An overview of Chinese contribution to Coupled Model Intercomparison Project-Phase 5 （CMIP5） is presented. The performances of five Chinese Climate/Earth System Models that participated in the CMIP5 pro ject are ass...An overview of Chinese contribution to Coupled Model Intercomparison Project-Phase 5 （CMIP5） is presented. The performances of five Chinese Climate/Earth System Models that participated in the CMIP5 pro ject are assessed in the context of climate mean states, seasonal cycle, intraseasonal oscillation, interan-nual variability, interdecadal variability, global monsoon, Asian-Australian monsoon, 20th-century historical climate simulation, climate change pro jection, and climate sensitivity. Both the strengths and weaknesses of the models are evaluated. The models generally show reasonable performances in simulating sea surface tem-perature （SST） mean state, seasonal cycle, spatial patterns of Madden-Julian oscillation （MJO） amplitude and tropical cyclone Genesis Potential Index （GPI）, global monsoon precipitation pattern, El Ni-no-Southern Oscillation （ENSO）, and Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO） related SST anomalies. However, the perfor-mances of the models in simulating the time periods, amplitude, and phase locking of ENSO, PDO time periods, GPI magnitude, MJO propagation, magnitude of SST seasonal cycle, northwestern Pacific mon-soon and North American monsoon domains, as well as the skill of large-scale Asian monsoon precipitation need to be improved. The model performances in simulating the time evolution and spatial pattern of the 20th-century global warming and the future change under representative concentration pathways pro jection are compared to the multimodel ensemble of CMIP5 models. The model discrepancies in terms of climate sensitivity are also discussed.展开更多
The reproducibility and future changes of the onset of the Asian summer monsoon were analyzed based on the simulations and projections under the Representative Concentration Pathways （RCP） scenario in which anthropo...The reproducibility and future changes of the onset of the Asian summer monsoon were analyzed based on the simulations and projections under the Representative Concentration Pathways （RCP） scenario in which anthropogenic emissions continue to rise throughout the 21 st century （i.e. RCP8.5） by all realizations from four Chinese models that participated in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5）. Delayed onset of the monsoon over the Arabian Sea was evident in all simulations for present-day climate, which was associated with a too weak simulation of the low-level Somali jet in May. A consistent advanced onset of the monsoon was found only over the Arabian Sea in the projections, where the advanced onset of the monsoon was accompanied by an increase of rainfall and an anomalous anticyclone over the northern Indian Ocean. In all the models except FGOALS-g2, the enhanced low-level Somali jet transported more water vapor to the Arabian Sea, whereas in FGOALS-g2 the enhanced rainfall was determined more by the increased wind convergence. Furthermore, and again in all models except FGOALS-g2, the equatorial SST warming, with maximum increase over the eastern Pacific, enhanced convection in the central West Pacific and reduced convection over the eastern Indian Ocean and Maritime Continent region, which drove the anomalous anticyclonic circulation over the western Indian Ocean. In contrast, in FGOALS-g2, there was minimal （near-zero） warming of projected SST in the central equatorial Pacific, with decreased convection in the central West Pacific and enhanced convection over the Maritime Continent. The broader-scale differences among the models across the Pacific were related to both the differences in the projected SST pattern and in the present-day simulations.展开更多
Objective： Triple-negative breast cancer（TNBC） is highly invasive and metastatic, which is in urgent need of transformative therapeutics. Tubeimu（TBM）, the rhizome of Bolbostemma paniculatum（Maxim.） Franquet, i...Objective： Triple-negative breast cancer（TNBC） is highly invasive and metastatic, which is in urgent need of transformative therapeutics. Tubeimu（TBM）, the rhizome of Bolbostemma paniculatum（Maxim.） Franquet, is one of the Chinese medicinal herbs used for breast diseases since the ancient times. The present study evaluated the efficacy, especially the anti-metastatic effects of the dichloromethane extract of Tubeimu（ETBM） on TNBC orthotopic mouse models and cell lines.Methods： We applied real-time imaging on florescent orthotopic TNBC mice model and tested cell migration and invasion abilities with MDA-MB-231 cell line. Digital gene expression sequencing was performed and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes（KEGG） analysis applied to explore the pathways influenced by ETBM.Moreover, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions（q RT-PCR） and Western blot were delivered to confirm the gene expression changes.Results： ETBM exhibited noticeable control on tumor metastasis and growth of TNBC tumors with no obvious toxicity. In compliance with this, it also showed inhibition of cell migration and invasion in vitro. Its impact on the changed biological behavior in TNBC may be a result of decreased expression of integrin β1（ITGβ1）, integrin β8（ITGβ8） and Rho GTPase activating protein 5（ARHGAP5）, which disabled the focal adhesion pathway and caused change in cell morphology.Conclusions： This study reveals that ETBM has anti-metastatic effects on MDA-MB-231-GFP tumor and may lead to a new therapeutic agent for the integrative treatment of highly invasive TNBC.展开更多
Imports of cross-border E-business are rising quickly,and cross-border online shopping is getting more and more popular.Besides newcomers like Ymatou,wgyp.com,Xiaohongshu,yunhou.com,metao.com,Haojiemi,and smzdm.com,Tm...Imports of cross-border E-business are rising quickly,and cross-border online shopping is getting more and more popular.Besides newcomers like Ymatou,wgyp.com,Xiaohongshu,yunhou.com,metao.com,Haojiemi,and smzdm.com,Tmall,Jingdong,Suning,the Amazon,jumei.com,yhd.com,Vipshop and other established domestic E-business enterprises are also attracted and actively involved in this booming business sector.Recently,the China展开更多
Persons with disabilities are equal members of the Chinese social family and an important force in upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.They are also equal members of the global human family...Persons with disabilities are equal members of the Chinese social family and an important force in upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.They are also equal members of the global human family and an important force in the development of human civilization.In the global effort to advance sustainable development,persons with disabilities require special care and attention.The positioning of persons with disabilities and their cause by the Communist Party of China(CPC)determines that the protection and development of the rights of persons with disabilities are of great significance.General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on respecting and protecting human rights are the theoretical foundation for the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities.The constitutional principle of“the state shall respect and protect human rights”is the fundamental institutional basis for the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities,while the modernization of the cause of persons with disabilities is the direction for the protection of their rights.Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,through long-term exploration and practice,the Chinese model for the protection of persons with disabilities has undergone a historic transformation from single relief to comprehensive protection,from passive“offering results”to active“teaching methods,”from“relief”to“empowerment,”and from welfare relief to rights protection.This has led to the formation of the“Chinese model”for the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities.This model is centered on persons with disabilities and includes a value system for the protection of the human rights of persons with disabilities that encompasses respect,equality,shared prosperity,empowerment,participation,development,among other elements.It also features an integrated policy leadership,a systematic legal protection,a multi-stakeholder collaborative promotion,and a coordinated domestic and international approach as its distinct characteristics.展开更多
On the basis of more than 200-year control run, the performance of the climate system model of Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS-ESM-C） in simulating the E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） cycle is evalu- ated, i...On the basis of more than 200-year control run, the performance of the climate system model of Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS-ESM-C） in simulating the E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） cycle is evalu- ated, including the onset, development and decay of the ENSO. It is shown that, the model can reasonably simulate the annual cycle and interannual variability of sea surface temperature （SST） in the tropical Pacif- ic, as well as the seasonal phase-locking of the ENSO. The model also captures two prerequisites for the E1 Nino onset, i.e., a westerly anomaly and a warm SST anomaly in the equatorial western Pacific. Owing to too strong forcing from an extratropical meridional wind, however, the westerly anomaly in this region is largely overestimated. Moreover, the simulated thermocline is much shallower with a weaker slope. As a result, the warm SST anomaly from the western Pacific propagates eastward more quickly, leading to a faster develop- ment of an E1 Nino. During the decay stage, owing to a stronger E1Nino in the model, the secondary Gill-type response of the tropical atmosphere to the eastern Pacific warming is much stronger, thereby resulting in a persistent easterly anomaly in the western Pacific. Meanwhile, a cold anomaly in the warm pool appears as a result of a lifted thermocline via Ekman pumping. Finally, an E1 Nino decays into a La Nina through their interactions. In addition, the shorter period and larger amplitude of the ENSO in the model can be attribut- ed to a shallower thermocline in the equatorial Pacific, which speeds up the zonal redistribution of a heat content in the upper ocean.展开更多
This paper makes comparisons between Chinese Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Guidelines for Air dispersion modelling and the advanced air dispersion model ADMS. Since 2001 the ADMS model has been the first and o...This paper makes comparisons between Chinese Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Guidelines for Air dispersion modelling and the advanced air dispersion model ADMS. Since 2001 the ADMS model has been the first and only foreign model that has been approved by the Appraisal Center for Environment and Engineering (ACEE) to be used in EIA projects in China (http://www.china-eia. com/inden_content/rjrz/ rjrz_ADMS/htm). In the paper the following sections provide brief descriptions of the main features of the Chinese Guidelines for Air Dispersion (Section 2) and ADMS (Section 3); Section 4 provides a comparison of the two modelling methods for some simple cases and conclusions and discussion are given in Section 5.展开更多
A new method is proposed for constructing the Chinese sentential semantic structure in this paper. The method adopts the features including predicates, relations between predicates and basic arguments, relations betwe...A new method is proposed for constructing the Chinese sentential semantic structure in this paper. The method adopts the features including predicates, relations between predicates and basic arguments, relations between words, and case types to train the models of CRF ＋ ＋ and de- pendency parser. On the basis of the data set in Beijing Forest Studio-Chinese Tagged Corpus （ BFS- CTC）, the proposed method obtains precision value of 73.63% in open test. This result shows that the formalized computer processing can construct the sentential semantic structure absolutely. The features of predicates, topic and comment extracted with the method can be applied in Chinese in- formation processing directly for promoting the development of Chinese semantic analysis. The method makes the analysis of sentential semantic analysis based on large scale of data possible. It is a tool for expanding the corpus and has certain theoretical research and practical application value.展开更多
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury(AKI)after coronary artery bypass graft(CABG)surgery is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.This retrospective study aimed to establish a risk score for postoperative AKI ...BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury(AKI)after coronary artery bypass graft(CABG)surgery is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.This retrospective study aimed to establish a risk score for postoperative AKI in a Chinese population.METHODS A total of 1138 patients undergoing CABG were collected from September 2018 to May 2020 and divided into a derivation and validation cohort.AKI was defined according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes(KDIGO)criteria.Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent predictors of AKI,and the predictive ability of the model was determined using a receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.RESULTS The incidence of cardiac surgery–associated acute kidney injury(CSA-AKI)was 24.17%,and 0.53%of AKI patients required dialysis(AKI-D).Among the derivation cohort,multivariable logistic regression showed that age≥70 years,body mass index(BMI)≥25 kg/m2,estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR)≤60 mL/min per 1.73 m2,ejection fraction(EF)≤45%,use of statins,red blood cell transfusion,use of adrenaline,intra-aortic balloon pump(IABP)implantation,postoperative low cardiac output syndrome(LCOS)and reoperation for bleeding were independent predictors.The predictive model was scored from 0 to32 points with three risk categories.The AKI frequencies were as follows:0-8 points(15.9%),9-17 points(36.5%)and≥18 points(90.4%).The area under of the ROC curve was 0.730(95%CI:0.691-0.768)in the derivation cohort.The predictive index had good discrimination in the validation cohort,with an area under the curve of 0.735(95%CI:0.655-0.815).The model was well calibrated according to the Hosmer-Lemeshow test(P=0.372).CONCLUSION The performance of the prediction model was valid and accurate in predicting KDIGO-AKI after CABG surgery in Chinese patients,and could improve the early prognosis and clinical interventions.展开更多
The prophylactic effects of Chinese propolis against cypermethrin toxicity were evaluated by performing ovary and uterus histopathology, as well as by characterizing ovarian function, embryos, and litters. Cypermethri...The prophylactic effects of Chinese propolis against cypermethrin toxicity were evaluated by performing ovary and uterus histopathology, as well as by characterizing ovarian function, embryos, and litters. Cypermethrin induced atypia in the ovary and uterus, and decreased the ovulation sites and the number of embryos. Cypermethrin-induced oxidative stress during pregnancy, decreased the parturition rate as well as the number and weight of offspring and increased the incidence of morphological malformations in the offspring. Administration of propolis to cypermethrin-treated animals mitigated cypermethrin-induced reproductive toxicity.展开更多
The anthropometric differences between European/American and Chinese population are remarkable and have significant influences on pedestrian kinematics and injury response in vehicle crashes.Therefore,the current stud...The anthropometric differences between European/American and Chinese population are remarkable and have significant influences on pedestrian kinematics and injury response in vehicle crashes.Therefore,the current study aims to develop and validate a Finite Element(FE)human body model representing the anthropometry of Chinese 50th percentile adult male for pedestrian safety analysis and development of Chinese ATDs(Anthropomorphic Test Devices).Firstly,a human body pedestrian model,named as C-HBM(Chinese Human Body Model),was developed based on the medical image data of a volunteer selected according to both anthropometry and anatomy characteristics of 50th percentile Chinese adult male.Then,the biofidelity of the C-HBM pedestrian model was validated against cadaver impact test data reported in the literature at the segment and full-body level.Finally,the validated C-HBM pedestrian model was employed to predict Chinese pedestrian injuries in real world vehicle crashes.The results indicate that the C-HBM pedestrian model has a good capability in predicting human body mechanical response in cadaver tests and Chinese leg and thorax injuries in vehicle crashes.Kinematic analysis shows that the C-HBM pedestrian model has less sliding on the hood surface,shorter movement in the horizontal direction,and higher pelvis displacement in the vertical direction than cadavers and the pedestrian model in the anthropometry of westerner due to anthropometric differences in the lower limbs.The currently developed C-HBM pedestrian model provides a basic tool for vehicle safety design and evaluation in China market,and for development of Chinese ATDs.展开更多
Companies that not only abide by environmental regulations, but also discover new techniques and adopt newmanagement methods to reduce negative environmental impacts often have positive effects on corporate profitabil...Companies that not only abide by environmental regulations, but also discover new techniques and adopt newmanagement methods to reduce negative environmental impacts often have positive effects on corporate profitability. Inorder to meet the needs of sustainability of enterprises and protect environment, the concept of green management isdeveloped and regarded as an important direction of management theory of the 21st century. Though there are manytheories and practices about green management in western countries, they are built based on the developed marketeconomy, which are not suitable for Chinese enterprises absolutely. By analyzing the viewpoints and models of theoverseas and domestic experts and scholars, combining characteristic of China’s market economy, this paper points outthe real connotation of enterprise green management - the combination of ecological harmony (harmony between humanand nature) with human harmony (harmony among people), establishes a 3D theoretical model, points out the defects ofenterprise’s green management in China, reanalyzes and redesigned enterprise green management, which paves the wayfor the deeper and broader development of green management.展开更多
主要评估了美国国家大气研究中心的NCAR CESM(Community Earth System Model,NCAR)和中国科学院的CAS ESM(Earth System Model,Chinese Academy of Sciences)两个地球系统模式对亚洲东部夏季气候态的模拟性能。使用NCAR CESM和CAS ESM...主要评估了美国国家大气研究中心的NCAR CESM(Community Earth System Model,NCAR)和中国科学院的CAS ESM(Earth System Model,Chinese Academy of Sciences)两个地球系统模式对亚洲东部夏季气候态的模拟性能。使用NCAR CESM和CAS ESM各两种不同的水平分辨率,一共进行了4组长达19年(1998~2016年)的数值积分试验,并通过对2 m气温、降水强度和降水日变化等的分析,比较了这两个模式在亚洲东部的模拟性能。结果表明,CAS ESM和NCAR CESM均能模拟出夏季2 m气温和降水强度的大尺度分布特征,但整体上模拟得到的地表面气温偏暖、降水强度偏弱。对于降水日变化而言,观测的日降水峰值在陆地上主要发生在下午到傍晚时段,在海洋上则出现在午夜到凌晨时段。两组低分辨率试验模拟的陆地降水峰值出现过早,且无法模拟出四川盆地的夜间降水峰值和部分海洋地区凌晨或上午的降水峰值。提高分辨率对模式的模拟性能有显著的提升作用。高分辨率下,NCAR CESM和CAS ESM对陆地和海洋的降水日变化模拟性能都明显提高。对降水日变化的定量化分析表明,高分辨率CAS ESM模式对整个亚洲东部降水日变化的模拟最优。目前模式对海陆风的模拟还不太理想,未来要进一步提高模式模拟性能,需要重点完善与气温、降水过程相关的物理参数化方案。展开更多
Data show that carbon emissions are increasing due to human energy consumption associated with economic development. As a result, a great deal of attention has been focused on efforts to reduce this growth in carbon e...Data show that carbon emissions are increasing due to human energy consumption associated with economic development. As a result, a great deal of attention has been focused on efforts to reduce this growth in carbon emissions as well as to formulate policies to address and mitigate climate change. Although the majority of previous studies have explored the driving forces underlying Chinese carbon emissions, few have been carried out at the city-level because of the limited availability of relevant energy consumption statistics. Here, we utilize spatial autocorrelation, Markov-chain transitional matrices, a dynamic panel model, and system generalized distance estimation(Sys-GMM) to empirically evaluate the key determinants of carbon emissions at the city-level based on Chinese remote sensing data collected between 1992 and 2013. We also use these data to discuss observed spatial spillover effects taking into account spatiotemporal lag and a range of different geographical and economic weighting matrices. The results of this study suggest that regional discrepancies in city-level carbon emissions have decreased over time, which are consistent with a marked spatial spillover effect, and a ‘club' agglomeration of high-emissions. The evolution of these patterns also shows obvious path dependence, while the results of panel data analysis reveal the presence of a significant U-shaped relationship between carbon emissions and per capita GDP. Data also show that per capita carbon emissions have increased in concert with economic growth in most cities, and that a high-proportion of secondary industry and extensive investment growth have also exerted significant positive effects on city-level carbon emissions across China. In contrast, rapid population agglomeration, improvements in technology, increasing trade openness, and the accessibility and density of roads have all played a role in inhibiting carbon emissions. Thus, in order to reduce emissions, the Chinese government should legislate to inhibit the effects of factors that promote the release of carbon while at the same time acting to encourage those that mitigate this process. On the basis of the analysis presented in this study, we argue that optimizing industrial structures, streamlining extensive investment, increasing the level of technology, and improving road accessibility are all effective approaches to increase energy savings and reduce carbon emissions across China.展开更多
While large language models(LLMs)have made significant strides in natural language processing(NLP),they continue to face challenges in adequately addressing the intricacies of the Chinese language in certain scenarios...While large language models(LLMs)have made significant strides in natural language processing(NLP),they continue to face challenges in adequately addressing the intricacies of the Chinese language in certain scenarios.We propose a framework called Six-Writings multimodal processing(SWMP)to enable direct integration of Chinese NLP(CNLP)with morphological and semantic elements.The first part of SWMP,known as Six-Writings pictophonetic coding(SWPC),is introduced with a suitable level of granularity for radicals and components,enabling effective representation of Chinese characters and words.We conduct several experimental scenarios,including the following:(1)We establish an experimental database consisting of images and SWPC for Chinese characters,enabling dual-mode processing and matrix generation for CNLP.(2)We characterize various generative modes of Chinese words,such as thousands of Chinese idioms,used as question-and-answer(Q&A)prompt functions,facilitating analogies by SWPC.The experiments achieve 100%accuracy in answering all questions in the Chinese morphological data set(CA8-Mor-10177).(3)A fine-tuning mechanism is proposed to refine word embedding results using SWPC,resulting in an average relative error of≤25%for 39.37%of the questions in the Chinese wOrd Similarity data set(COS960).The results demonstrate that SWMP/SWPC methods effectively capture the distinctive features of Chinese and offer a promising mechanism to enhance CNLP with better efficiency.展开更多
After pointed the unreasonableness of the three basic assumptions contained in HMM, we introduce the theory and the advantage of Stochastic najectory Models (STMs) that possibly resolve these problems caused by HMM as...After pointed the unreasonableness of the three basic assumptions contained in HMM, we introduce the theory and the advantage of Stochastic najectory Models (STMs) that possibly resolve these problems caused by HMM assumptions. In STM, the acoustic observations of an acoustic unit are represented as clusters of trajectories in a parameter space.The trajectories are modelled by mixture of probability density functions of random sequence of states. After analyzing the characteristics of Chinese speech, the acoustic units for continuous Chinese speech recognition based on STM are discussed and phone-like units are suggested. The performance of continuous Chinese speech recognition based on STM is studied on VINICS system. The experimental results prove the efficiency of STM and the consistency of phone-like units.展开更多
Open-source large language models(LLMs)research has made significant progress,but most studies predominantly focus on general-purpose English data,which poses challenges for LLM research in Chinese education.To addres...Open-source large language models(LLMs)research has made significant progress,but most studies predominantly focus on general-purpose English data,which poses challenges for LLM research in Chinese education.To address this,this research first reviewed and synthesized the core technologies of representative open-source LLMs,and designed an advanced 1.5Bparameter LLM tailored for the Chinese education field.Chinese education large language model(CELLM)is trained from scratch,involving two stages,namely,pretraining and instruction fine-tuning.In the pre-training phase,an open-source dataset is utilized for the Chinese education domain.During the instruction fine-tuning stage,the Chinese instruction dataset is developed and open-sourced,comprising over 258,000 data entries.Finally,the results and analysis of CELLM across multiple evaluation datasets are presented,which provides a reference baseline performance for future research.All of the models,data,and codes are opensource to foster community research on LLMs in the Chinese education domain.展开更多
Deep learning is more and more widely used in natural language processing.Compared with the traditional n-gram statistical language model,Recurrent neural network(RNN)modeling technology has shown great advantages in ...Deep learning is more and more widely used in natural language processing.Compared with the traditional n-gram statistical language model,Recurrent neural network(RNN)modeling technology has shown great advantages in language modeling,and has been gradually applied in speech recognition,machine translation and other fields.However,at present,the training of RNN language models is mostly offline.For different speech recognition tasks,there are language differences between training corpus and recognition tasks,which affects the recognition rate of speech recognition systems.While using RNN modeling technology to train the Chinese language model,an online RNN model self-adaption algorithm is proposed,which takes the preliminary recognition results of speech signals as corpus to continue training the model,so that the adaptive RNN model can get the maximum match with the recognition task.The experimental results show that the adaptive model effectively reduces the language difference between the language model and the recognition task,and the recognition rate of the system is further improved after the Chinese word confusion network is re-scored,which has been verified in the actual Chinese speech recognition system.展开更多
Large-scale pre-training has shown remarkable performance in building open-domain dialogue systems.However,previous works mainly focus on showing and evaluating the conversational performance of the released dialogue ...Large-scale pre-training has shown remarkable performance in building open-domain dialogue systems.However,previous works mainly focus on showing and evaluating the conversational performance of the released dialogue model,ignoring the discussion of some key factors towards a powerful human-like chatbot,especially in Chinese scenarios.In this paper,we conduct extensive experiments to investigate these under-explored factors,including data quality control,model architecture designs,training approaches,and decoding strategies.We propose EVA2.0,a large-scale pre-trained open-domain Chinese dialogue model with 2.8 billion parameters,and will make our models and codes publicly available.Automatic and human evaluations show that EVA2.0 significantly outperforms other open-source counterparts.We also discuss the limitations of this work by presenting some failure cases and pose some future research directions on large-scale Chinese open-domain dialogue systems.展开更多
基金Supported jointly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41125017 and 41330423)National(Key) Basic Research and Development(973) Program of China(2010CB951904)Public Science and Technology Research Project Funds of Ocean(201105019-3)
文摘An overview of Chinese contribution to Coupled Model Intercomparison Project-Phase 5 （CMIP5） is presented. The performances of five Chinese Climate/Earth System Models that participated in the CMIP5 pro ject are assessed in the context of climate mean states, seasonal cycle, intraseasonal oscillation, interan-nual variability, interdecadal variability, global monsoon, Asian-Australian monsoon, 20th-century historical climate simulation, climate change pro jection, and climate sensitivity. Both the strengths and weaknesses of the models are evaluated. The models generally show reasonable performances in simulating sea surface tem-perature （SST） mean state, seasonal cycle, spatial patterns of Madden-Julian oscillation （MJO） amplitude and tropical cyclone Genesis Potential Index （GPI）, global monsoon precipitation pattern, El Ni-no-Southern Oscillation （ENSO）, and Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO） related SST anomalies. However, the perfor-mances of the models in simulating the time periods, amplitude, and phase locking of ENSO, PDO time periods, GPI magnitude, MJO propagation, magnitude of SST seasonal cycle, northwestern Pacific mon-soon and North American monsoon domains, as well as the skill of large-scale Asian monsoon precipitation need to be improved. The model performances in simulating the time evolution and spatial pattern of the 20th-century global warming and the future change under representative concentration pathways pro jection are compared to the multimodel ensemble of CMIP5 models. The model discrepancies in terms of climate sensitivity are also discussed.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41330423, 41205080, and 41023002)the Carbon Budget and Related Issues project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA05110301)the Joint Center for Global Change Studies (Project No. 105019), Beijing, China
文摘The reproducibility and future changes of the onset of the Asian summer monsoon were analyzed based on the simulations and projections under the Representative Concentration Pathways （RCP） scenario in which anthropogenic emissions continue to rise throughout the 21 st century （i.e. RCP8.5） by all realizations from four Chinese models that participated in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5）. Delayed onset of the monsoon over the Arabian Sea was evident in all simulations for present-day climate, which was associated with a too weak simulation of the low-level Somali jet in May. A consistent advanced onset of the monsoon was found only over the Arabian Sea in the projections, where the advanced onset of the monsoon was accompanied by an increase of rainfall and an anomalous anticyclone over the northern Indian Ocean. In all the models except FGOALS-g2, the enhanced low-level Somali jet transported more water vapor to the Arabian Sea, whereas in FGOALS-g2 the enhanced rainfall was determined more by the increased wind convergence. Furthermore, and again in all models except FGOALS-g2, the equatorial SST warming, with maximum increase over the eastern Pacific, enhanced convection in the central West Pacific and reduced convection over the eastern Indian Ocean and Maritime Continent region, which drove the anomalous anticyclonic circulation over the western Indian Ocean. In contrast, in FGOALS-g2, there was minimal （near-zero） warming of projected SST in the central equatorial Pacific, with decreased convection in the central West Pacific and enhanced convection over the Maritime Continent. The broader-scale differences among the models across the Pacific were related to both the differences in the projected SST pattern and in the present-day simulations.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant (No. 81303129)Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Grant (Project ID: 2016-jxs-548)
文摘Objective： Triple-negative breast cancer（TNBC） is highly invasive and metastatic, which is in urgent need of transformative therapeutics. Tubeimu（TBM）, the rhizome of Bolbostemma paniculatum（Maxim.） Franquet, is one of the Chinese medicinal herbs used for breast diseases since the ancient times. The present study evaluated the efficacy, especially the anti-metastatic effects of the dichloromethane extract of Tubeimu（ETBM） on TNBC orthotopic mouse models and cell lines.Methods： We applied real-time imaging on florescent orthotopic TNBC mice model and tested cell migration and invasion abilities with MDA-MB-231 cell line. Digital gene expression sequencing was performed and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes（KEGG） analysis applied to explore the pathways influenced by ETBM.Moreover, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions（q RT-PCR） and Western blot were delivered to confirm the gene expression changes.Results： ETBM exhibited noticeable control on tumor metastasis and growth of TNBC tumors with no obvious toxicity. In compliance with this, it also showed inhibition of cell migration and invasion in vitro. Its impact on the changed biological behavior in TNBC may be a result of decreased expression of integrin β1（ITGβ1）, integrin β8（ITGβ8） and Rho GTPase activating protein 5（ARHGAP5）, which disabled the focal adhesion pathway and caused change in cell morphology.Conclusions： This study reveals that ETBM has anti-metastatic effects on MDA-MB-231-GFP tumor and may lead to a new therapeutic agent for the integrative treatment of highly invasive TNBC.
文摘Imports of cross-border E-business are rising quickly,and cross-border online shopping is getting more and more popular.Besides newcomers like Ymatou,wgyp.com,Xiaohongshu,yunhou.com,metao.com,Haojiemi,and smzdm.com,Tmall,Jingdong,Suning,the Amazon,jumei.com,yhd.com,Vipshop and other established domestic E-business enterprises are also attracted and actively involved in this booming business sector.Recently,the China
基金the“Layered Argumentation of Case Facts in the Context of Smart Courts”(Project Approval Number 21AFX002)a major project of the National Social Science Fund of China,and has received funding from the 2021“Wuhan Talent Program”for Outstanding Young Scholars.
文摘Persons with disabilities are equal members of the Chinese social family and an important force in upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.They are also equal members of the global human family and an important force in the development of human civilization.In the global effort to advance sustainable development,persons with disabilities require special care and attention.The positioning of persons with disabilities and their cause by the Communist Party of China(CPC)determines that the protection and development of the rights of persons with disabilities are of great significance.General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on respecting and protecting human rights are the theoretical foundation for the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities.The constitutional principle of“the state shall respect and protect human rights”is the fundamental institutional basis for the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities,while the modernization of the cause of persons with disabilities is the direction for the protection of their rights.Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,through long-term exploration and practice,the Chinese model for the protection of persons with disabilities has undergone a historic transformation from single relief to comprehensive protection,from passive“offering results”to active“teaching methods,”from“relief”to“empowerment,”and from welfare relief to rights protection.This has led to the formation of the“Chinese model”for the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities.This model is centered on persons with disabilities and includes a value system for the protection of the human rights of persons with disabilities that encompasses respect,equality,shared prosperity,empowerment,participation,development,among other elements.It also features an integrated policy leadership,a systematic legal protection,a multi-stakeholder collaborative promotion,and a coordinated domestic and international approach as its distinct characteristics.
基金The Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract No.XDA05110201the National Basic Research Program(973 Program) of China under contract No.2010CB951901
文摘On the basis of more than 200-year control run, the performance of the climate system model of Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS-ESM-C） in simulating the E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） cycle is evalu- ated, including the onset, development and decay of the ENSO. It is shown that, the model can reasonably simulate the annual cycle and interannual variability of sea surface temperature （SST） in the tropical Pacif- ic, as well as the seasonal phase-locking of the ENSO. The model also captures two prerequisites for the E1 Nino onset, i.e., a westerly anomaly and a warm SST anomaly in the equatorial western Pacific. Owing to too strong forcing from an extratropical meridional wind, however, the westerly anomaly in this region is largely overestimated. Moreover, the simulated thermocline is much shallower with a weaker slope. As a result, the warm SST anomaly from the western Pacific propagates eastward more quickly, leading to a faster develop- ment of an E1 Nino. During the decay stage, owing to a stronger E1Nino in the model, the secondary Gill-type response of the tropical atmosphere to the eastern Pacific warming is much stronger, thereby resulting in a persistent easterly anomaly in the western Pacific. Meanwhile, a cold anomaly in the warm pool appears as a result of a lifted thermocline via Ekman pumping. Finally, an E1 Nino decays into a La Nina through their interactions. In addition, the shorter period and larger amplitude of the ENSO in the model can be attribut- ed to a shallower thermocline in the equatorial Pacific, which speeds up the zonal redistribution of a heat content in the upper ocean.
文摘This paper makes comparisons between Chinese Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Guidelines for Air dispersion modelling and the advanced air dispersion model ADMS. Since 2001 the ADMS model has been the first and only foreign model that has been approved by the Appraisal Center for Environment and Engineering (ACEE) to be used in EIA projects in China (http://www.china-eia. com/inden_content/rjrz/ rjrz_ADMS/htm). In the paper the following sections provide brief descriptions of the main features of the Chinese Guidelines for Air Dispersion (Section 2) and ADMS (Section 3); Section 4 provides a comparison of the two modelling methods for some simple cases and conclusions and discussion are given in Section 5.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Plan of Beijing Institute of Technology(2013)
文摘A new method is proposed for constructing the Chinese sentential semantic structure in this paper. The method adopts the features including predicates, relations between predicates and basic arguments, relations between words, and case types to train the models of CRF ＋ ＋ and de- pendency parser. On the basis of the data set in Beijing Forest Studio-Chinese Tagged Corpus （ BFS- CTC）, the proposed method obtains precision value of 73.63% in open test. This result shows that the formalized computer processing can construct the sentential semantic structure absolutely. The features of predicates, topic and comment extracted with the method can be applied in Chinese in- formation processing directly for promoting the development of Chinese semantic analysis. The method makes the analysis of sentential semantic analysis based on large scale of data possible. It is a tool for expanding the corpus and has certain theoretical research and practical application value.
基金supported by National Natural S cience Foundation of China(81570373)。
文摘BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury(AKI)after coronary artery bypass graft(CABG)surgery is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.This retrospective study aimed to establish a risk score for postoperative AKI in a Chinese population.METHODS A total of 1138 patients undergoing CABG were collected from September 2018 to May 2020 and divided into a derivation and validation cohort.AKI was defined according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes(KDIGO)criteria.Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent predictors of AKI,and the predictive ability of the model was determined using a receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.RESULTS The incidence of cardiac surgery–associated acute kidney injury(CSA-AKI)was 24.17%,and 0.53%of AKI patients required dialysis(AKI-D).Among the derivation cohort,multivariable logistic regression showed that age≥70 years,body mass index(BMI)≥25 kg/m2,estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR)≤60 mL/min per 1.73 m2,ejection fraction(EF)≤45%,use of statins,red blood cell transfusion,use of adrenaline,intra-aortic balloon pump(IABP)implantation,postoperative low cardiac output syndrome(LCOS)and reoperation for bleeding were independent predictors.The predictive model was scored from 0 to32 points with three risk categories.The AKI frequencies were as follows:0-8 points(15.9%),9-17 points(36.5%)and≥18 points(90.4%).The area under of the ROC curve was 0.730(95%CI:0.691-0.768)in the derivation cohort.The predictive index had good discrimination in the validation cohort,with an area under the curve of 0.735(95%CI:0.655-0.815).The model was well calibrated according to the Hosmer-Lemeshow test(P=0.372).CONCLUSION The performance of the prediction model was valid and accurate in predicting KDIGO-AKI after CABG surgery in Chinese patients,and could improve the early prognosis and clinical interventions.
文摘The prophylactic effects of Chinese propolis against cypermethrin toxicity were evaluated by performing ovary and uterus histopathology, as well as by characterizing ovarian function, embryos, and litters. Cypermethrin induced atypia in the ovary and uterus, and decreased the ovulation sites and the number of embryos. Cypermethrin-induced oxidative stress during pregnancy, decreased the parturition rate as well as the number and weight of offspring and increased the incidence of morphological malformations in the offspring. Administration of propolis to cypermethrin-treated animals mitigated cypermethrin-induced reproductive toxicity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52275286)Hunan Outstanding Youth Fund(Grant No.2023JJ10010)+2 种基金Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province(Grant NO.2022SK2105)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant NO.JCYJ20230807122004009)Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen(Grant NO.SZZYSM202311006).
文摘The anthropometric differences between European/American and Chinese population are remarkable and have significant influences on pedestrian kinematics and injury response in vehicle crashes.Therefore,the current study aims to develop and validate a Finite Element(FE)human body model representing the anthropometry of Chinese 50th percentile adult male for pedestrian safety analysis and development of Chinese ATDs(Anthropomorphic Test Devices).Firstly,a human body pedestrian model,named as C-HBM(Chinese Human Body Model),was developed based on the medical image data of a volunteer selected according to both anthropometry and anatomy characteristics of 50th percentile Chinese adult male.Then,the biofidelity of the C-HBM pedestrian model was validated against cadaver impact test data reported in the literature at the segment and full-body level.Finally,the validated C-HBM pedestrian model was employed to predict Chinese pedestrian injuries in real world vehicle crashes.The results indicate that the C-HBM pedestrian model has a good capability in predicting human body mechanical response in cadaver tests and Chinese leg and thorax injuries in vehicle crashes.Kinematic analysis shows that the C-HBM pedestrian model has less sliding on the hood surface,shorter movement in the horizontal direction,and higher pelvis displacement in the vertical direction than cadavers and the pedestrian model in the anthropometry of westerner due to anthropometric differences in the lower limbs.The currently developed C-HBM pedestrian model provides a basic tool for vehicle safety design and evaluation in China market,and for development of Chinese ATDs.
文摘Companies that not only abide by environmental regulations, but also discover new techniques and adopt newmanagement methods to reduce negative environmental impacts often have positive effects on corporate profitability. Inorder to meet the needs of sustainability of enterprises and protect environment, the concept of green management isdeveloped and regarded as an important direction of management theory of the 21st century. Though there are manytheories and practices about green management in western countries, they are built based on the developed marketeconomy, which are not suitable for Chinese enterprises absolutely. By analyzing the viewpoints and models of theoverseas and domestic experts and scholars, combining characteristic of China’s market economy, this paper points outthe real connotation of enterprise green management - the combination of ecological harmony (harmony between humanand nature) with human harmony (harmony among people), establishes a 3D theoretical model, points out the defects ofenterprise’s green management in China, reanalyzes and redesigned enterprise green management, which paves the wayfor the deeper and broader development of green management.
文摘主要评估了美国国家大气研究中心的NCAR CESM(Community Earth System Model,NCAR)和中国科学院的CAS ESM(Earth System Model,Chinese Academy of Sciences)两个地球系统模式对亚洲东部夏季气候态的模拟性能。使用NCAR CESM和CAS ESM各两种不同的水平分辨率,一共进行了4组长达19年(1998~2016年)的数值积分试验,并通过对2 m气温、降水强度和降水日变化等的分析,比较了这两个模式在亚洲东部的模拟性能。结果表明,CAS ESM和NCAR CESM均能模拟出夏季2 m气温和降水强度的大尺度分布特征,但整体上模拟得到的地表面气温偏暖、降水强度偏弱。对于降水日变化而言,观测的日降水峰值在陆地上主要发生在下午到傍晚时段,在海洋上则出现在午夜到凌晨时段。两组低分辨率试验模拟的陆地降水峰值出现过早,且无法模拟出四川盆地的夜间降水峰值和部分海洋地区凌晨或上午的降水峰值。提高分辨率对模式的模拟性能有显著的提升作用。高分辨率下,NCAR CESM和CAS ESM对陆地和海洋的降水日变化模拟性能都明显提高。对降水日变化的定量化分析表明,高分辨率CAS ESM模式对整个亚洲东部降水日变化的模拟最优。目前模式对海陆风的模拟还不太理想,未来要进一步提高模式模拟性能,需要重点完善与气温、降水过程相关的物理参数化方案。
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41601151Guangdong Natural Science Foundation,No.2016A030310149
文摘Data show that carbon emissions are increasing due to human energy consumption associated with economic development. As a result, a great deal of attention has been focused on efforts to reduce this growth in carbon emissions as well as to formulate policies to address and mitigate climate change. Although the majority of previous studies have explored the driving forces underlying Chinese carbon emissions, few have been carried out at the city-level because of the limited availability of relevant energy consumption statistics. Here, we utilize spatial autocorrelation, Markov-chain transitional matrices, a dynamic panel model, and system generalized distance estimation(Sys-GMM) to empirically evaluate the key determinants of carbon emissions at the city-level based on Chinese remote sensing data collected between 1992 and 2013. We also use these data to discuss observed spatial spillover effects taking into account spatiotemporal lag and a range of different geographical and economic weighting matrices. The results of this study suggest that regional discrepancies in city-level carbon emissions have decreased over time, which are consistent with a marked spatial spillover effect, and a ‘club' agglomeration of high-emissions. The evolution of these patterns also shows obvious path dependence, while the results of panel data analysis reveal the presence of a significant U-shaped relationship between carbon emissions and per capita GDP. Data also show that per capita carbon emissions have increased in concert with economic growth in most cities, and that a high-proportion of secondary industry and extensive investment growth have also exerted significant positive effects on city-level carbon emissions across China. In contrast, rapid population agglomeration, improvements in technology, increasing trade openness, and the accessibility and density of roads have all played a role in inhibiting carbon emissions. Thus, in order to reduce emissions, the Chinese government should legislate to inhibit the effects of factors that promote the release of carbon while at the same time acting to encourage those that mitigate this process. On the basis of the analysis presented in this study, we argue that optimizing industrial structures, streamlining extensive investment, increasing the level of technology, and improving road accessibility are all effective approaches to increase energy savings and reduce carbon emissions across China.
基金Project partially supported by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(CNPq)(No.309545/2021-8)。
文摘While large language models(LLMs)have made significant strides in natural language processing(NLP),they continue to face challenges in adequately addressing the intricacies of the Chinese language in certain scenarios.We propose a framework called Six-Writings multimodal processing(SWMP)to enable direct integration of Chinese NLP(CNLP)with morphological and semantic elements.The first part of SWMP,known as Six-Writings pictophonetic coding(SWPC),is introduced with a suitable level of granularity for radicals and components,enabling effective representation of Chinese characters and words.We conduct several experimental scenarios,including the following:(1)We establish an experimental database consisting of images and SWPC for Chinese characters,enabling dual-mode processing and matrix generation for CNLP.(2)We characterize various generative modes of Chinese words,such as thousands of Chinese idioms,used as question-and-answer(Q&A)prompt functions,facilitating analogies by SWPC.The experiments achieve 100%accuracy in answering all questions in the Chinese morphological data set(CA8-Mor-10177).(3)A fine-tuning mechanism is proposed to refine word embedding results using SWPC,resulting in an average relative error of≤25%for 39.37%of the questions in the Chinese wOrd Similarity data set(COS960).The results demonstrate that SWMP/SWPC methods effectively capture the distinctive features of Chinese and offer a promising mechanism to enhance CNLP with better efficiency.
文摘After pointed the unreasonableness of the three basic assumptions contained in HMM, we introduce the theory and the advantage of Stochastic najectory Models (STMs) that possibly resolve these problems caused by HMM assumptions. In STM, the acoustic observations of an acoustic unit are represented as clusters of trajectories in a parameter space.The trajectories are modelled by mixture of probability density functions of random sequence of states. After analyzing the characteristics of Chinese speech, the acoustic units for continuous Chinese speech recognition based on STM are discussed and phone-like units are suggested. The performance of continuous Chinese speech recognition based on STM is studied on VINICS system. The experimental results prove the efficiency of STM and the consistency of phone-like units.
文摘Open-source large language models(LLMs)research has made significant progress,but most studies predominantly focus on general-purpose English data,which poses challenges for LLM research in Chinese education.To address this,this research first reviewed and synthesized the core technologies of representative open-source LLMs,and designed an advanced 1.5Bparameter LLM tailored for the Chinese education field.Chinese education large language model(CELLM)is trained from scratch,involving two stages,namely,pretraining and instruction fine-tuning.In the pre-training phase,an open-source dataset is utilized for the Chinese education domain.During the instruction fine-tuning stage,the Chinese instruction dataset is developed and open-sourced,comprising over 258,000 data entries.Finally,the results and analysis of CELLM across multiple evaluation datasets are presented,which provides a reference baseline performance for future research.All of the models,data,and codes are opensource to foster community research on LLMs in the Chinese education domain.
基金supported by the“Research on language adaptive model based on Deep learning in futureoriented teaching scenarios”,project number:25B413010.
文摘Deep learning is more and more widely used in natural language processing.Compared with the traditional n-gram statistical language model,Recurrent neural network(RNN)modeling technology has shown great advantages in language modeling,and has been gradually applied in speech recognition,machine translation and other fields.However,at present,the training of RNN language models is mostly offline.For different speech recognition tasks,there are language differences between training corpus and recognition tasks,which affects the recognition rate of speech recognition systems.While using RNN modeling technology to train the Chinese language model,an online RNN model self-adaption algorithm is proposed,which takes the preliminary recognition results of speech signals as corpus to continue training the model,so that the adaptive RNN model can get the maximum match with the recognition task.The experimental results show that the adaptive model effectively reduces the language difference between the language model and the recognition task,and the recognition rate of the system is further improved after the Chinese word confusion network is re-scored,which has been verified in the actual Chinese speech recognition system.
基金supported by the 2030 National Key AI Program of China(No.2021ZD0113304)the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.62125604)+2 种基金the NSFC projects(Key project with No.61936010 and regular project with No.61876096)the Guoqiang Institute of Tsinghua University,China(Nos.2019GQG1 and 2020GQG0005)Tsinghua-Toyota Joint Research Fund.
文摘Large-scale pre-training has shown remarkable performance in building open-domain dialogue systems.However,previous works mainly focus on showing and evaluating the conversational performance of the released dialogue model,ignoring the discussion of some key factors towards a powerful human-like chatbot,especially in Chinese scenarios.In this paper,we conduct extensive experiments to investigate these under-explored factors,including data quality control,model architecture designs,training approaches,and decoding strategies.We propose EVA2.0,a large-scale pre-trained open-domain Chinese dialogue model with 2.8 billion parameters,and will make our models and codes publicly available.Automatic and human evaluations show that EVA2.0 significantly outperforms other open-source counterparts.We also discuss the limitations of this work by presenting some failure cases and pose some future research directions on large-scale Chinese open-domain dialogue systems.
