Objective： To analyze the causes of persistent infection of Chlamydia trachomatis in the urogenital system. Method： We followed 223 patients with Chlamydia trachomatis infection who were treated regularly. Result： ...Objective： To analyze the causes of persistent infection of Chlamydia trachomatis in the urogenital system. Method： We followed 223 patients with Chlamydia trachomatis infection who were treated regularly. Result： After treatment, 22.87% of cases still tested positive. After one year and change of treatment regime,4.48% of cases remained positive, most of whom were female. Conclusion： The course of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the urogenital system is varied. This diversity has many causes including immunocompetence the characteristics of chalmydia trchomatis infection and genetic resistance.展开更多
Psittacosis pneumonia is a zoonotic disease caused by Chlamydia psittaci infection,with the lungs being the most affected organ.[1]Rhabdomyolysis is a clinical syndrome characterized by the massive release of intracel...Psittacosis pneumonia is a zoonotic disease caused by Chlamydia psittaci infection,with the lungs being the most affected organ.[1]Rhabdomyolysis is a clinical syndrome characterized by the massive release of intracellular components—such as myoglobin and creatine kinase—into the bloodstream due to skeletal muscle injury or necrosis.Common causes include trauma,medications,metabolic disorders,and infections.When psittacosis pneumonia is complicated by rhabdomyolysis,patients often develop multiple organ dysfunction and have a poor prognosis,necessitating early clinical intervention.展开更多
Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic active against many aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria,including intracellular pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis.Oral solid,oral liquid and intravenous azithr...Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic active against many aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria,including intracellular pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis.Oral solid,oral liquid and intravenous azithromycin formulations have been authorised for decades in the European Union(EU)in a wide range of infections commonly seen in the community,such as infections of the respiratory tract,the skin,the urogenital tract,and others.展开更多
BACKGROUND There has been a rise in the number of cases diagnosed as lymphogranuloma venereum(LGV),caused by the transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis,specifi-cally serotypes L1,L2,and L3,mostly in men who have sex wi...BACKGROUND There has been a rise in the number of cases diagnosed as lymphogranuloma venereum(LGV),caused by the transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis,specifi-cally serotypes L1,L2,and L3,mostly in men who have sex with men(MSM).LGV can clinically manifest as rectal discomfort,bleeding,and mucoid discharge mimicking inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).Therefore,the role of a wholesome collection of patient history along with gaining patient trust and ease in reporting different elements of their life—whether social or sexual history-could greatly guide physician’s investigations leading to timely and more efficient diagnosis.CASE SUMMARY A 38-year-old male presenting with symptoms of rectal bleeding,mucoid dis-charge,and abdominal pain during the past month.Initial treatment for hemo-rrhoids given at an outpatient clinic did not improve the patient’s complaints warranting further examinations,whereby endoscopy revealed the presence of mucosal edema and ulcerations in the rectosigmoid area rendering IBD a plau-sible diagnosis theoretically,but practically refuted due to the negative biopsy results,and positive result of nucleic acid amplification testing of the rectal swab sample for Chlamydia trachomatis.The latter results are in accordance with the diagnosis of LGV proctosigmoiditis.Accordingly,medical therapy with doxycy-cline was instituted,which yielded a notable symptomatic relief,and an education on safe sexual practices.INTRODUCTION Chlamydia trachomatis is a gram-negative bacterium with 15 different serotypes that can be categorized based on their resulting infection:Trachoma,anogenital infection,and lymphogranuloma venereum(LGV).LGV is sexually transmitted disease mostly by oral or anal sex due to the contraction of serotypes L1,L2,and L3 of this bacterium with a rising number of cases in homosexual males who engage in sexual activity[1,2].Moreover,there has been an evident link between patients diagnosed with LGV and a positive history of human immunodeficiency virus[3].Diagnosing a patient with LGV can be challenging due to the unpredictable and varied nature of clinical symptoms[1].Its most common presentations consisting of rectal pain,hematochezia,tenesmus,or mucous discharge can closely mimic those of inflam-matory bowel disease(IBD),similarly for the severe inflammatory changes found in rectal biopsy results contributing to the struggle in forming differential diagnosis[2,4,5].The latter hence marks the importance of detailed and wholesome collection of the patient’s history to aid physicians in giving greater consideration to LGV as a differential diagnosis.For this,we herein depict the case of a 38 years old male patient who was diagnosed with LGV after revisiting the patient’s sexual history.展开更多
Objective: To determine the diagnostic performancesof six Chinese PCR kits for detection of Chlamydiatrachomatis in patients with sexually transmitteddiseases using cell culture and LCR as references.Methods: Endocerv...Objective: To determine the diagnostic performancesof six Chinese PCR kits for detection of Chlamydiatrachomatis in patients with sexually transmitteddiseases using cell culture and LCR as references.Methods: Endocervical or urethral swab specimenswere collected from 673 patients attending STDclinics in Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing and Tianjin. C.trachomatis culture and PCR were performed onspecimens from all patients while LCR detection wasperformed only on specimens with discordant cultureand PCR results.Results: Of the 616 patients, 6.3% (39) wereculture-positive while 23.5% to 28.7% were positiveby PCR testing. Compared to cell culture, the sensi-tivity of all six PCR methods was 90% or higher. In200 cases with discrepant reports, LCR and PCRshowed excellent consistency (YI index: 0.523-0.881 ), the sensitivity and specificity of PCR methodswere 83.9%- 98.6% and 66.7%- 94.7% respectively,while PCR2 showed the highest YI index (0.881). Withthe reference standard defined as culture positive orLCR positive plus at least one PCR positive fordiscrepant results, we found that the specificity andsensitivity of all six Chinese PCR kits were higherthan 95% and 85%, respectively.Conclusions: Domestically-produced PCR kits forChlamydia trachomatis detection are highly sensi-tive and specific, however, quality control remainsimportant in their clinical application.展开更多
Objective: To construct a recombinant plasmid containing the outer membrane protein 2 (Omp2) gene of Chlamydia trachomatis and express Omp2 in E.coli. Methods: The omp2 gene of C. trachomatis serovar D was cloned into...Objective: To construct a recombinant plasmid containing the outer membrane protein 2 (Omp2) gene of Chlamydia trachomatis and express Omp2 in E.coli. Methods: The omp2 gene of C. trachomatis serovar D was cloned into pQE30 vector following PCR amplification from genomic DNA. E. coli M15 transformants were induced to express the fusion protein by IPTG and the product was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Results: Confirmed by enzyme cleavage analysis and DNA sequencing, a correct recombinant plasmid pQE30/omp2 was constructed. The fusion protein from the transformants was approximately 60 kDa in size in SDS-PAGE analysis, which could specially react with anti-6 X His mouse monoclonal IgG antibodies. Conclusion: We successfully expressed Omp2 in E. coli M15, providing an efficient and simple system for assaying the immunological properties of Omp2.展开更多
Chlamydia Trachomatis (C.T.) is one of the most common pathogens of human sexually transmitted diseases. Treatment of C.T. infection primarily depends on Tetracyclines, Macrolides and Quinolones, but with the wide use...Chlamydia Trachomatis (C.T.) is one of the most common pathogens of human sexually transmitted diseases. Treatment of C.T. infection primarily depends on Tetracyclines, Macrolides and Quinolones, but with the wide use of antibiotics an increasing number of drug-resistant Chlamydia trachomatis cases have been reported. This review summarizes the resistant conditions and the possible resistance mechanisms of C.T..展开更多
Aim: Present the clinical and paraclinical aspects of chronic prostatitis and report the management in urology. Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study of 47 patients referred to the urology department...Aim: Present the clinical and paraclinical aspects of chronic prostatitis and report the management in urology. Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study of 47 patients referred to the urology department from January 2011 to December 2013. Analysed variables were epidemiological (age, marital status, place of residence, occupation, education level, taking stimulants), clinical, paraclinical (CBU, chlamydia, syphilis and HIV serologies, urine culture susceptibility testing, semen analysis, ultrasound of urinary tree, radiographs, RCU, IVU), treatment and results. Results: The mean age was 44.6 years. The main reasons for consultation were dysuria (55.3%), prostatorrhea (29.8%) and sexual asthenia (12.8%). The general condition was satisfactory (80.9%). Purulent drop was objectified in the urethral meatus in 10.6% of cases, and the DRE was painful at 44.68%. Escherichia coli was the main isolated germ (23.4%). In 55.3%, calcification of the prostatic area was objectified to ultrasound of the urinary tract. The RCU had objectified bilharzia in 8.5% of calcifications of the bladder area and 19.14% of urethral stricture. The medical treatment was completed in all patients according to the etiology and complications by an instrumental or surgical treatment, offline or emergency. The outcome was favorable in 25 patients. Symptoms were improved in 12 others and a failure for the ten remaining. Conclusion: Chronic prostatitis is relatively frequent in urology. Clinical manifestations are diverse and varied. Treatment is difficult with a significant failure rate.展开更多
Objective： To investigate treatment efficacy for persistent chlamydial infection in the urogenital tract. Methods： 207 patients with persistent chlamydial urogenital infection were treated with tetracycline,azithrom...Objective： To investigate treatment efficacy for persistent chlamydial infection in the urogenital tract. Methods： 207 patients with persistent chlamydial urogenital infection were treated with tetracycline,azithromycin, ofloxacin or a combination of these.Result： 47.92%-68.60% of patients with persistent chlamydial urogenital infection were cured depending on the drug used. Ofloxacin had better results than tetracycline and azithromycin.Conclusion： Many patients were resistant to treatment with tetracycline and azithromycin. Ofloxacin proved effective.展开更多
Bacterial vaginosis(BV)is a common vaginal disorder in women of reproductive age.Since the initial work of Leopoldo in 1953 and Gardner and Dukes in 1955,researchers have not been able to identify the causative etiolo...Bacterial vaginosis(BV)is a common vaginal disorder in women of reproductive age.Since the initial work of Leopoldo in 1953 and Gardner and Dukes in 1955,researchers have not been able to identify the causative etiologic agent of BV.There is increasing evidence,however,that BV occurs when Lactobacillus spp.,the predominant species in healthy vaginal flora,are replaced by anaerobic bacteria,such as Gardenella vaginalis,Mobiluncus curtisii,M.mulieris,other anaerobic bacteria and/or Mycoplasma hominis.Worldwide,it estimated that 20%–30%of women of reproductive age attending sexually transmitted infection(STI)clinics suffer from BV,and that its prevalence can be as high as 50%–60%in high-risk populations(e.g.,those who practice commercial sex work(CSW).Epidemiological data show that women are more likely to report BV if they:1)have had a higher number of lifetime sexual partners;2)are unmarried;3)have engaged in their first intercourse at a younger age;4)have engaged in CSW,and 5)practice regular douching.In the past decade,several studies have provided evidence on the contribution of sexual activity to BV.However,it is difficult to state that BV is a STI without being able to identify the etiologic agent.BV has also emerged as a public health problem due to its association with other STIs,including:human immunodeficiency virus(HIV),herpes simplex virus type 2(HSV-2),Chlamydia trachomatis(CT)and Neisseria gonorrhoeae(NG).The most recent evidence on the association between BV and CT/NG infection comes from two secondary analyses of cohort data conducted among women attending STI clinics.Based on these studies,women with BV had a 1.8 and 1.9-fold increased risk for NG and CT infection,respectively.Taken together,BV is likely a risk factor or at least an important contributor to subsequent NG or CT infection in high-risk women.Additional research is required to determine whether this association is also present in other low-risk sexually active populations,such as among women in the US military.It is essential to conduct large scale cross-sectional or population-based case-control studies to investigate the role of BV as a risk factor for CT/NG infections.These studies could lead to the development of interventions aimed at reducing the burden associated with bacterial STIs worldwide.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the association between Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) infection and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). METHODS: CpnIq/G and IgM were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELBA) in 41 well-establi...AIM:To evaluate the association between Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) infection and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). METHODS: CpnIq/G and IgM were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELBA) in 41 well-established PBC patients and two race-matched control groups (post-hepatitis cirrhosis, n = 70; healthy controls, n = 57). RESULTS: The mean level and seroprevalence of Cpn IgG in PBC group and post-hepatitis cirrhosis (PHC) group were significantly higher than those in healthy controls (46.8±43.4 RU/mL, 49.5±45.2 RU/mL vs28.3±32.7 RU/mL; 68.3%, 71.4%, 42.1%, respectively; P<0.05). There was a remarkably elevated seroprevalence of Cpn IgM in patients with PBC (22.0%) compared to the PHC and healthy control (HC) groups. For the PBC patients versus the HCs, the odds ratios (ORs) of the presence of Cpn IgG and IgM were 2.7 (95% CI 0.9-6.1) and 5.1 (95% CI 1.4-18.5), respectively. Though there was no correlation in the level of Cpn IgG with total IgG in sera of patients with PBC (r = -0.857, P = 0.344>0.05), Cpn IgM was related with the abnormally high concentrations of total IgM in PBC group. CONCLUSION: The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae may be a triggering agent or even a causative agent in PBC, but suggest that Chlamydia pneumoniae infection probably contributes to the high level of IgM present in most patients with PBC.展开更多
Chlamydia psittaci is an important zoonotic pathogen in birds and may be transmitted to humans and result in severe respiratory disease. To assess the prevalence and genotype of C. psittaci in birds in Kunming, Yunnan...Chlamydia psittaci is an important zoonotic pathogen in birds and may be transmitted to humans and result in severe respiratory disease. To assess the prevalence and genotype of C. psittaci in birds in Kunming, Yunnan, China, a total of 136 specimens of psittacine birds involving 8 species were collected from the city＇s zoos （n=60） and pet markets （n=76）. The frequency of C. psittaci infection was 19.9% （27/136） in the psittacine birds. The prevalence of C. psittaci was higher in pet birds （26.3%; 20/76） than in zoo birds （11.7%; 7/60） （P=0.034）. In particular, among Agapornis fischeri, the C. psittaci infection （50%; 10/20） was significantly more frequent in the pet markets than in the zoos （P=-0.006）. In addition, the highest prevalence of 41.2% （7/17） was found in Ara ararauna. To determine the genotype of C. psittaci, 23 OmpA gene fragments （about 1.4 kb） in 27 positive samples were successfully amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the 23 strains belonged to genotype A. Our results demonstrate the high prevalence of C. psittaci genotype A infection in psittacine birds in Yunnan Province, suggesting a potential threat to human health in this area. Therefore, it is necessary to take effective measures to prevent the spread of C. psittaci among psittacine birds, as well as among employees and customers.展开更多
BACKGROUND Chlamydia psittaci(C.psittaci)is a gram-negative intracellular parasitic pathogenic bacterium that can infect avian and mammalian hosts,including humans.The detection of C.psittaci infections typically reli...BACKGROUND Chlamydia psittaci(C.psittaci)is a gram-negative intracellular parasitic pathogenic bacterium that can infect avian and mammalian hosts,including humans.The detection of C.psittaci infections typically relies on traditional antigen-based immunoassays or serological testing that often lack sensitivity and/or specificity.Metagenomic next generation sequencing(mNGS)is an emerging tool for diagnosis.AIM To demonstrate that mNGS represents a valuable tool for rapid,sensitive,and accurate pathogen detection including C.psittaci infections.METHODS Four cases of psittacosis pneumonia and one case of pediatric psittacosis meningitis were diagnosed between December 2019 and May 2020 using mNGS at Changzhou Second People’s Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University.Patients’clinical characteristics,manifestations,and treatment histories were retrospectively evaluated.RESULTS All five patients had a history of exposure to wild(psittacine or other birds)or domesticated birds(chickens).All patients had a high fever(>39℃)and three of them(60%)experienced organ insufficiency during the disease.The laboratory data showed normal to slightly increased leucocyte and neutrophil counts,and elevated procalcitonin levels in all five cases,and very high C-reactive protein levels in psittacosis pneumonia patients.mNGS identified a potential pathogen,C.psittaci,in patients’bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or cerebrospinal fluid.Computed tomography revealed lung air-space consolidation,pleural thickening,and effusion fluid buildup in psittacosis pneumonia cases,and an arachnoid cyst in the right temporal lobe of the pediatric psittacosis meningitis patient.All patients experienced complete recovery following the administration of targeted antichlamydia therapy.CONCLUSION This study not only demonstrated that mNGS represents a valuable tool for rapid,sensitive,and accurate pathogen detection,but also raised public health concerns over C.psittaci infections.展开更多
文摘Objective： To analyze the causes of persistent infection of Chlamydia trachomatis in the urogenital system. Method： We followed 223 patients with Chlamydia trachomatis infection who were treated regularly. Result： After treatment, 22.87% of cases still tested positive. After one year and change of treatment regime,4.48% of cases remained positive, most of whom were female. Conclusion： The course of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the urogenital system is varied. This diversity has many causes including immunocompetence the characteristics of chalmydia trchomatis infection and genetic resistance.
文摘Psittacosis pneumonia is a zoonotic disease caused by Chlamydia psittaci infection,with the lungs being the most affected organ.[1]Rhabdomyolysis is a clinical syndrome characterized by the massive release of intracellular components—such as myoglobin and creatine kinase—into the bloodstream due to skeletal muscle injury or necrosis.Common causes include trauma,medications,metabolic disorders,and infections.When psittacosis pneumonia is complicated by rhabdomyolysis,patients often develop multiple organ dysfunction and have a poor prognosis,necessitating early clinical intervention.
文摘Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic active against many aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria,including intracellular pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis.Oral solid,oral liquid and intravenous azithromycin formulations have been authorised for decades in the European Union(EU)in a wide range of infections commonly seen in the community,such as infections of the respiratory tract,the skin,the urogenital tract,and others.
文摘BACKGROUND There has been a rise in the number of cases diagnosed as lymphogranuloma venereum(LGV),caused by the transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis,specifi-cally serotypes L1,L2,and L3,mostly in men who have sex with men(MSM).LGV can clinically manifest as rectal discomfort,bleeding,and mucoid discharge mimicking inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).Therefore,the role of a wholesome collection of patient history along with gaining patient trust and ease in reporting different elements of their life—whether social or sexual history-could greatly guide physician’s investigations leading to timely and more efficient diagnosis.CASE SUMMARY A 38-year-old male presenting with symptoms of rectal bleeding,mucoid dis-charge,and abdominal pain during the past month.Initial treatment for hemo-rrhoids given at an outpatient clinic did not improve the patient’s complaints warranting further examinations,whereby endoscopy revealed the presence of mucosal edema and ulcerations in the rectosigmoid area rendering IBD a plau-sible diagnosis theoretically,but practically refuted due to the negative biopsy results,and positive result of nucleic acid amplification testing of the rectal swab sample for Chlamydia trachomatis.The latter results are in accordance with the diagnosis of LGV proctosigmoiditis.Accordingly,medical therapy with doxycy-cline was instituted,which yielded a notable symptomatic relief,and an education on safe sexual practices.INTRODUCTION Chlamydia trachomatis is a gram-negative bacterium with 15 different serotypes that can be categorized based on their resulting infection:Trachoma,anogenital infection,and lymphogranuloma venereum(LGV).LGV is sexually transmitted disease mostly by oral or anal sex due to the contraction of serotypes L1,L2,and L3 of this bacterium with a rising number of cases in homosexual males who engage in sexual activity[1,2].Moreover,there has been an evident link between patients diagnosed with LGV and a positive history of human immunodeficiency virus[3].Diagnosing a patient with LGV can be challenging due to the unpredictable and varied nature of clinical symptoms[1].Its most common presentations consisting of rectal pain,hematochezia,tenesmus,or mucous discharge can closely mimic those of inflam-matory bowel disease(IBD),similarly for the severe inflammatory changes found in rectal biopsy results contributing to the struggle in forming differential diagnosis[2,4,5].The latter hence marks the importance of detailed and wholesome collection of the patient’s history to aid physicians in giving greater consideration to LGV as a differential diagnosis.For this,we herein depict the case of a 38 years old male patient who was diagnosed with LGV after revisiting the patient’s sexual history.
文摘Objective: To determine the diagnostic performancesof six Chinese PCR kits for detection of Chlamydiatrachomatis in patients with sexually transmitteddiseases using cell culture and LCR as references.Methods: Endocervical or urethral swab specimenswere collected from 673 patients attending STDclinics in Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing and Tianjin. C.trachomatis culture and PCR were performed onspecimens from all patients while LCR detection wasperformed only on specimens with discordant cultureand PCR results.Results: Of the 616 patients, 6.3% (39) wereculture-positive while 23.5% to 28.7% were positiveby PCR testing. Compared to cell culture, the sensi-tivity of all six PCR methods was 90% or higher. In200 cases with discrepant reports, LCR and PCRshowed excellent consistency (YI index: 0.523-0.881 ), the sensitivity and specificity of PCR methodswere 83.9%- 98.6% and 66.7%- 94.7% respectively,while PCR2 showed the highest YI index (0.881). Withthe reference standard defined as culture positive orLCR positive plus at least one PCR positive fordiscrepant results, we found that the specificity andsensitivity of all six Chinese PCR kits were higherthan 95% and 85%, respectively.Conclusions: Domestically-produced PCR kits forChlamydia trachomatis detection are highly sensi-tive and specific, however, quality control remainsimportant in their clinical application.
基金This work was supported in part by grants from the Department of Science and Technology of Hunan Province (No. 01SSY2008-6) the Department of Health of Hunan Province (No. B2003-078).
文摘Objective: To construct a recombinant plasmid containing the outer membrane protein 2 (Omp2) gene of Chlamydia trachomatis and express Omp2 in E.coli. Methods: The omp2 gene of C. trachomatis serovar D was cloned into pQE30 vector following PCR amplification from genomic DNA. E. coli M15 transformants were induced to express the fusion protein by IPTG and the product was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Results: Confirmed by enzyme cleavage analysis and DNA sequencing, a correct recombinant plasmid pQE30/omp2 was constructed. The fusion protein from the transformants was approximately 60 kDa in size in SDS-PAGE analysis, which could specially react with anti-6 X His mouse monoclonal IgG antibodies. Conclusion: We successfully expressed Omp2 in E. coli M15, providing an efficient and simple system for assaying the immunological properties of Omp2.
文摘Chlamydia Trachomatis (C.T.) is one of the most common pathogens of human sexually transmitted diseases. Treatment of C.T. infection primarily depends on Tetracyclines, Macrolides and Quinolones, but with the wide use of antibiotics an increasing number of drug-resistant Chlamydia trachomatis cases have been reported. This review summarizes the resistant conditions and the possible resistance mechanisms of C.T..
文摘Aim: Present the clinical and paraclinical aspects of chronic prostatitis and report the management in urology. Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study of 47 patients referred to the urology department from January 2011 to December 2013. Analysed variables were epidemiological (age, marital status, place of residence, occupation, education level, taking stimulants), clinical, paraclinical (CBU, chlamydia, syphilis and HIV serologies, urine culture susceptibility testing, semen analysis, ultrasound of urinary tree, radiographs, RCU, IVU), treatment and results. Results: The mean age was 44.6 years. The main reasons for consultation were dysuria (55.3%), prostatorrhea (29.8%) and sexual asthenia (12.8%). The general condition was satisfactory (80.9%). Purulent drop was objectified in the urethral meatus in 10.6% of cases, and the DRE was painful at 44.68%. Escherichia coli was the main isolated germ (23.4%). In 55.3%, calcification of the prostatic area was objectified to ultrasound of the urinary tract. The RCU had objectified bilharzia in 8.5% of calcifications of the bladder area and 19.14% of urethral stricture. The medical treatment was completed in all patients according to the etiology and complications by an instrumental or surgical treatment, offline or emergency. The outcome was favorable in 25 patients. Symptoms were improved in 12 others and a failure for the ten remaining. Conclusion: Chronic prostatitis is relatively frequent in urology. Clinical manifestations are diverse and varied. Treatment is difficult with a significant failure rate.
文摘Objective： To investigate treatment efficacy for persistent chlamydial infection in the urogenital tract. Methods： 207 patients with persistent chlamydial urogenital infection were treated with tetracycline,azithromycin, ofloxacin or a combination of these.Result： 47.92%-68.60% of patients with persistent chlamydial urogenital infection were cured depending on the drug used. Ofloxacin had better results than tetracycline and azithromycin.Conclusion： Many patients were resistant to treatment with tetracycline and azithromycin. Ofloxacin proved effective.
基金funded by the US Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center and its Division of Global Emerging Infectious Surveillance and Response(AFHSC-GEIS)
文摘Bacterial vaginosis(BV)is a common vaginal disorder in women of reproductive age.Since the initial work of Leopoldo in 1953 and Gardner and Dukes in 1955,researchers have not been able to identify the causative etiologic agent of BV.There is increasing evidence,however,that BV occurs when Lactobacillus spp.,the predominant species in healthy vaginal flora,are replaced by anaerobic bacteria,such as Gardenella vaginalis,Mobiluncus curtisii,M.mulieris,other anaerobic bacteria and/or Mycoplasma hominis.Worldwide,it estimated that 20%–30%of women of reproductive age attending sexually transmitted infection(STI)clinics suffer from BV,and that its prevalence can be as high as 50%–60%in high-risk populations(e.g.,those who practice commercial sex work(CSW).Epidemiological data show that women are more likely to report BV if they:1)have had a higher number of lifetime sexual partners;2)are unmarried;3)have engaged in their first intercourse at a younger age;4)have engaged in CSW,and 5)practice regular douching.In the past decade,several studies have provided evidence on the contribution of sexual activity to BV.However,it is difficult to state that BV is a STI without being able to identify the etiologic agent.BV has also emerged as a public health problem due to its association with other STIs,including:human immunodeficiency virus(HIV),herpes simplex virus type 2(HSV-2),Chlamydia trachomatis(CT)and Neisseria gonorrhoeae(NG).The most recent evidence on the association between BV and CT/NG infection comes from two secondary analyses of cohort data conducted among women attending STI clinics.Based on these studies,women with BV had a 1.8 and 1.9-fold increased risk for NG and CT infection,respectively.Taken together,BV is likely a risk factor or at least an important contributor to subsequent NG or CT infection in high-risk women.Additional research is required to determine whether this association is also present in other low-risk sexually active populations,such as among women in the US military.It is essential to conduct large scale cross-sectional or population-based case-control studies to investigate the role of BV as a risk factor for CT/NG infections.These studies could lead to the development of interventions aimed at reducing the burden associated with bacterial STIs worldwide.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 30300157
文摘AIM:To evaluate the association between Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) infection and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). METHODS: CpnIq/G and IgM were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELBA) in 41 well-established PBC patients and two race-matched control groups (post-hepatitis cirrhosis, n = 70; healthy controls, n = 57). RESULTS: The mean level and seroprevalence of Cpn IgG in PBC group and post-hepatitis cirrhosis (PHC) group were significantly higher than those in healthy controls (46.8±43.4 RU/mL, 49.5±45.2 RU/mL vs28.3±32.7 RU/mL; 68.3%, 71.4%, 42.1%, respectively; P<0.05). There was a remarkably elevated seroprevalence of Cpn IgM in patients with PBC (22.0%) compared to the PHC and healthy control (HC) groups. For the PBC patients versus the HCs, the odds ratios (ORs) of the presence of Cpn IgG and IgM were 2.7 (95% CI 0.9-6.1) and 5.1 (95% CI 1.4-18.5), respectively. Though there was no correlation in the level of Cpn IgG with total IgG in sera of patients with PBC (r = -0.857, P = 0.344>0.05), Cpn IgM was related with the abnormally high concentrations of total IgM in PBC group. CONCLUSION: The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae may be a triggering agent or even a causative agent in PBC, but suggest that Chlamydia pneumoniae infection probably contributes to the high level of IgM present in most patients with PBC.
文摘Chlamydia psittaci is an important zoonotic pathogen in birds and may be transmitted to humans and result in severe respiratory disease. To assess the prevalence and genotype of C. psittaci in birds in Kunming, Yunnan, China, a total of 136 specimens of psittacine birds involving 8 species were collected from the city＇s zoos （n=60） and pet markets （n=76）. The frequency of C. psittaci infection was 19.9% （27/136） in the psittacine birds. The prevalence of C. psittaci was higher in pet birds （26.3%; 20/76） than in zoo birds （11.7%; 7/60） （P=0.034）. In particular, among Agapornis fischeri, the C. psittaci infection （50%; 10/20） was significantly more frequent in the pet markets than in the zoos （P=-0.006）. In addition, the highest prevalence of 41.2% （7/17） was found in Ara ararauna. To determine the genotype of C. psittaci, 23 OmpA gene fragments （about 1.4 kb） in 27 positive samples were successfully amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the 23 strains belonged to genotype A. Our results demonstrate the high prevalence of C. psittaci genotype A infection in psittacine birds in Yunnan Province, suggesting a potential threat to human health in this area. Therefore, it is necessary to take effective measures to prevent the spread of C. psittaci among psittacine birds, as well as among employees and customers.
文摘BACKGROUND Chlamydia psittaci(C.psittaci)is a gram-negative intracellular parasitic pathogenic bacterium that can infect avian and mammalian hosts,including humans.The detection of C.psittaci infections typically relies on traditional antigen-based immunoassays or serological testing that often lack sensitivity and/or specificity.Metagenomic next generation sequencing(mNGS)is an emerging tool for diagnosis.AIM To demonstrate that mNGS represents a valuable tool for rapid,sensitive,and accurate pathogen detection including C.psittaci infections.METHODS Four cases of psittacosis pneumonia and one case of pediatric psittacosis meningitis were diagnosed between December 2019 and May 2020 using mNGS at Changzhou Second People’s Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University.Patients’clinical characteristics,manifestations,and treatment histories were retrospectively evaluated.RESULTS All five patients had a history of exposure to wild(psittacine or other birds)or domesticated birds(chickens).All patients had a high fever(>39℃)and three of them(60%)experienced organ insufficiency during the disease.The laboratory data showed normal to slightly increased leucocyte and neutrophil counts,and elevated procalcitonin levels in all five cases,and very high C-reactive protein levels in psittacosis pneumonia patients.mNGS identified a potential pathogen,C.psittaci,in patients’bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or cerebrospinal fluid.Computed tomography revealed lung air-space consolidation,pleural thickening,and effusion fluid buildup in psittacosis pneumonia cases,and an arachnoid cyst in the right temporal lobe of the pediatric psittacosis meningitis patient.All patients experienced complete recovery following the administration of targeted antichlamydia therapy.CONCLUSION This study not only demonstrated that mNGS represents a valuable tool for rapid,sensitive,and accurate pathogen detection,but also raised public health concerns over C.psittaci infections.
