus macaque. Ten of twelve females administered single doses of 1, 2 or 4 μg/kg TCDD on gestational day (GD) 12 had EFL from ten to twenty days later. Seven control animals treated only with the vehicle had normal pregnancies. Blood samples were repeatedly collected for hormone evaluation, from two days before treatment to thirty\|one days following treatment. Immunoreactive monkey chorionic gonadotropin (mCG) was measured in serum using ELISA, and bioactive mCG was measured using a luminescence LH/CG bioassay. No change in immunoreactive mCG levels was detected as a result of TCDD, treatment, but bioactive mCG levels were significantly lower in TCDD\|treated animals compared to controls. This change in bioactivity of mCG was also reflected in the ratio of mCG bioactivity to mCG immunoreactivity (B/I ratio) which began to rise in normal pregnancies by GD 20, but did not rise in TCDD treated animals. These results demonstrate that normal pregnancy in the monkey, as in humans, is characterized by a post\|implantation change in the B/I ratio of CG. These findings therefore suggest that changes in the production of bioactive CG may be used as a biomarker of environmental toxicant exposures which lead to EFL.
文摘BACKGROUND Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor(ETT)is an extremely rare malignant gestational trophoblastic neoplasm commonly presenting with abnormal vaginal bleeding,abdominal pain,and increased human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG).This study reported a case of uterine ETT with the main manifestation being increased hCG.CASE SUMMARY A 39-year-old female was referred to the Ningbo Maternal and Child Hospital of China in December 2022,complaining of increased hCG levels for 1 month.Magnetic resonance imaging revealed gestational trophoblastic tumor,and hysteroscopic electrotomy and curettage of intrauterine hyperplasia were performed.The patient was diagnosed with uterine ETT through postoperative pathological examination and immunohistochemical results.Total laparoscopic hysterectomy and bilateral salpingectomy were performed,and hCG levels returned to normal.The patient was without recurrence during the postoperative 3-month follow-up.CONCLUSION This study reported a case of uterine ETT with the main manifestation being increased hCG,highlighting that ETT should be considered in the presence of abnormal hCG.A total laparoscopic hysterectomy is recommended.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81460236)Major Science and Technology Program of Hainan Province(No.ZDKJ2017007)Innovative Project for Postgraduate of Hainan Province(No.Hys2018-281)。
文摘Objective:To explore the effect of different fertilization time after human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG)injection on the outcome of fertilization in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer(IVF-ET).Methods:One thousand one hundred and forty IVF-ET cycles from January 2016 to August 2018 were analyzed retrospectively.According to the different fertilization time after injection of HCG divided into four groups:Group A(38.0 h~39.0 h),Group B(39.1 h~40.0 h),Group C(40.1 h~41.0 h),and Group D(41.1 h~42.0 h).The normal fertilization rate,the normal cleavage rate,the embryo utilization rate,the high-quality embryo rate,the clinical pregnancy rate,the implantation rate,and the spontaneous abortion rate were analyzed among the groups.Then we investigated the effect of different promotion methods on the outcome of fertilization during the optimal fertilization time.Results:There was no significant difference in 2PN cleavage rate,available embryo rate,clinical pregnancy rate,implantation rate and abortion rate among the four groups(P>0.05).The high-quality embryo rate in Group D(44.6%)was the highest,and was significantly different among the four groups(P<0.05).The normal fertilization rate in Group D(71.6%)was the highest,and was significantly different among the four groups(P<0.05).The normal fertilization rate(78.1%)of antagonist group was significantly higher than other groups(P<0.05).Conclusion:The different fertilization time after HCG injection have effects on high-quality embryo rate and normal fertilization rate of patients in IVF-ET.The appropriate fertilization time of patients in IVF-ET was 41 h~42 h after HCG injection in our reproductive center,improved the clinical pregnancy rate and reduced the early abortion rate.The GnRH-ant protocol is superior to other protocol in IVF-ET.
文摘In this study, the immuno-response of recombinant hCG-β and natural hCGβ was comparatively investigated by using Freund's adjuvant. The results showed that, the properties and merits of the antibodies elicited by both kinds of hCG-β were similar. The antisera had high affinity for binding with hCG (Kαγβ≈5.86×108/mol/L, Kαβ≈8.18×108/mol/L), and were found to be effective in inhibiting the binding of 125I-hCG to receptors in rat testes. Results also indicated that, similar to the antisera induced by natural hCG-β, the recombinant hCG-β induced antisera had capacity of neutralizing the biological activities of hCG. Recombinant hCG-β could be used as an immunogen for contraceptive vaccine.
基金Supported by Guangdong Province Key Scientific and Technological Project(No.C30103)
文摘Objective： To study the clinical effects of Prescription Zhuyun-Ⅲ （助孕3号方, ZYⅢ） on early pregnant women diagnosed as threatened abortion, and its mechanism in immunity and endocrine by determining serum Th1- and Th2-type cytokines, progesterone, and β-human chorionic gonadotropin （β-HCG）. Methods： The treatment group comprised 30 early pregnant women diagnosed as threatened abortion of deficiency syndrome of Pi （脾）, Shen （肾）, or both. The control group consisted of 20 normal early pregnant women of similar gestational age. Patients in the treatment group were administered with ZYⅢ for 4 weeks. Peripheral blood samples were collected pre- and post-treatment from both the treatment and the control groups. Serum Thl-type cytokine [interleukin-2 （IL-2）] and Th2-type cytokine [interleukin-10 （IL-10）] were determined by flow cytometry, and serum progesterone and 13-HCG were determined by ELISA. Results： （1） The treatment was effective in 26 and ineffective in 4 patients of the treatment group. Therefore, the cure percentage was 86.67%. （2） In the treatment group before the treatment, IL-2 was significantly higher, IL-10 tended to be less, and the Th1/Th2 balance shifted toward Thl compared with those in the control group. （3） After the treatment, IL-2 was decreased, IL-10 was increased, and IL-2/IL-10 was decreased. Both progesterone and β-HCG were increased. Changes of progesterone were positively correlated with changes of IL-10, whereas changes of β-HCG were negatively correlated with changes of IL-2. Conclusions： Our study suggests that ZYⅢ has an evident function of protecting the fetus, and one of its mechanisms is inhibiting the secretion of Thl cytokines, promoting the secretion of Th2 cytokines, and recovering the pathological shift of the Th1/Th2 balance. The other possible mechanism is increasing serum progesterone and β-HCG concentrations. Moreover, there are some correlations between the above two effects.
基金supported by a grant from Jin Lei Pediatric Endocrinology Growth Research Fund for Young Physicians(PEGRF)(No.PEGRF201809006).
文摘Background:Compared to adult studies,studies which involve the treatment of pediatric congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism(CHH)are limited and no universal treatment regimen is available.The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG)/human menopausal gonadotropin(hMG)therapy for treating male adolescents with CHH.Methods:Male adolescent CHH patients were treated with hCG/hMG(n=20)or a gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)pump(n=21).The treatment was divided into a study phase(0-3 months)and a follow-up phase(3-12 months).The testicular volume(TV),penile length(PL),penis diameter(PD),and sex hormone levels were compared between the two groups.The TV and other indicators between the groups were analyzed using a t-test(equal variance)or a rank sum test(unequal variance).Results:Before treatment,there was no statistical difference between the two groups in terms of the biochemistry,hormones,and other demographic indicators.After 3 months of treatment,the TV of the hCG/hMG and GnRH groups increased to 5.1±2.3 mL and 4.1±1.8 mL,respectively;however,the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05,t=1.394).The PL reached 6.9±1.8 cm and 5.1±1.6 cm(P<0.05,t=3.083),the PD reached 2.4±0.5 cm and 2.0±0.6 cm(P<0.05,t=2.224),respectively,in the two groups.At the end of 6 months of treatment,biomarkers were in normal range in the two groups.Compared with the GnRH group,the testosterone(T)level and growth of PL and PD were significantly greater in the hCG/hMG group(all P<0.05).While the TV of both groups increased,the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05,t=0.314).After 9 to 12 months of treatment,the T level was higher in the hCG/hMG group.Other parameters did not exhibit a statistical difference.Conclusions:The hCG/hMG regimen is feasible and effective for treating male adolescents with CHH.The initial 3 months of treatment may be a window to optimally observe the strongest effects of therapy.Furthermore,results from the extended time-period showed positive outcomes at the 1-year mark;however,the long-term effectiveness,strengths,and weaknesses of the hCG/hMG regimen require further research.Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov,NCT02880280;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02880280.
文摘Background The second-trimester maternal serum screening in twin pregnancy is still controversial, as the serum marker levels in twins are not as clear as those in singletons. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the levels of the second-trimester maternal serum free β-human chorionic gonadotropin （free β-HCG） and a-fetoprotein （AFP） in normal twin and singleton pregnancies and to estimate feasible analysis methods for utilizing these markers in second trimester screening for twin pregnancy. Methods On the basis of a prospective population-based study of second-trimester maternal serum screening, the concentrations of maternal serum AFP and free β-HCG of 195 normal twin pregnancy and 26 512 singleton controls at gestational weeks 15 to 20 were measured by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay in one laboratory. The levels of markers were compared between the twins and singletons using weight-correction and gestational age-specific model. Results According to the research protocol, 95 communities were randomly sampled, which covered the whole Jiangsu province, the east of China. A total of 26 803 pregnant women （98%）, from the target population accepted prenatal screening for maternal serum AFP, β-HCG detection, and all babies were followed up for at least six months. There were 197 （0.73%） twin pregnancies, of which one case had fetal trisomy 18, and one case with fetal anencephaly. The others were normal twin pregnancy. From a total enrollment of 26 803 women participants, 26 512 women with normal singleton pregnancies were selected as the model controls. The other 291 pregnancies, including trisomy 21, neural tube defect （NTD）, trisomy 18, and other fetal abnormalities, were excluded. No significant differences were found in the medians of gestational age-specific maternal serum free β-hCG and AFP in normal twin pregnancy comparing with twice those in model controls with the exception of the medians for free β-hCG during the 16th gestational week （P=0.012）. Conclusion The weight-correction and gestational age-specific levels of Chinese Han population maternal serum free β-hCG and AFP in normal twins were twice the levels as those in the singleton controls during the 17-19 gestational weeks.
文摘Human chorionic gonadotropin （hCG） level in cerebrospinal fluid （CSF hCG） is very useful for thediagnosis of intracranial germinoma. We have previously reported on two patients with germinoma located in the basal ganglia. Their CSF hCG levels were extremely low upon presentation.1 However, significantly increased CSF hCG levels were detected when these two patients had a relapse. The experience acquired in these two cases is helpful to appropriately interpret the CSF hCG levels that are used to detect intracranial germinoma, evaluate the effectiveness of treatment and monitor recurrence.
文摘BACKGROUND The prevalence of female infertility between the ages of 25 and 44 is 3.5%to 16.7%in developed countries and 6.9%to 9.3%in developing countries.This means that infertility affects one in six couples and is recognized by the World Health Organization as the fifth most serious global disability.The International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology reported that the global total of babies born as a result of assisted reproductive technology procedures and other advanced fertility treatments is more than 8 million.Advancements in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation procedures led to crucial accomplishments in human fertility treatments.The European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology guideline on ovarian stimulation gave us valuable evidence-based recommendations to optimize ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology.Conventional ovarian stimulation protocols for in vitro fertilization(IVF)–embryo transfer are based upon the administration of gonadotropins combined with gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)analogues,either GnRH agonists(GnRHa)or antagonists.The development of ovarian cysts requires the combination of GnRHa and gonadotropins for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation.However,in rare cases patients may develop an ovarian hyper response after administration of GnRHa alone.CASE SUMMARY Here,two case studies were conducted.In the first case,a 33-year-old female diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome presented for her first IVF cycle at our reproductive center.Fourteen days after triptorelin acetate was administrated(day 18 of her menstrual cycle),bilateral ovaries presented polycystic manifestations.The patient was given 5000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin.Twenty-two oocytes were obtained,and eight embryos formed.Two blastospheres were transferred in the frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycle,and the patient was impregnated.In the second case,a 37-year-old woman presented to the reproductive center for her first donor IVF cycle.Fourteen days after GnRHa administration,the transvaginal ultrasound revealed six follicles measuring 17-26 mm in the bilateral ovaries.The patient was given 10000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin.Three oocytes were obtained,and three embryos formed.Two high-grade embryos were transferred in the frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycle,and the patient was impregnated.CONCLUSION These two special cases provide valuable knowledge through our experience.We hypothesize that oocyte retrieval can be an alternative to cycle cancellation in these conditions.Considering the high progesterone level in most cases of this situation,we advocate freezing embryos after oocyte retrieval rather than fresh embryo transfer.
基金completed through several grants from Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico(PAPIIT IN220419,IN219620,and PIAPI 1810,2030).
文摘Objective:To evaluate the effect of human chorionic gonadotropins(hCG)and equine chorionic gonadotropins(eCG)on in vitro gilt oocyte maturation and embryonic development,using frozen semen for fertilization.Methods:Two independent experiments(6 replicates each)were carried out to evaluate gilt oocyte maturation,and fertilization and embryonic development by using ovaries from a local abattoir.Totally,712 oocytes were randomly distributed in four-well dishes to receive Novormon(eCG 5.0 IU),PG600(eCG 5.0 IU and hCG 2.5 IU),Chorulon(hCG 5.0 IU),or no hormones.Oocytes were incubated with 5%CO2,95%air and saturation humidity at 39℃for 44 h.Maturation of the oocytes to metaphaseⅡwas assessed by using the aceto-orcein technique.In addition,741 oocytes were used and randomly distributed in four-well dishes,and then oocyte maturation was carried out as mentioned,but matured oocytes were washed and placed in fertilization medium with frozen-thawed sperm.Gametes were co-incubated for 7 h,and then washed and placed in development medium,and incubated for further 7 days,at which time embryonic development was evaluated.Fertilization and embryo development media were not supplemented with the studied hormones.Results:Novormon(eCG)and PG600(eCG+hCG)treatments significantly improved the percentages of metaphaseⅡoocytes compared to the control group(P<0.05).Furthermore,a significant increase was also observed in the young blastocyst stage between the control group and the PG600 treatment group(P<0.05).Conclusions:Hormonal products Novormon(eCG)and PG600(eCG+hCG)can obtain the highest percentages of in vitro maturation in gilt oocytes;however,this effect is not transferred to fertilization rates.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31071275)Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai of China(No.09411962900)
文摘To compare the efficacy of human chorionic gonadotrophin （hCG） at reduced doses of 2 000 IU and 3 000 IU for moderate or high responders with the dose of 5 000 IU in term of inducing final oocyte maturation for IVF/ICSI and the subsequent pregnancy outcome in frozen-thawed embryo transfer （FET）. Methods In the retrospective cohort study, 2 166patients undergoing IVF/ICSI with moderate or high response were recruited and classified into three groups according to the trigger dose of hCG： 2 000 IU （group A, n=722）, 3 000 IU （group B, n=722） and 5 000 IU （group C, n= 722）. The main outcome was the proportion of mature oocytes retrieved, fertilization rates, clinical pregnancy rates, cumulative pregnancy rates and incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome （OHSS）. Results No evidence of statistically difference was found in the proportion of mature oocytes retrieved （89.92%, 91.40%, 90.20%, respectively） and fertilization rate （79.8%, 80.07%, 80.51%, respectively） among groups A, B and C. Serum E2 level on the day of hCG injection, the number of mature oocytes retrieved and good-quality embryos in group A were significantly higher than those in group B and group C. Clinical pregnancy rates per transfer cycle （45.95%, 43.97% and 44.25%）, ongoing pregnancy rates （43.17%, 40.91% and 42,53%）, implantation rates （30, 74%, 2Z 78% and 29.86%） and cumulative pregnancy rates per patient （58.31%, 53.6% and 54.85%）A reduced hCG dose of 2 000 IUfor moderate or high responders leads
文摘BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal bleeding due to metastasis of an invasive mole to the small intestine is very rare.Most reported cases of metastatic invasive mole are diagnosed after surgery,and lack rich illustrations,which leads to insufficient understanding by clinicians,misdiagnosis,and unnecessary surgeries.CASE SUMMARY A 22-year-old female patient presented with bloody stool and elevated human chorionic gonadotropin.The transvaginal gynecological ultrasound ruled out pregnancy.Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and colonoscopy were performed,but no bleeding focus was detected.The contrast-enhanced computed tomography was unremarkable.The capsule endoscopy suggested jejunal protuberant lesions with dark red blood clots.Therefore,oral single-balloon enteroscopy was performed,and two connected protuberant lesions were detected,with blood clot traces and local ulceration.The enteroscopic biopsy revealed trophoblastic cells with a probable diagnosis of trophoblastic tumor.The patient underwent surgical resection of the diseased jejunum.Intraoperative endoscopy was performed,and the findings were the same as those of the small intestine endoscopy.The postoperative pathology confirmed the preoperative diagnosis of invasive mole.CONCLUSION In non-pregnant women with elevated human chorionic gonadotropin and gastrointestinal bleeding,metastatic trophoblastic neoplasia should be considered.
文摘Male factor contributes to 50%-60% of overall infertility but is solely responsible in only 20% of couples. Although most male factor infertility is ascertained from an abnormal semen analysis, other male factors can be contributory especially if the sample returns normal. Male infertility can be due to identifiable hormonal or anatomical etiologies that may be reversible or irreversible. This manuscript will highlight existing guidelines and our recommendations for hormone evaluation for male infertility and empiric therapies including multivitamins, estrogen receptor modulators （clomiphene）, estrogen conversion blockers （anastrozole）, and hormone replacement.
文摘This paper was aimed to study the minimum dose of human chorionic gonadotropin （hCG） to effectively trigger maturation of oocytes and prevent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome （OHSS） in a series of hyper-responders treated with a long gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist （GnRHa） proto- col. Six women at high risk of developing severe OHSS in a long GnRHa protocol were enrolled into this study. Serum hormone levels on the day of and after hCO administration, antral follicle count, oo- cyte retrieval number and quality were determined. In total, 6 women aged between 29 and 36 years and at risk of developing severe OHSS, received 2000 U hCG Five of them were treated with coasting for 1 day and the rest one for 4 days. The mean number of oocytes collected was 19 （range 14-27） and the fertilization rate per collected oocyte was 72.81%. Of the 6 women in the study, only one cancelled em- bryos transfer and all embryos were frozen, and then she delivered two health boys on term in the sub- sequent frozen-thawed embryo transfer （FET） cycle. Pregnancies and births were achieved in 3 patients out of 5 in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer （IVF-ET） cycles. No woman developed moderate or severe OHSS. Triggering with 2000 U hCG is feasible to prevent OHSS in unpredicted hyper-responders undergoing IVF in a long GnRHa protocol.
