As a major aspect of the ′China Model′, urbanization in China is being heatedly discussed in the Anglophone literature in the last two decades. By considering China′s urbanization as a ′testing ground′ of ′west...As a major aspect of the ′China Model′, urbanization in China is being heatedly discussed in the Anglophone literature in the last two decades. By considering China′s urbanization as a ′testing ground′ of ′western′ theories, these studies are important for the understanding of China′s ongoing urban restructuring and exchanging knowledge with ′western′ insights. Based on a survey of existing studies, this paper identifies various endogenous and exogenous concepts and explanations of China′s urbanization. It is suggested that China′s urbanization is mainly driven by a combination of political decentralization and neoliberalization with various forms of social stratification and mobility. However, it is argued that the distinctness of the ′China Model′, which is usually used to support the legitimacy of studies of China′s urbanization, has led to many controversial arguments and diminished the due contributions of Chinese scholars in the knowledge production of China′s urbanization. To consolidate the legitimacy of studies on China′s urbanization and enhance the roles of Chinese scholars, we suggest future studies to pay more attentions to the fundamental theories with looser constraints and ′true questions′ on China′s urbanization.展开更多
|Editorial Note| Since reform and opening up,China has embarked on a path of development featuring socialism with Chinese characteristics,scoring remarkable achievements that have drawn attention from all over the wor...|Editorial Note| Since reform and opening up,China has embarked on a path of development featuring socialism with Chinese characteristics,scoring remarkable achievements that have drawn attention from all over the world.What has reform and opening up achieved?What are its experiences?What are the intrinsic values of socialism with Chinese characteristics?How is China’s development path viewed in the international community? This paper gives an overview of these questions,shedding light on the problems that the country faces and optimism about its future.展开更多
Advocates of the "China model" believe the country’s economic success owes much to a powerful government tightly controlling the economy.But that model is not without flaws.Wu Jinglian,a renowned economist,...Advocates of the "China model" believe the country’s economic success owes much to a powerful government tightly controlling the economy.But that model is not without flaws.Wu Jinglian,a renowned economist,discussed these issues in an article recently published in the Caijing magazine.Edited excerpts follow:展开更多
These are excerpts of the speech President Luo Haocai delivered at the Second National Work-Experience Exchange Conference of Human Rights Research Organizations on April 28, 2010.
Since the beginning of reform and opening up and particu- larly since the beginning of the 21st century, Chinese peoplehave had a deeper understanding of the importance of human rights, better recognition of progress ...Since the beginning of reform and opening up and particu- larly since the beginning of the 21st century, Chinese peoplehave had a deeper understanding of the importance of human rights, better recognition of progress made in the field of human rights, and more urgent aspirations for further development of human rights in China. At the same time, there are problems and confu- sion that need to be addressed. For example, what is the China model for ensuring human rights？ How should a a theoretical system of human rights with Chinese characteristics be con- structed？ How can self-awareness and self-confidence in the area of human rights be formed？ How can the healthy development of the human rights cause in China be pushed forward？展开更多
Based on a comparative study of China’s three-decade financial system reform and the financial reform model of Russia and selected Eastern European countries, we found noticeable discrepancies between China and other...Based on a comparative study of China’s three-decade financial system reform and the financial reform model of Russia and selected Eastern European countries, we found noticeable discrepancies between China and other transitional countries in respect to objective setting, path and sequence selection, power sources and advancement strategy. We conclude that a "China model" of nancial system reform does exist. The formation and evolution of the "China model" is closely related to China’s special political and economic environment. More importantly, it is significantly influenced by China’s overall economic reform model as well.展开更多
From a global perspective, local awareness and People Standard in three ways, conditions to establish and improve a social security system covering urban and rural areas has matured its localization requirements have ...From a global perspective, local awareness and People Standard in three ways, conditions to establish and improve a social security system covering urban and rural areas has matured its localization requirements have become more evident. Therefore, to explore the social security system with Chinese characteristics model, not only is the key to solve China＇s current social conflicts, as well as building a socialist harmonious society and a necessary step in the inevitable choice. Globalization and global governance movement accelerated economic globalization, social security, face the opportunities and challenges, China should establish a “China model” of pension security.展开更多
As a prominent mode of variability in the tropical stratosphere on the interannual timescale,the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation(QBO)can significantly influence global atmospheric circulation and weather patterns.This stud...As a prominent mode of variability in the tropical stratosphere on the interannual timescale,the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation(QBO)can significantly influence global atmospheric circulation and weather patterns.This study explores the dynamic processes of QBO disruptions using the integrated climate model of the China Meteorological Administration(CMA)by nudging the tropical zonal winds toward observations.A comparative analysis with ERA5 reanalysis data shows that the nudged runs accurately replicate the general characteristics of the QBO,including the alternating QBO wind regimes and QBO disruption events.The evolution of the QBO winds is diagnosed using empirical orthogonal function and root-mean-square difference analyses,and the rarity of the disruption events is confirmed in the CMA model.Different aspects of the QBO disruptions and the relevant dynamics are present in the model.Firstly,the momentum budget analysis highlights the crucial roles of extratropical Rossby waves and non-orographic gravity waves in the transition from westerly to easterly winds during a disruption.Secondly,Kelvin waves and non-orographic gravity waves explain much of the transition from easterly to westerly winds near 40 hPa.Thirdly,the positive tendency from enhanced vertical advection further accelerates westerly momentum development via secondary meridional circulation.These findings underscore the importance of nudging techniques in understanding QBO dynamics,which provides valuable insights for future climate model improvements toward better forecasting QBO-related climate variability.Notably,due to model limitations,no QBO disruptions were simulated in the free-run experiments.展开更多
Error-tolerantism developed from liberalism holds that national development generally considers four fundamental concepts,trial and error costs,trial and error competences,trial and error directions,and rights to be w...Error-tolerantism developed from liberalism holds that national development generally considers four fundamental concepts,trial and error costs,trial and error competences,trial and error directions,and rights to be wrong.China’s rise is that state-owned enterprises basically bear trial and error costs of capital intensive industries,overcoming neoliberal defects;private companies mainly bear those of labor intensive industries,and foster new markets for capital intensive industries,learning neoliberal advantages.The Government develops economy through special economic zones for limited trial and error costs;good relations maintain between Chinese higher education and foreign scientific centers of the Soviet Union,Europe,the United States,etc.,and can help China improve trial and error competences.Privatization of small state-owned enterprises solves waste and inefficiency,and also participates in global competition to recover trial and error costs.The error-tolerant market economy based on error-tolerantism emphasizes that the powers to be wrong of entrepreneurs or financial units are empowered by the people,so they should benefit the people by reasonable redistribution.Error-tolerantism regards that China’s rise has developed List’s standard model to List-Afa’s error-tolerant model.展开更多
The China Model for development of a modem society adapts the lessons of previous Asian ＂miracle economies＂ to Chinese conditions. The core Asian Model is pragmatic adoption of best international practices regardles...The China Model for development of a modem society adapts the lessons of previous Asian ＂miracle economies＂ to Chinese conditions. The core Asian Model is pragmatic adoption of best international practices regardless of origin, organized around the central less of Asian successes and gives priority to economic growth at the expense of geopolitical, political and ideological goals. Given the economic imperative, the model establishes priority rankings： agriculture first, then light industry, heavy industry, domestic politics, and international politics. The Asian Model＇s economic strategy includes critical components： international opening; domestic economic marketization; rapid incrementalism rather than shock therapy in pursuing those goals; and competition. In all the Asian miracles including China, successfill economic reform has been accompanied by parallel incremental political reforms. In addition to emulating the Asian model, China has added distinctive strategies, including most notably the use of a ＂ One, Two＂ approach -- one country, two systems; one sector, two systems; one company, two systems; and so forth. China has refined the art of managing a country on an efficient business organizational model, and of using ＂social globalization＂ to expose its government, business and student elites to best practices all over the world.展开更多
Advocates of the "China model" believe the country’s economic success owes to a powerful government tightly controlling the economy.But that model is not without flaws as problems of corruption and the urba...Advocates of the "China model" believe the country’s economic success owes to a powerful government tightly controlling the economy.But that model is not without flaws as problems of corruption and the urban-rural divide continue to stretch nerves of policymakers.Wu Jinglian,a renowned economist,discussed these issues in an article recently published in the Caijing magazine.Edited excerpts follow:展开更多
As China stunned the world with its successful growth and economic momentum during the past decade,its development model,dubbed the"China Model"by some scholars,has become the
Given that climate extremes in China might have serious regional and global consequences, an increasing number of studies are examining temperature extremes in China using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Pha...Given that climate extremes in China might have serious regional and global consequences, an increasing number of studies are examining temperature extremes in China using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5） models. This paper investigates recent changes in temperature extremes in China using 25 state-of-the-art global climate models participating in CMIP5. Thirteen indices that represent extreme temperature events were chosen and derived by daily maximum and minimum temperatures, including those representing the intensity （absolute indices and threshold indices）, duration （duration indices）, and frequency （percentile indices） of extreme temperature. The overall performance of each model is summarized by a ＂portrait＂ diagram based on relative root-mean-square error, which is the RMSE relative to the median RMSE of all models, revealing the multi-model ensemble simulation to be better than individual model for most indices. Compared with observations, the models are able to capture the main features of the spatial distribution of extreme temperature during 1986-2005. Overall, the CMIP5 models are able to depict the observed indices well, and the spatial structure of the ensemble result is better for threshold indices than frequency indices. The spread amongst the CMIP5 models in different subregions for intensity indices is small and the median CMIP5 is close to observations; however, for the duration and frequency indices there can be wide disagreement regarding the change between models and observations in some regions. The model ensemble also performs well in reproducing the observational trend of temperature extremes. All absolute indices increase over China during 1961-2005.展开更多
The importance of developing high-resolution seismic models to improve understanding of tectonic processes and enhance seismic hazard mitigation programs,along with the rapid expansion of seismic coverage in China,cal...The importance of developing high-resolution seismic models to improve understanding of tectonic processes and enhance seismic hazard mitigation programs,along with the rapid expansion of seismic coverage in China,called for a seismological reference model to be established in China.The China Seismological Reference Model(CSRM)project was initiated by the National Natural Science Foundation of China with two primary goals:(1)the CSRM would serve as a primary source for the current state of seismological research in China,and(2)the seismic data and constraints used to construct the CSRM would be used as a backbone open-access cyberinfrastructure for future research in seismology.The CSRM project was also intended to promote data exchange and scientific collaboration in seismology in China.Accordingly,two parallel efforts of the project are being pursued:(1)construction of the CSRM,and(2)development of a CSRM product center.The CSRM is jointly constrained by various types of seismic constraints extracted from the seismic data recorded at 4511 seismic stations in continental China following a top-down approach,with the seismic structures in the shallower part of the Earth constrained first.Construction of the CSRM involves three preparation steps:(1)building datasets of various seismic constraints from the seismic data,(2)developing a method to incorporate the constraints of surface wave observations from regional earthquakes into the inversion of the seismic structure,and(3)constructing high-resolution pre-CSRM seismic models of the velocity structure in the shallow crust and the Pn-velocity structure in the uppermost mantle.In the final process,the CSRM will be constructed by jointly inverting all the seismic constraints using the pre-CSRM models as starting models or a priori structures.The CSRM product center(http://chinageorefmodel.org)archives and distributes three types of products:CSRM models,the Level 1 original seismic data used to extract seismic constraints in the construction of the CSRM,and Level 2 data on the seismic constraints derived from the Level 1 data and the inferred earthquake parameters in the construction of the CSRM.The CSRM product center has archived 141 TB of Level 1 data from 1120 permanent broadband stations in the China Seismic Network Center and 3391 temporary stations from various institutions and data centers around the world,as well as 140 GB of Level 2 data on various seismic constraints and inferred event parameters from the construction of the CSRM.The CSRM is expected to provide significant insights into the composition and tectonic dynamics in continental China and to enhance the capability of various seismic hazard mitigation programs in China from near real-time rapid determination of earthquake parameters to an earthquake early warning system.The CSRM could also provide guidance for focuses in future seismological research and the design of future active and passive seismic experiments in China.Several focuses are suggested for future seismological research in China,along with the building of a national cyberinfrastructure to sustain and expand the operations of the CSRM project.展开更多
Rural tourism in China,has undergone a rapid development in the last three decades.It is an emerging and effective catalyst that promotes industrial restructuring,agricultural development and the upgrading of rural ar...Rural tourism in China,has undergone a rapid development in the last three decades.It is an emerging and effective catalyst that promotes industrial restructuring,agricultural development and the upgrading of rural areas.However,there remains little understanding about the core issues of rural tourism in China:the exact connotation,the principles,the development models and the future directions.This review paper identifies the key issues based on literature analysis,national statistics and press reports to form a general picture of the past,the current and the future prospects of China's rural tourism.The paper firstly addresses the definition,content and principles of rural tourism,and then provides an overview and brief evaluation of the progress and the current development models in China.Finally,based on the analysis of the experiences and problems,the authors sum up with five pathways of the future development of China's rural tourism from the perspective of rural tourism resources,product,market and promotion.展开更多
In order to develop a coupled basin scale model of ocean circulation and biogeochemical cycling,we present a biogeochemical model including 12 components to study the ecosystem in the China coastal seas（CCS）.The for...In order to develop a coupled basin scale model of ocean circulation and biogeochemical cycling,we present a biogeochemical model including 12 components to study the ecosystem in the China coastal seas（CCS）.The formulation of phytoplankton mortality and zooplankton growth are modified according to biological characteristics of CCS.The four sensitivity biological parameters,zooplankton assimilation efficiency rate（ZooAE_N）,zooplankton basal metabolism rate（ZooBM）,maximum specific growth rate of zooplankton（μ_（20）） and maximum chlorophyll to carbon ratio（Chl2C_m） are obtained in sensitivity experiments for the phytoplankton,and experiments about the parameter μ_（20＇）,half-saturation for phytoplankton NO_3 uptake（K_（NO_3）） and remineralization rate of small detritusN（SDeRRN） are conducted.The results demonstrate that the biogeochemical model is quite sensitive to the zooplankton grazing parameter when it ranges from 0.1 to 1.2 d^（-1）.The K_（NO_3） and SDeRRN also play an important role in determining the nitrogen cycle within certain ranges.The sensitive interval of KNO_3 is from 0.1 to 1.5（mmol/m^3）^（-1）,and interval of SEdRRN is from 0.01 and 0.1 d^（-1）.The observational data from September 1998 to July 2000 obtained at SEATS station are used to validate the performance of biological model after parameters optimization.The results show that the modified model has a good capacity to reveal the biological process features,and the sensitivity analysis can save computational resources greatly during the model simulation.展开更多
Global warming has been one of the major concerns behind the world＇s high-speed economic growth. How to implement the coordinated development of the carbon footprint and the economy will be the core issue of the worl...Global warming has been one of the major concerns behind the world＇s high-speed economic growth. How to implement the coordinated development of the carbon footprint and the economy will be the core issue of the world＇s economic and social development, as well as the heated debate of the research at home and abroad in recent years. Based on the energy consumption, integrated with the ＂Top-Down＂ life cycle approach and geographically weighted regression （GWR） model, this paper analyzed the spatial differences and multi-mechanism of carbon footprint in provincial China in 2010. Firstly, this study calculated the amount of carbon footprint of each province using ＂Top-Down＂ life cycle approach and found that there were significant differences of carbon footprint and per capita carbon footprint in provincial China. The provinces with higher carbon footprint, mainly located in northern China, have large economic scales; the provinces with higher per capita carbon footprint are mainly distributed in central cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and energy-rich regions and heavy chemical bases. Secondly, with the aid of GIS and spatial analysis model （GWR model）, this paper had unfolded that the expansion of economic scale is the main driver of the rapid growth of carbon footprint. The growth of population and urbanization also acted as promoting factors for the increase of the carbon footprint. Energy structure had no considerable promoting effect for the increase of the carbon footprint. Improving energy efficiency is the most important factor to inhibit the growing carbon footprint. Thirdly, developing low-carbon economies and low-carbon industries, as well as advocating low-carbon city construction and improving carbon efficiency would be the primary approaches to inhibit the rapid growth of carbon footprint. Moderately controlling the economic scale and population size would also be required to alleviate carbon footprint. Meanwhile, environmental protection and construction of low-carbon cities would evoke extensive attention in the process of urbanization.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41271165,41130747)Humanities and Social Science Research Planning Fund,Ministry of Education of China(No.12YJAGJW007)
文摘As a major aspect of the ′China Model′, urbanization in China is being heatedly discussed in the Anglophone literature in the last two decades. By considering China′s urbanization as a ′testing ground′ of ′western′ theories, these studies are important for the understanding of China′s ongoing urban restructuring and exchanging knowledge with ′western′ insights. Based on a survey of existing studies, this paper identifies various endogenous and exogenous concepts and explanations of China′s urbanization. It is suggested that China′s urbanization is mainly driven by a combination of political decentralization and neoliberalization with various forms of social stratification and mobility. However, it is argued that the distinctness of the ′China Model′, which is usually used to support the legitimacy of studies of China′s urbanization, has led to many controversial arguments and diminished the due contributions of Chinese scholars in the knowledge production of China′s urbanization. To consolidate the legitimacy of studies on China′s urbanization and enhance the roles of Chinese scholars, we suggest future studies to pay more attentions to the fundamental theories with looser constraints and ′true questions′ on China′s urbanization.
文摘|Editorial Note| Since reform and opening up,China has embarked on a path of development featuring socialism with Chinese characteristics,scoring remarkable achievements that have drawn attention from all over the world.What has reform and opening up achieved?What are its experiences?What are the intrinsic values of socialism with Chinese characteristics?How is China’s development path viewed in the international community? This paper gives an overview of these questions,shedding light on the problems that the country faces and optimism about its future.
文摘Advocates of the "China model" believe the country’s economic success owes much to a powerful government tightly controlling the economy.But that model is not without flaws.Wu Jinglian,a renowned economist,discussed these issues in an article recently published in the Caijing magazine.Edited excerpts follow:
文摘These are excerpts of the speech President Luo Haocai delivered at the Second National Work-Experience Exchange Conference of Human Rights Research Organizations on April 28, 2010.
文摘Since the beginning of reform and opening up and particu- larly since the beginning of the 21st century, Chinese peoplehave had a deeper understanding of the importance of human rights, better recognition of progress made in the field of human rights, and more urgent aspirations for further development of human rights in China. At the same time, there are problems and confu- sion that need to be addressed. For example, what is the China model for ensuring human rights？ How should a a theoretical system of human rights with Chinese characteristics be con- structed？ How can self-awareness and self-confidence in the area of human rights be formed？ How can the healthy development of the human rights cause in China be pushed forward？
基金This article represents the stage-wise research result of"A Study on the determinants of China’s financial development: 1978-2007"(Grant No.:08CJL003)a National Social Science Foundation project." A Study of Financial System Reform and Monetary Issues" (Grant No.: 04JZD00013)+1 种基金a key human and social science project sponsored by the Ministry of Education and led by Professor Wang Guangqian of the Central University of Finance and Economics and" A Study of Financial System Reform and Monetary Issues" (Grant No.: 04JZD0013)a key human and social science project sponsored by the Ministry of Education
文摘Based on a comparative study of China’s three-decade financial system reform and the financial reform model of Russia and selected Eastern European countries, we found noticeable discrepancies between China and other transitional countries in respect to objective setting, path and sequence selection, power sources and advancement strategy. We conclude that a "China model" of nancial system reform does exist. The formation and evolution of the "China model" is closely related to China’s special political and economic environment. More importantly, it is significantly influenced by China’s overall economic reform model as well.
文摘From a global perspective, local awareness and People Standard in three ways, conditions to establish and improve a social security system covering urban and rural areas has matured its localization requirements have become more evident. Therefore, to explore the social security system with Chinese characteristics model, not only is the key to solve China＇s current social conflicts, as well as building a socialist harmonious society and a necessary step in the inevitable choice. Globalization and global governance movement accelerated economic globalization, social security, face the opportunities and challenges, China should establish a “China model” of pension security.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42275056).
文摘As a prominent mode of variability in the tropical stratosphere on the interannual timescale,the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation(QBO)can significantly influence global atmospheric circulation and weather patterns.This study explores the dynamic processes of QBO disruptions using the integrated climate model of the China Meteorological Administration(CMA)by nudging the tropical zonal winds toward observations.A comparative analysis with ERA5 reanalysis data shows that the nudged runs accurately replicate the general characteristics of the QBO,including the alternating QBO wind regimes and QBO disruption events.The evolution of the QBO winds is diagnosed using empirical orthogonal function and root-mean-square difference analyses,and the rarity of the disruption events is confirmed in the CMA model.Different aspects of the QBO disruptions and the relevant dynamics are present in the model.Firstly,the momentum budget analysis highlights the crucial roles of extratropical Rossby waves and non-orographic gravity waves in the transition from westerly to easterly winds during a disruption.Secondly,Kelvin waves and non-orographic gravity waves explain much of the transition from easterly to westerly winds near 40 hPa.Thirdly,the positive tendency from enhanced vertical advection further accelerates westerly momentum development via secondary meridional circulation.These findings underscore the importance of nudging techniques in understanding QBO dynamics,which provides valuable insights for future climate model improvements toward better forecasting QBO-related climate variability.Notably,due to model limitations,no QBO disruptions were simulated in the free-run experiments.
文摘Error-tolerantism developed from liberalism holds that national development generally considers four fundamental concepts,trial and error costs,trial and error competences,trial and error directions,and rights to be wrong.China’s rise is that state-owned enterprises basically bear trial and error costs of capital intensive industries,overcoming neoliberal defects;private companies mainly bear those of labor intensive industries,and foster new markets for capital intensive industries,learning neoliberal advantages.The Government develops economy through special economic zones for limited trial and error costs;good relations maintain between Chinese higher education and foreign scientific centers of the Soviet Union,Europe,the United States,etc.,and can help China improve trial and error competences.Privatization of small state-owned enterprises solves waste and inefficiency,and also participates in global competition to recover trial and error costs.The error-tolerant market economy based on error-tolerantism emphasizes that the powers to be wrong of entrepreneurs or financial units are empowered by the people,so they should benefit the people by reasonable redistribution.Error-tolerantism regards that China’s rise has developed List’s standard model to List-Afa’s error-tolerant model.
文摘The China Model for development of a modem society adapts the lessons of previous Asian ＂miracle economies＂ to Chinese conditions. The core Asian Model is pragmatic adoption of best international practices regardless of origin, organized around the central less of Asian successes and gives priority to economic growth at the expense of geopolitical, political and ideological goals. Given the economic imperative, the model establishes priority rankings： agriculture first, then light industry, heavy industry, domestic politics, and international politics. The Asian Model＇s economic strategy includes critical components： international opening; domestic economic marketization; rapid incrementalism rather than shock therapy in pursuing those goals; and competition. In all the Asian miracles including China, successfill economic reform has been accompanied by parallel incremental political reforms. In addition to emulating the Asian model, China has added distinctive strategies, including most notably the use of a ＂ One, Two＂ approach -- one country, two systems; one sector, two systems; one company, two systems; and so forth. China has refined the art of managing a country on an efficient business organizational model, and of using ＂social globalization＂ to expose its government, business and student elites to best practices all over the world.
文摘Advocates of the "China model" believe the country’s economic success owes to a powerful government tightly controlling the economy.But that model is not without flaws as problems of corruption and the urban-rural divide continue to stretch nerves of policymakers.Wu Jinglian,a renowned economist,discussed these issues in an article recently published in the Caijing magazine.Edited excerpts follow:
文摘As China stunned the world with its successful growth and economic momentum during the past decade,its development model,dubbed the"China Model"by some scholars,has become the
基金supported by the National Basic Key Project (also called 973 Project, Grant Nos. 2010CB950501 and 2010CB950102)the R&D Special Fund for Public Welfare Industry (meteorology) (Grant No. GYHY 201306019)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41275078)
文摘Given that climate extremes in China might have serious regional and global consequences, an increasing number of studies are examining temperature extremes in China using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5） models. This paper investigates recent changes in temperature extremes in China using 25 state-of-the-art global climate models participating in CMIP5. Thirteen indices that represent extreme temperature events were chosen and derived by daily maximum and minimum temperatures, including those representing the intensity （absolute indices and threshold indices）, duration （duration indices）, and frequency （percentile indices） of extreme temperature. The overall performance of each model is summarized by a ＂portrait＂ diagram based on relative root-mean-square error, which is the RMSE relative to the median RMSE of all models, revealing the multi-model ensemble simulation to be better than individual model for most indices. Compared with observations, the models are able to capture the main features of the spatial distribution of extreme temperature during 1986-2005. Overall, the CMIP5 models are able to depict the observed indices well, and the spatial structure of the ensemble result is better for threshold indices than frequency indices. The spread amongst the CMIP5 models in different subregions for intensity indices is small and the median CMIP5 is close to observations; however, for the duration and frequency indices there can be wide disagreement regarding the change between models and observations in some regions. The model ensemble also performs well in reproducing the observational trend of temperature extremes. All absolute indices increase over China during 1961-2005.
基金the NSFC has funded 40 research grants for studying the seismic structure beneath continental China, including a grant NSFC42250201 focusing on the CSRM project
文摘The importance of developing high-resolution seismic models to improve understanding of tectonic processes and enhance seismic hazard mitigation programs,along with the rapid expansion of seismic coverage in China,called for a seismological reference model to be established in China.The China Seismological Reference Model(CSRM)project was initiated by the National Natural Science Foundation of China with two primary goals:(1)the CSRM would serve as a primary source for the current state of seismological research in China,and(2)the seismic data and constraints used to construct the CSRM would be used as a backbone open-access cyberinfrastructure for future research in seismology.The CSRM project was also intended to promote data exchange and scientific collaboration in seismology in China.Accordingly,two parallel efforts of the project are being pursued:(1)construction of the CSRM,and(2)development of a CSRM product center.The CSRM is jointly constrained by various types of seismic constraints extracted from the seismic data recorded at 4511 seismic stations in continental China following a top-down approach,with the seismic structures in the shallower part of the Earth constrained first.Construction of the CSRM involves three preparation steps:(1)building datasets of various seismic constraints from the seismic data,(2)developing a method to incorporate the constraints of surface wave observations from regional earthquakes into the inversion of the seismic structure,and(3)constructing high-resolution pre-CSRM seismic models of the velocity structure in the shallow crust and the Pn-velocity structure in the uppermost mantle.In the final process,the CSRM will be constructed by jointly inverting all the seismic constraints using the pre-CSRM models as starting models or a priori structures.The CSRM product center(http://chinageorefmodel.org)archives and distributes three types of products:CSRM models,the Level 1 original seismic data used to extract seismic constraints in the construction of the CSRM,and Level 2 data on the seismic constraints derived from the Level 1 data and the inferred earthquake parameters in the construction of the CSRM.The CSRM product center has archived 141 TB of Level 1 data from 1120 permanent broadband stations in the China Seismic Network Center and 3391 temporary stations from various institutions and data centers around the world,as well as 140 GB of Level 2 data on various seismic constraints and inferred event parameters from the construction of the CSRM.The CSRM is expected to provide significant insights into the composition and tectonic dynamics in continental China and to enhance the capability of various seismic hazard mitigation programs in China from near real-time rapid determination of earthquake parameters to an earthquake early warning system.The CSRM could also provide guidance for focuses in future seismological research and the design of future active and passive seismic experiments in China.Several focuses are suggested for future seismological research in China,along with the building of a national cyberinfrastructure to sustain and expand the operations of the CSRM project.
基金supported by a grant from the major projects of the National Social Science Foundation of China (10zd&051)National Natural Science Foundation Item of China(No.41171435 )from the United Nations(UNDP/CPR/040/SPA)
文摘Rural tourism in China,has undergone a rapid development in the last three decades.It is an emerging and effective catalyst that promotes industrial restructuring,agricultural development and the upgrading of rural areas.However,there remains little understanding about the core issues of rural tourism in China:the exact connotation,the principles,the development models and the future directions.This review paper identifies the key issues based on literature analysis,national statistics and press reports to form a general picture of the past,the current and the future prospects of China's rural tourism.The paper firstly addresses the definition,content and principles of rural tourism,and then provides an overview and brief evaluation of the progress and the current development models in China.Finally,based on the analysis of the experiences and problems,the authors sum up with five pathways of the future development of China's rural tourism from the perspective of rural tourism resources,product,market and promotion.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41206023,41222038 and 41076011the National Basic Research Project(973 Program)of China under contract No.2011CB403606+2 种基金the China-Korea Joint Ocean Research Center"Cooperation on the Development of Basic Technologies for the Yellow Sea and East China Sea Operational Oceanographic System(YOOS)"the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean under contrcat No.201205018the"Strategic Priority Research Program"of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,under contract No.XDA01020304
文摘In order to develop a coupled basin scale model of ocean circulation and biogeochemical cycling,we present a biogeochemical model including 12 components to study the ecosystem in the China coastal seas（CCS）.The formulation of phytoplankton mortality and zooplankton growth are modified according to biological characteristics of CCS.The four sensitivity biological parameters,zooplankton assimilation efficiency rate（ZooAE_N）,zooplankton basal metabolism rate（ZooBM）,maximum specific growth rate of zooplankton（μ_（20）） and maximum chlorophyll to carbon ratio（Chl2C_m） are obtained in sensitivity experiments for the phytoplankton,and experiments about the parameter μ_（20＇）,half-saturation for phytoplankton NO_3 uptake（K_（NO_3）） and remineralization rate of small detritusN（SDeRRN） are conducted.The results demonstrate that the biogeochemical model is quite sensitive to the zooplankton grazing parameter when it ranges from 0.1 to 1.2 d^（-1）.The K_（NO_3） and SDeRRN also play an important role in determining the nitrogen cycle within certain ranges.The sensitive interval of KNO_3 is from 0.1 to 1.5（mmol/m^3）^（-1）,and interval of SEdRRN is from 0.01 and 0.1 d^（-1）.The observational data from September 1998 to July 2000 obtained at SEATS station are used to validate the performance of biological model after parameters optimization.The results show that the modified model has a good capacity to reveal the biological process features,and the sensitivity analysis can save computational resources greatly during the model simulation.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41371177 Major Program of National Social Science Foundation of China, No. 13＆ZD027
文摘Global warming has been one of the major concerns behind the world＇s high-speed economic growth. How to implement the coordinated development of the carbon footprint and the economy will be the core issue of the world＇s economic and social development, as well as the heated debate of the research at home and abroad in recent years. Based on the energy consumption, integrated with the ＂Top-Down＂ life cycle approach and geographically weighted regression （GWR） model, this paper analyzed the spatial differences and multi-mechanism of carbon footprint in provincial China in 2010. Firstly, this study calculated the amount of carbon footprint of each province using ＂Top-Down＂ life cycle approach and found that there were significant differences of carbon footprint and per capita carbon footprint in provincial China. The provinces with higher carbon footprint, mainly located in northern China, have large economic scales; the provinces with higher per capita carbon footprint are mainly distributed in central cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and energy-rich regions and heavy chemical bases. Secondly, with the aid of GIS and spatial analysis model （GWR model）, this paper had unfolded that the expansion of economic scale is the main driver of the rapid growth of carbon footprint. The growth of population and urbanization also acted as promoting factors for the increase of the carbon footprint. Energy structure had no considerable promoting effect for the increase of the carbon footprint. Improving energy efficiency is the most important factor to inhibit the growing carbon footprint. Thirdly, developing low-carbon economies and low-carbon industries, as well as advocating low-carbon city construction and improving carbon efficiency would be the primary approaches to inhibit the rapid growth of carbon footprint. Moderately controlling the economic scale and population size would also be required to alleviate carbon footprint. Meanwhile, environmental protection and construction of low-carbon cities would evoke extensive attention in the process of urbanization.
