The processing of Chinese herbal medicine is a form of pharmaceutical technology developed over thousands of years,in order to increase efficiency and decrease toxicity of herbs in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).He...The processing of Chinese herbal medicine is a form of pharmaceutical technology developed over thousands of years,in order to increase efficiency and decrease toxicity of herbs in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Herbal processing is essential for safe and effective application of TCM in clinical practice,as it alters the active chemical components and therefore the functions of herbal medicines.Alkaloid-rich herbal medicines in TCM are commonly processed by cleansing,cutting,processing by dry stir-frying,stir-frying with liquid adjuvants,and processing by water decoction.In addition,commonly used adjuvants for processing alkaloid-rich herbal medicines are river sand,wine,vinegar,brine,honey and herbal juice.For alkaloid-rich herbal medicines,the main chemical reactions that occur during processing include hydrolysis,oxidation,replacement,decomposition and condensation.This paper aimed to summarize the processing methods and mechanisms for alkaloid-rich Chinese herbal medicines,and provide much-needed theoretical support and scientific evidence for understanding those mechanisms and effects.Information on processing methods for alkaloid-rich herbal medicines was collected from classic books of herbal medicine,PhD and MSc dissertations,online scientific databases including PubMed,SciFinder,Scopus,Web of Science,Baidu Scholar and Google Scholar.This paper should help to advance our knowledge of the processing mechanisms and aid in the development of processing methods for alkaloid-rich Chinese herbal medicines.展开更多
As one of the most widely used languages in the world,Chinese language is distinct from most western languages in many properties,thus providing a unique opportunity for understanding the brain basis of human language...As one of the most widely used languages in the world,Chinese language is distinct from most western languages in many properties,thus providing a unique opportunity for understanding the brain basis of human language and cognition.In recent years,non-invasive neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)blaze a new trail to comprehensively study specific neural correlates of Chinese language processing and Chinese speakers.We reviewed the application of functional MRI(fMRI)in such studies and some essential findings on brain systems in processing Chinese.Specifically,for example,the application of task fMRI and resting-state fMRI in observing the process of reading and writing the logographic characters and producing or listening to the tonal speech.Elementary cognitive neuroscience and several potential research directions around brain and Chinese language were discussed,which may be informative for future research.展开更多
The“nine cycles of steaming and shining”,“nine making”,“nine turns”and“nine cycles of calcining and quenching”methods that are recorded and used since ancient times are merely one aspect of the unique processi...The“nine cycles of steaming and shining”,“nine making”,“nine turns”and“nine cycles of calcining and quenching”methods that are recorded and used since ancient times are merely one aspect of the unique processing methods of traditional Chinese medicine.Inducing the Chinese medicine processing method“nine cycles of steaming and shining”from historical review and summarizing the practical wisdom based on the canonical aspects of traditional Chinese medicine and the experiences of ancient Chinese medicine sages to promote the new development of traditional Chinese medicine.After the long-term and multiple“nine”processing,the materials of traditional Chinese medicine exhibit significant beneficial changes in terms of taste,efficacy,and chemical composition contents,thus emphasizing that Chinese medicine processing plays a significant role in their efficacy enhancement and toxicity reduction.Heshouwu(Polygoni Multiflori Radix),Dihuang(Rehmanniae Radix),Huangjing(Rhizoma Polygonati),Dahuang(Radix et Rhizoma Rhei),and Xixiancao(Herba Siegesbeckiae)are representatives of Chinese medicinal materials prepared using the“nine-system”processing method.This review discovers the aim and the molecular mechanism of“nine”processing of the abovementioned herbs from the viewpoints of modern pharmacochemistry and pharmacology to provide a theoretical support for the“nine”processing method of traditional Chinese medicine and to promote the international market of traditional Chinese medicine.展开更多
The wastewater effluent from Radix aconiti processing, an important step in the production processes of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）, is a type of toxic wastewater and difficult to treat. Plasma oxidation metho...The wastewater effluent from Radix aconiti processing, an important step in the production processes of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）, is a type of toxic wastewater and difficult to treat. Plasma oxidation methods have emerged as feasible techniques for effective decomposition of toxic organic pollutants. This study examined the performance of a plasma reactor operated in a dielectric barrier discharge（DBD） to degrade the effluent from R. aconiti processing. The effects of treatment time, discharge voltage, initial pH value and the feeding gas for the reactor on the degradation of this TCM wastewater were investigated. A bacterium bioluminescence assay was adopted in this study to test the toxicity of the TCM wastewater after non-thermal plasma treatment. The degradation ratio of the main toxic component was 87.77% after 60 min treatment with oxygen used as feed gas and it was 99.59% when the initial p H value was 8.0. High discharge voltage and alkaline solution environment were beneficial for improving the degradation ratio. The treatment process was found to be capable of reducing the toxicity of the wastewater to a low level or even render it non-toxic. These experimental results suggested that the DBD plasma method may be a competitive technology for primary decomposition of biologically undegradable toxic organic pollutants in TCM wastewater.展开更多
Stir-frying is one of the important methods of processing medicinal materials. When stir-frying medicinal materials, no auxiliary materials are added, and only equipment is used to control the stir-frying temperature....Stir-frying is one of the important methods of processing medicinal materials. When stir-frying medicinal materials, no auxiliary materials are added, and only equipment is used to control the stir-frying temperature. Through stir-frying, expected changes in the appearance, smell and medicinal properties of the medicinal materials are promoted, and the application value of the Chinese medicinal materials is improved. In this paper, the method of stir-frying is briefly described, and the three operation methods of stir-frying yellow, stir-frying coke and stir-frying charcoal are explained. The practical application of stir-frying Chinese medicine processing is also analyzed.展开更多
Dear Editor,A few studies have focused on exploring APOE gene- related effects on cognitive functions and brain activities in healthy populations. Bondi et aL found that ε4 carriers perform significantly worse on the...Dear Editor,A few studies have focused on exploring APOE gene- related effects on cognitive functions and brain activities in healthy populations. Bondi et aL found that ε4 carriers perform significantly worse on the California Verbal Learning Test than non-carriers in non-demented old subjects （mean age, 72 years）ε11. But the results are not entirely consistent. For example, Scarmeas et aL found no effect of the E4 allele on neuropsychological performance[2] in young adults, and Jochemsen et al. found that the ε4 allele is associated with age-related cognitive decline[3]. Furthermore, protective and negative effects of the E2 allele on cognition are inconsistent[4＇ s]. APOE E2 is thought to be a protective allele for AD in the elderly population due to its role in the superior cognitive performance of ε2 carriers compared to E3 or E4 carriers[5]. However, the ε2 allele has also been found to have a negative effect on AD pathology[4].展开更多
Objective: to analyze the application value of Chinese medicine processing in Chinese medicine technology and the curative effect in clinical application. Methods: a total of 130 patients who were treated with traditi...Objective: to analyze the application value of Chinese medicine processing in Chinese medicine technology and the curative effect in clinical application. Methods: a total of 130 patients who were treated with traditional Chinese medicine in our hospital were divided into the control group and the observation group according to their clinical medication. The traditional Chinese medicines taken by patients in the control group were not processed with traditional Chinese medicine, while those taken by patients in the observation group were processed with traditional Chinese medicine. The clinical medication types, efficacy and adverse reactions of patients in the two groups were collected. Results: the medication types of patients in the two groups mainly included alkaloids, volatile oils, and glycosides, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The patients in the observation group had better clinical treatment efficiency and treatment time than those in the control group. The incidence of adverse reactions was lower than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: in Chinese medicine treatment, the use of Chinese medicine processing to produce drugs can effectively improve the efficacy and safety of the drugs, in order to improve the quality of patients' prognosis, which has high application value.展开更多
Traditional Chinese medicine processing is a traditional Chinese medicine processing technology with a long history in our country. Through different processing methods, the properties, functions and side effects of t...Traditional Chinese medicine processing is a traditional Chinese medicine processing technology with a long history in our country. Through different processing methods, the properties, functions and side effects of traditional Chinese medicine will change. The ultimate purpose of processing Chinese medicine is to reduce the toxicity of Chinese medicine and enhance the drug properties. With the development of science and technology, the processing of traditional Chinese medicine plays an extremely important role in the properties of the medicine. In this paper, the effects of different processing methods on the medicinal properties of traditional Chinese medicine are explained.展开更多
Objective: in view of the influence of different processing methods of traditional Chinese medicine on the actual curative effect of traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces, a comprehensive and in-depth analysis...Objective: in view of the influence of different processing methods of traditional Chinese medicine on the actual curative effect of traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces, a comprehensive and in-depth analysis and research are carried out. Methods: one hundred and twenty patients from 2016 to 2017 were selected from our hospital as the research object. All patients were divided into three groups by the way of random average grouping, that is, Group A, Group B and Group C. For all the patients in Group A, the TCM water treatment pre-grading method was used, all patients in Group B were treated with traditional Chinese medicine before processing, and all patients in Group C were treated with traditional Chinese medicine before water treatment and before processing. After a period of treatment, the clinical treatment conditions of patients in three groups were compared comprehensively. Results: the comprehensive efficiency of clinical treatment of patients in Group C exceeded 90%, which was significantly higher than the treatment effect of Group A and B. Conclusion: the processing method of traditional Chinese medicine plays an important role in improving the clinical treatment effect of traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces. Therefore, in the teaching of traditional Chinese medicine processing, students should be actively taught relevant knowledge before water treatment and before processing, so as to promote students' in-depth understanding and mastery of the processing method of traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces.展开更多
Time-resolved single-particle measurements were conducted during Chinese New Year in Nanning, China. Firework displays resulted in a burst of SO2, coarse mode, and accumulation mode （100-500 nm） particles. Through s...Time-resolved single-particle measurements were conducted during Chinese New Year in Nanning, China. Firework displays resulted in a burst of SO2, coarse mode, and accumulation mode （100-500 nm） particles. Through single particle mass spectrometry analysis, five different types of particles （fireworks-metal, ash, dust, organic carbon-sulfate （OC-sulfate）, biomass burning） with different size distributions were identified as primary emissions from firework displays. The fireworks-related particles accounted for more than 70% of the total analyzed particles during severe firework detonations. The formation of secondary particulate sulfate and nitrate during firework events was investigated on single particle level. An increase of sulfite peak （80SO3） followed by an increase of sulfate peaks （97HSO7＋96SO7） in the mass spectra during firework displays indicated the aqueous uptake and oxidation of SO2 on particles. High concentration of gaseous SO2, high relative humidity and high particle loading likely promoted SO2 oxidation. Secondary nitrate formed through gas-phase oxidation of NO2 to nitric acid, followed by the condensation into particles as ammonium nitrate. This study shows that under worm, humid conditions, both primary and secondary aerosols contribute to the particulate air pollution during firework displays.展开更多
Background:Traditional Chinese medicines are usually processed before they are used for clinical treatment.This is done in a way associated with the Maillard reaction.Methods:Based on the Maillard reaction,this paper ...Background:Traditional Chinese medicines are usually processed before they are used for clinical treatment.This is done in a way associated with the Maillard reaction.Methods:Based on the Maillard reaction,this paper analyzed the degree of processing of rehmannia root(Rehmanniae radix)relative to the dynamic variation rules of Maillard reaction index parameters,including pH,A420,amino acids,and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.Furthermore,this study introduced thermal analysis techniques and pyrolysis kinetics to assess the influence of the correlation between processing raw rehmannia root and the Maillard reaction during carbonization.It then went through the whole process of transforming the raw material to end-product in order to explain the scientific connotation of processing it.Results:The results showed that each time rehmannia root was processed,its pH value and amino acid content decreased,while the A420 value and 5-HMF increased.Processing with wine shows a significant difference in these experimental indexes.The position and intensity of the maximum thermal weight loss rate peak of processed rehmannia root at different degrees of processing are different.Comprehensive quantitative 221±0.2°C for processed rehmannia root carbonization was the processing temperature limit.Moreover,the kinetic solution verified that the activation energy corresponding to the carbonization temperature was close to the maximum value of the activation energy of the whole carbonization process,and the optimal mechanism function was g(α)=((1−α)−1/3−1)2.Conclusion:The Maillard reaction occurred during the processing of rehmannia root mixed with carbonization.With each increase of the number of steaming and drying cycles involved in the processing,the level of Maillard reaction increased significantly.The wine-steaming method had a significant effect on the quality of the processed product.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to analyze the change in the active structure of lignite during the process of lowtemperature oxidation by constructing a molecular structure model for lignite. Using quantum computation combi...The aim of this paper is to analyze the change in the active structure of lignite during the process of lowtemperature oxidation by constructing a molecular structure model for lignite. Using quantum computation combined with experimental results of proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), a structural model for the large molecular structure was constructed. By analyzing the bond lengths in the model molecule, the evolution law for the active structure of lignite was predicted for the process of low-temperature oxidation. In low-temperature oxidation,alkanes and hydroxyls are the primary active structures observed in lignite, though ether may also react. These active functional groups react with oxygen to release heat, thereby speeding up the reaction between coal and oxygen. Finally, the content of various functional groups in the process of lignite low-temperature oxidation was analyzed by infrared analysis, and the accuracy of the model was verified.展开更多
[Objectives]To study and compare the processing methods of Ziziphus jujuba Mill.[Methods]Z.jujuba was processed by seven methods:cleaning,yellowish frying,burnt frying,carbonized frying,moistening by hot sand,steaming...[Objectives]To study and compare the processing methods of Ziziphus jujuba Mill.[Methods]Z.jujuba was processed by seven methods:cleaning,yellowish frying,burnt frying,carbonized frying,moistening by hot sand,steaming,and boiling.Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry was used to determine the content of total flavonoids in each processed Z.jujuba.[Results]The content of total flavonoids measured by various processing methods was different.The content of total flavonoids in the processed Z.jujuba by moistening by hot sand was relatively high and the absorption peak spectrum was almost the same as that of the cleaned processed Z.jujuba and the rutin reference substance.[Conclusions]The moistening by hot sand is the optimal method for processing of Z.jujuba.展开更多
Background:Traditional Chinese medicine requires special processing before it can be effectively used for clinical treatment of diseases.In particular,Tangshen stir-fried with wheat bran smoke has been found to enhanc...Background:Traditional Chinese medicine requires special processing before it can be effectively used for clinical treatment of diseases.In particular,Tangshen stir-fried with wheat bran smoke has been found to enhance the function of the stomach and spleen.However,there is limited research on the technology and pharmacodynamic effects of Tangshen fried with bran.Therefore,the objective of this article is to optimize the method of stir-frying with bran for Tangshen processing and to compare the anti-fatigue and hypoxia-resistance effects of Tangshen before and after bran-frying.Methods:The response surface methodology was utilized to optimize the frying temperature,frying time,and the bran-to-Tangshen ratio,using lobetyolin as the indicator.The swimming time of mice and the levels of blood urea nitrogen,lactate dehydrogenase,and blood glucose in fatigued mice were compared before and after Tangshen was fried with bran.Additionally,the hypoxic resistance ability of Tangshen before and after bran-frying was determined through normobaric hypoxia test and sodium nitrite poisoning test.Results:The optimal bran-frying conditions for Tangshen processing were determined as:frying temperature of 167°C,frying time of 2.67 min,and the bran-to-Tangshen ratio of 50:100.Pharmacodynamic analysis results indicated that Tangshen significantly increased the GLU content(P<0.01)and significantly reduced the LDH content(P<0.01)both before and after bran-frying.While both traditional and new bran-frying methods significantly increased the content of muscle glycogen(P<0.05),the optimized method in this study also significantly elevated the content of liver glycogen(P<0.05).The traditional method significantly prolonged the survival time of mice from sodium nitrite poisoning(P<0.05).Conclusion:The response surface model proved to be highly effective in optimizing the stir-frying process with bran for Tangshen processing.The results of this study indicate that Tangshen possesses anti-fatigue and hypoxia-resistance effects both before and after bran-frying,with bran-fried Tangshen exhibiting significantly stronger effects.展开更多
As a non-standard core equipment of the-101℃class rectisol unit,the hydrogen sulfide/carbon dioxide absorber fabricated by the Wuhan Donghai Heavy-duty Petrochemical Equipment Manufacturing Company has
Traditional Chinese medicine decoction piece is a kind of medicine that people understand based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine and apply in clinic. It can be used for disease prevention and control, reh...Traditional Chinese medicine decoction piece is a kind of medicine that people understand based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine and apply in clinic. It can be used for disease prevention and control, rehabilitation and health care of the public. Traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces are mostly used for plants, and a few are used for minerals and animals. Their raw materials are traditional Chinese medicines, which have certain use specifications, and their processing methods are also different. In order to implement the Medium and Long-term Talent Development Plan for Medicine and Health (2011-2020) and the "Twelfth Five-year Plan" for the Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine, understand the authentic medicinal materials and drug processing, and propose quality control measures for Chinese herbal pieces, and apply them to clinical practice. It is a good plan to promote the quality control effect of Chinese herbal pieces in hospitals.展开更多
A process of ＂Methanol or Dimethylether to Olefins＂ developed by Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics （DICP）, designated as the DMTO process, has attained great success in industrial scaling up testing. DICP, by c...A process of ＂Methanol or Dimethylether to Olefins＂ developed by Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics （DICP）, designated as the DMTO process, has attained great success in industrial scaling up testing. DICP, by collaborating with the Xinxing Coal Chemical Co., Ltd. of Shaanxi Province and the Luoyang Petrochemical Engineering Co. of the SINOPEC Group, operated successfully a 50t（methanol）/d unit for the conversion of methanol to lower olefins, with a methanol conversion of close to 100%, and a selectivity to lower olefins（ethylene, propylene and butylenes） of higher than 90%. On 23rd August, the industrial test project has passed a state appraisal. The experts of the Appraisal Group, headed by Prof. YUAN Qingtang, academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering, drew the conclusions that the DMTO process, by utilizing a proprietary SAPO-34 catalyst system and a recycling fluidized bed reaction system for the production of lower olefins from methanol, is the first unit in the world having a capacity of producing nearly ten thousand tons lower olefins per year. The technological level of the industrial test is at a leading position internationally. This accomplishment will provide a sound base for the subsequent commercialization of the DMTO process.展开更多
While large language models(LLMs)have made significant strides in natural language processing(NLP),they continue to face challenges in adequately addressing the intricacies of the Chinese language in certain scenarios...While large language models(LLMs)have made significant strides in natural language processing(NLP),they continue to face challenges in adequately addressing the intricacies of the Chinese language in certain scenarios.We propose a framework called Six-Writings multimodal processing(SWMP)to enable direct integration of Chinese NLP(CNLP)with morphological and semantic elements.The first part of SWMP,known as Six-Writings pictophonetic coding(SWPC),is introduced with a suitable level of granularity for radicals and components,enabling effective representation of Chinese characters and words.We conduct several experimental scenarios,including the following:(1)We establish an experimental database consisting of images and SWPC for Chinese characters,enabling dual-mode processing and matrix generation for CNLP.(2)We characterize various generative modes of Chinese words,such as thousands of Chinese idioms,used as question-and-answer(Q&A)prompt functions,facilitating analogies by SWPC.The experiments achieve 100%accuracy in answering all questions in the Chinese morphological data set(CA8-Mor-10177).(3)A fine-tuning mechanism is proposed to refine word embedding results using SWPC,resulting in an average relative error of≤25%for 39.37%of the questions in the Chinese wOrd Similarity data set(COS960).The results demonstrate that SWMP/SWPC methods effectively capture the distinctive features of Chinese and offer a promising mechanism to enhance CNLP with better efficiency.展开更多
The paper presents some main progresses and achievements in Chinese information processing. It focuses on six aspects, i.e., Chinese syntactic analysis, Chinese semantic analysis, machine translation, information retr...The paper presents some main progresses and achievements in Chinese information processing. It focuses on six aspects, i.e., Chinese syntactic analysis, Chinese semantic analysis, machine translation, information retrieval, information extraction, and speech recognition and synthesis. The important techniques and possible key problems of the respective branch in the near future are discussed as well.展开更多
The exption of Chinese natural language processing(NLP)has stimulated research in the broader NLP domain.However,existing large language models have limitations in comprehending and reasoning in Chinese.This paper add...The exption of Chinese natural language processing(NLP)has stimulated research in the broader NLP domain.However,existing large language models have limitations in comprehending and reasoning in Chinese.This paper addresses these limitations by enhancing Chinese language models comprehension and reasoning capabilities while minimizing resource requirements.We propose LLaMA-LoRA,a neural prompt engineering framework that builds upon the LLaMA-13B model and incorporates the Low-Rank Adaptation(LoRA)of Large Language Models technique for refinement.Chain-of-Thought(CoT)are crucial for generating intermediate reasoning chains in language models,but their effectiveness can be limited by isolated language patterns.Erroneous reasoning resulting from conventional prompts negatively impacts model performance.Automatic prompts are introduced to encourage reasoning chain generation and accurate answer inference.Training the model with an extensive corpus of Chinese CoT data enhances its comprehension and reasoning abilities.The LLaMA-LoRA model demonstrates exceptional performance across numerous Chinese language tasks,surpassing benchmark performance achieved by related language models such as GPT-3.5,Chat-GLM,and OpenAssistant,delivering accurate,comprehensive,and professional answers.The availability of our open-source model code facilitates further research in the field of Chinese text logical reasoning thinking chains.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81573610)Xinglin Scholar Discipline Promotion Talent Program of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.BSH2018006)。
文摘The processing of Chinese herbal medicine is a form of pharmaceutical technology developed over thousands of years,in order to increase efficiency and decrease toxicity of herbs in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Herbal processing is essential for safe and effective application of TCM in clinical practice,as it alters the active chemical components and therefore the functions of herbal medicines.Alkaloid-rich herbal medicines in TCM are commonly processed by cleansing,cutting,processing by dry stir-frying,stir-frying with liquid adjuvants,and processing by water decoction.In addition,commonly used adjuvants for processing alkaloid-rich herbal medicines are river sand,wine,vinegar,brine,honey and herbal juice.For alkaloid-rich herbal medicines,the main chemical reactions that occur during processing include hydrolysis,oxidation,replacement,decomposition and condensation.This paper aimed to summarize the processing methods and mechanisms for alkaloid-rich Chinese herbal medicines,and provide much-needed theoretical support and scientific evidence for understanding those mechanisms and effects.Information on processing methods for alkaloid-rich herbal medicines was collected from classic books of herbal medicine,PhD and MSc dissertations,online scientific databases including PubMed,SciFinder,Scopus,Web of Science,Baidu Scholar and Google Scholar.This paper should help to advance our knowledge of the processing mechanisms and aid in the development of processing methods for alkaloid-rich Chinese herbal medicines.
基金the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China(Grants 81790650,81790651,81727808,81627901,and 31771253)the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(Grants Z171100000117012 and Z181100001518003)the Collaborative Research Fund of the Chinese Institute for Brain Research,Beijing(No.2020-NKXPT-02).
文摘As one of the most widely used languages in the world,Chinese language is distinct from most western languages in many properties,thus providing a unique opportunity for understanding the brain basis of human language and cognition.In recent years,non-invasive neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)blaze a new trail to comprehensively study specific neural correlates of Chinese language processing and Chinese speakers.We reviewed the application of functional MRI(fMRI)in such studies and some essential findings on brain systems in processing Chinese.Specifically,for example,the application of task fMRI and resting-state fMRI in observing the process of reading and writing the logographic characters and producing or listening to the tonal speech.Elementary cognitive neuroscience and several potential research directions around brain and Chinese language were discussed,which may be informative for future research.
基金This study was supported by a grant from The Key Technology Research for Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization of Shanxi Province(Zhendong Special Project,2014ZD0302)The Key Research&Development Plan of Shanxi Province(Social Development Project,201603D3112002)Cultivate Scientific Research Excellence Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi(20190127).
文摘The“nine cycles of steaming and shining”,“nine making”,“nine turns”and“nine cycles of calcining and quenching”methods that are recorded and used since ancient times are merely one aspect of the unique processing methods of traditional Chinese medicine.Inducing the Chinese medicine processing method“nine cycles of steaming and shining”from historical review and summarizing the practical wisdom based on the canonical aspects of traditional Chinese medicine and the experiences of ancient Chinese medicine sages to promote the new development of traditional Chinese medicine.After the long-term and multiple“nine”processing,the materials of traditional Chinese medicine exhibit significant beneficial changes in terms of taste,efficacy,and chemical composition contents,thus emphasizing that Chinese medicine processing plays a significant role in their efficacy enhancement and toxicity reduction.Heshouwu(Polygoni Multiflori Radix),Dihuang(Rehmanniae Radix),Huangjing(Rhizoma Polygonati),Dahuang(Radix et Rhizoma Rhei),and Xixiancao(Herba Siegesbeckiae)are representatives of Chinese medicinal materials prepared using the“nine-system”processing method.This review discovers the aim and the molecular mechanism of“nine”processing of the abovementioned herbs from the viewpoints of modern pharmacochemistry and pharmacology to provide a theoretical support for the“nine”processing method of traditional Chinese medicine and to promote the international market of traditional Chinese medicine.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11075041)
文摘The wastewater effluent from Radix aconiti processing, an important step in the production processes of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）, is a type of toxic wastewater and difficult to treat. Plasma oxidation methods have emerged as feasible techniques for effective decomposition of toxic organic pollutants. This study examined the performance of a plasma reactor operated in a dielectric barrier discharge（DBD） to degrade the effluent from R. aconiti processing. The effects of treatment time, discharge voltage, initial pH value and the feeding gas for the reactor on the degradation of this TCM wastewater were investigated. A bacterium bioluminescence assay was adopted in this study to test the toxicity of the TCM wastewater after non-thermal plasma treatment. The degradation ratio of the main toxic component was 87.77% after 60 min treatment with oxygen used as feed gas and it was 99.59% when the initial p H value was 8.0. High discharge voltage and alkaline solution environment were beneficial for improving the degradation ratio. The treatment process was found to be capable of reducing the toxicity of the wastewater to a low level or even render it non-toxic. These experimental results suggested that the DBD plasma method may be a competitive technology for primary decomposition of biologically undegradable toxic organic pollutants in TCM wastewater.
文摘Stir-frying is one of the important methods of processing medicinal materials. When stir-frying medicinal materials, no auxiliary materials are added, and only equipment is used to control the stir-frying temperature. Through stir-frying, expected changes in the appearance, smell and medicinal properties of the medicinal materials are promoted, and the application value of the Chinese medicinal materials is improved. In this paper, the method of stir-frying is briefly described, and the three operation methods of stir-frying yellow, stir-frying coke and stir-frying charcoal are explained. The practical application of stir-frying Chinese medicine processing is also analyzed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81130024)the National Key Technology R & D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan (2012BAI01B06)
文摘Dear Editor,A few studies have focused on exploring APOE gene- related effects on cognitive functions and brain activities in healthy populations. Bondi et aL found that ε4 carriers perform significantly worse on the California Verbal Learning Test than non-carriers in non-demented old subjects （mean age, 72 years）ε11. But the results are not entirely consistent. For example, Scarmeas et aL found no effect of the E4 allele on neuropsychological performance[2] in young adults, and Jochemsen et al. found that the ε4 allele is associated with age-related cognitive decline[3]. Furthermore, protective and negative effects of the E2 allele on cognition are inconsistent[4＇ s]. APOE E2 is thought to be a protective allele for AD in the elderly population due to its role in the superior cognitive performance of ε2 carriers compared to E3 or E4 carriers[5]. However, the ε2 allele has also been found to have a negative effect on AD pathology[4].
文摘Objective: to analyze the application value of Chinese medicine processing in Chinese medicine technology and the curative effect in clinical application. Methods: a total of 130 patients who were treated with traditional Chinese medicine in our hospital were divided into the control group and the observation group according to their clinical medication. The traditional Chinese medicines taken by patients in the control group were not processed with traditional Chinese medicine, while those taken by patients in the observation group were processed with traditional Chinese medicine. The clinical medication types, efficacy and adverse reactions of patients in the two groups were collected. Results: the medication types of patients in the two groups mainly included alkaloids, volatile oils, and glycosides, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The patients in the observation group had better clinical treatment efficiency and treatment time than those in the control group. The incidence of adverse reactions was lower than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: in Chinese medicine treatment, the use of Chinese medicine processing to produce drugs can effectively improve the efficacy and safety of the drugs, in order to improve the quality of patients' prognosis, which has high application value.
文摘Traditional Chinese medicine processing is a traditional Chinese medicine processing technology with a long history in our country. Through different processing methods, the properties, functions and side effects of traditional Chinese medicine will change. The ultimate purpose of processing Chinese medicine is to reduce the toxicity of Chinese medicine and enhance the drug properties. With the development of science and technology, the processing of traditional Chinese medicine plays an extremely important role in the properties of the medicine. In this paper, the effects of different processing methods on the medicinal properties of traditional Chinese medicine are explained.
文摘Objective: in view of the influence of different processing methods of traditional Chinese medicine on the actual curative effect of traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces, a comprehensive and in-depth analysis and research are carried out. Methods: one hundred and twenty patients from 2016 to 2017 were selected from our hospital as the research object. All patients were divided into three groups by the way of random average grouping, that is, Group A, Group B and Group C. For all the patients in Group A, the TCM water treatment pre-grading method was used, all patients in Group B were treated with traditional Chinese medicine before processing, and all patients in Group C were treated with traditional Chinese medicine before water treatment and before processing. After a period of treatment, the clinical treatment conditions of patients in three groups were compared comprehensively. Results: the comprehensive efficiency of clinical treatment of patients in Group C exceeded 90%, which was significantly higher than the treatment effect of Group A and B. Conclusion: the processing method of traditional Chinese medicine plays an important role in improving the clinical treatment effect of traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces. Therefore, in the teaching of traditional Chinese medicine processing, students should be actively taught relevant knowledge before water treatment and before processing, so as to promote students' in-depth understanding and mastery of the processing method of traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.91544224,41275126)the Ministry of Science&Technology of China(No.2012YQ220113-4)+1 种基金the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China(No.201409008)the Science&Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(No.14DZ1202900)
文摘Time-resolved single-particle measurements were conducted during Chinese New Year in Nanning, China. Firework displays resulted in a burst of SO2, coarse mode, and accumulation mode （100-500 nm） particles. Through single particle mass spectrometry analysis, five different types of particles （fireworks-metal, ash, dust, organic carbon-sulfate （OC-sulfate）, biomass burning） with different size distributions were identified as primary emissions from firework displays. The fireworks-related particles accounted for more than 70% of the total analyzed particles during severe firework detonations. The formation of secondary particulate sulfate and nitrate during firework events was investigated on single particle level. An increase of sulfite peak （80SO3） followed by an increase of sulfate peaks （97HSO7＋96SO7） in the mass spectra during firework displays indicated the aqueous uptake and oxidation of SO2 on particles. High concentration of gaseous SO2, high relative humidity and high particle loading likely promoted SO2 oxidation. Secondary nitrate formed through gas-phase oxidation of NO2 to nitric acid, followed by the condensation into particles as ammonium nitrate. This study shows that under worm, humid conditions, both primary and secondary aerosols contribute to the particulate air pollution during firework displays.
基金This research was funded by General Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81673601)the Key Research&Development Plan of Shanxi Province(Social Development Project,No.201603D3112002)Cultivate Scientific Research Excellence Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi(No.2019KJ032).
文摘Background:Traditional Chinese medicines are usually processed before they are used for clinical treatment.This is done in a way associated with the Maillard reaction.Methods:Based on the Maillard reaction,this paper analyzed the degree of processing of rehmannia root(Rehmanniae radix)relative to the dynamic variation rules of Maillard reaction index parameters,including pH,A420,amino acids,and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.Furthermore,this study introduced thermal analysis techniques and pyrolysis kinetics to assess the influence of the correlation between processing raw rehmannia root and the Maillard reaction during carbonization.It then went through the whole process of transforming the raw material to end-product in order to explain the scientific connotation of processing it.Results:The results showed that each time rehmannia root was processed,its pH value and amino acid content decreased,while the A420 value and 5-HMF increased.Processing with wine shows a significant difference in these experimental indexes.The position and intensity of the maximum thermal weight loss rate peak of processed rehmannia root at different degrees of processing are different.Comprehensive quantitative 221±0.2°C for processed rehmannia root carbonization was the processing temperature limit.Moreover,the kinetic solution verified that the activation energy corresponding to the carbonization temperature was close to the maximum value of the activation energy of the whole carbonization process,and the optimal mechanism function was g(α)=((1−α)−1/3−1)2.Conclusion:The Maillard reaction occurred during the processing of rehmannia root mixed with carbonization.With each increase of the number of steaming and drying cycles involved in the processing,the level of Maillard reaction increased significantly.The wine-steaming method had a significant effect on the quality of the processed product.
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2017XKQY066)
文摘The aim of this paper is to analyze the change in the active structure of lignite during the process of lowtemperature oxidation by constructing a molecular structure model for lignite. Using quantum computation combined with experimental results of proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), a structural model for the large molecular structure was constructed. By analyzing the bond lengths in the model molecule, the evolution law for the active structure of lignite was predicted for the process of low-temperature oxidation. In low-temperature oxidation,alkanes and hydroxyls are the primary active structures observed in lignite, though ether may also react. These active functional groups react with oxygen to release heat, thereby speeding up the reaction between coal and oxygen. Finally, the content of various functional groups in the process of lignite low-temperature oxidation was analyzed by infrared analysis, and the accuracy of the model was verified.
基金Supported by Scientific Research Foundation of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education(2018JS719).
文摘[Objectives]To study and compare the processing methods of Ziziphus jujuba Mill.[Methods]Z.jujuba was processed by seven methods:cleaning,yellowish frying,burnt frying,carbonized frying,moistening by hot sand,steaming,and boiling.Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry was used to determine the content of total flavonoids in each processed Z.jujuba.[Results]The content of total flavonoids measured by various processing methods was different.The content of total flavonoids in the processed Z.jujuba by moistening by hot sand was relatively high and the absorption peak spectrum was almost the same as that of the cleaned processed Z.jujuba and the rutin reference substance.[Conclusions]The moistening by hot sand is the optimal method for processing of Z.jujuba.
基金This work was supported by the Key Project of the Key R&D Program of the Department of Science and Technology of Shanxi Province(201603D3112002).
文摘Background:Traditional Chinese medicine requires special processing before it can be effectively used for clinical treatment of diseases.In particular,Tangshen stir-fried with wheat bran smoke has been found to enhance the function of the stomach and spleen.However,there is limited research on the technology and pharmacodynamic effects of Tangshen fried with bran.Therefore,the objective of this article is to optimize the method of stir-frying with bran for Tangshen processing and to compare the anti-fatigue and hypoxia-resistance effects of Tangshen before and after bran-frying.Methods:The response surface methodology was utilized to optimize the frying temperature,frying time,and the bran-to-Tangshen ratio,using lobetyolin as the indicator.The swimming time of mice and the levels of blood urea nitrogen,lactate dehydrogenase,and blood glucose in fatigued mice were compared before and after Tangshen was fried with bran.Additionally,the hypoxic resistance ability of Tangshen before and after bran-frying was determined through normobaric hypoxia test and sodium nitrite poisoning test.Results:The optimal bran-frying conditions for Tangshen processing were determined as:frying temperature of 167°C,frying time of 2.67 min,and the bran-to-Tangshen ratio of 50:100.Pharmacodynamic analysis results indicated that Tangshen significantly increased the GLU content(P<0.01)and significantly reduced the LDH content(P<0.01)both before and after bran-frying.While both traditional and new bran-frying methods significantly increased the content of muscle glycogen(P<0.05),the optimized method in this study also significantly elevated the content of liver glycogen(P<0.05).The traditional method significantly prolonged the survival time of mice from sodium nitrite poisoning(P<0.05).Conclusion:The response surface model proved to be highly effective in optimizing the stir-frying process with bran for Tangshen processing.The results of this study indicate that Tangshen possesses anti-fatigue and hypoxia-resistance effects both before and after bran-frying,with bran-fried Tangshen exhibiting significantly stronger effects.
文摘As a non-standard core equipment of the-101℃class rectisol unit,the hydrogen sulfide/carbon dioxide absorber fabricated by the Wuhan Donghai Heavy-duty Petrochemical Equipment Manufacturing Company has
文摘Traditional Chinese medicine decoction piece is a kind of medicine that people understand based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine and apply in clinic. It can be used for disease prevention and control, rehabilitation and health care of the public. Traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces are mostly used for plants, and a few are used for minerals and animals. Their raw materials are traditional Chinese medicines, which have certain use specifications, and their processing methods are also different. In order to implement the Medium and Long-term Talent Development Plan for Medicine and Health (2011-2020) and the "Twelfth Five-year Plan" for the Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine, understand the authentic medicinal materials and drug processing, and propose quality control measures for Chinese herbal pieces, and apply them to clinical practice. It is a good plan to promote the quality control effect of Chinese herbal pieces in hospitals.
文摘A process of ＂Methanol or Dimethylether to Olefins＂ developed by Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics （DICP）, designated as the DMTO process, has attained great success in industrial scaling up testing. DICP, by collaborating with the Xinxing Coal Chemical Co., Ltd. of Shaanxi Province and the Luoyang Petrochemical Engineering Co. of the SINOPEC Group, operated successfully a 50t（methanol）/d unit for the conversion of methanol to lower olefins, with a methanol conversion of close to 100%, and a selectivity to lower olefins（ethylene, propylene and butylenes） of higher than 90%. On 23rd August, the industrial test project has passed a state appraisal. The experts of the Appraisal Group, headed by Prof. YUAN Qingtang, academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering, drew the conclusions that the DMTO process, by utilizing a proprietary SAPO-34 catalyst system and a recycling fluidized bed reaction system for the production of lower olefins from methanol, is the first unit in the world having a capacity of producing nearly ten thousand tons lower olefins per year. The technological level of the industrial test is at a leading position internationally. This accomplishment will provide a sound base for the subsequent commercialization of the DMTO process.
基金Project partially supported by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(CNPq)(No.309545/2021-8)。
文摘While large language models(LLMs)have made significant strides in natural language processing(NLP),they continue to face challenges in adequately addressing the intricacies of the Chinese language in certain scenarios.We propose a framework called Six-Writings multimodal processing(SWMP)to enable direct integration of Chinese NLP(CNLP)with morphological and semantic elements.The first part of SWMP,known as Six-Writings pictophonetic coding(SWPC),is introduced with a suitable level of granularity for radicals and components,enabling effective representation of Chinese characters and words.We conduct several experimental scenarios,including the following:(1)We establish an experimental database consisting of images and SWPC for Chinese characters,enabling dual-mode processing and matrix generation for CNLP.(2)We characterize various generative modes of Chinese words,such as thousands of Chinese idioms,used as question-and-answer(Q&A)prompt functions,facilitating analogies by SWPC.The experiments achieve 100%accuracy in answering all questions in the Chinese morphological data set(CA8-Mor-10177).(3)A fine-tuning mechanism is proposed to refine word embedding results using SWPC,resulting in an average relative error of≤25%for 39.37%of the questions in the Chinese wOrd Similarity data set(COS960).The results demonstrate that SWMP/SWPC methods effectively capture the distinctive features of Chinese and offer a promising mechanism to enhance CNLP with better efficiency.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. 60375019, 60373101 and 60575041）. Acknowledgement Composition of this paper has benefited a lot from the work of postgraduates and teachers in the M0E-MS Key Laboratory of Natural Language Processing and Speech.
文摘The paper presents some main progresses and achievements in Chinese information processing. It focuses on six aspects, i.e., Chinese syntactic analysis, Chinese semantic analysis, machine translation, information retrieval, information extraction, and speech recognition and synthesis. The important techniques and possible key problems of the respective branch in the near future are discussed as well.
基金supported by the the Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Province(Grant no.2023YFS0424)the"Open bidding for selecting the best candidates"Science and Technology Project of Chengdu(Grant no.2023-JB00-00020-GX)the National Natural Science Foundation(Grant nos.61902324,11426179,and 61872298).
文摘The exption of Chinese natural language processing(NLP)has stimulated research in the broader NLP domain.However,existing large language models have limitations in comprehending and reasoning in Chinese.This paper addresses these limitations by enhancing Chinese language models comprehension and reasoning capabilities while minimizing resource requirements.We propose LLaMA-LoRA,a neural prompt engineering framework that builds upon the LLaMA-13B model and incorporates the Low-Rank Adaptation(LoRA)of Large Language Models technique for refinement.Chain-of-Thought(CoT)are crucial for generating intermediate reasoning chains in language models,but their effectiveness can be limited by isolated language patterns.Erroneous reasoning resulting from conventional prompts negatively impacts model performance.Automatic prompts are introduced to encourage reasoning chain generation and accurate answer inference.Training the model with an extensive corpus of Chinese CoT data enhances its comprehension and reasoning abilities.The LLaMA-LoRA model demonstrates exceptional performance across numerous Chinese language tasks,surpassing benchmark performance achieved by related language models such as GPT-3.5,Chat-GLM,and OpenAssistant,delivering accurate,comprehensive,and professional answers.The availability of our open-source model code facilitates further research in the field of Chinese text logical reasoning thinking chains.
