Objective: We report the results of Y-chromosomal profile and mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) of the Chevalier Bayard (1476?-1524). Methods: His genomic DNA was extracted from a tooth of his mandible. His Y-STRs profile was...Objective: We report the results of Y-chromosomal profile and mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) of the Chevalier Bayard (1476?-1524). Methods: His genomic DNA was extracted from a tooth of his mandible. His Y-STRs profile was obtained using the AmFirst identifier PCR amplification kit. The mtDNA genomic sequence intervals for HVR1 and HVR2 were amplified by PCR, with specific primers. Results: We obtained the complete STR (Short Tandem Repeats) profile, based on fourteen STRs (DYS19, DYS385.a, DYS389.I and .b, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS438, DYS439, DYS448, DYS456 and DYS458 and Y-GATA-H4). The deduced Y-STRs profile corresponds to the sub-clade S21 of the major European haplogroup R1b-M269 (the “Germanic” haplotype). There are six mutations (16093C, 16211T and 16519C in the HVR1 sequence, 263G, 309.1C and 315.1C in the HVR2 sequence) in the mtDNA of Bayard. The 263G mutation determines the H mtDNA haplogroup and the 16211T suggests the H5 sub-clade of the H haplogroup (a sub-clade found at >8% frequency in France, at the periphery of the Alpine arch region). This sub-clade H5 (subsequently assimilated to the H10e haplotype) is that (with a perfect match) of a modern living male related (to 32 generations) to the Bayard maternal ascendance. The Bayard mtDNA haplotype was found once only in a database of 100 South-German mtDNA control sequences. Conclusions: The resulting R1b-M269 Y haplogroup established confirms the Germanic origin of the Bayard ancestors, suggested by genealogic studies concerning his paternal ascendance. The result concerning the mtDNA H10e haplotype found in the modern living male related to Bayard by matrilinear ascendance establishes that the DNA tooth is well of him, with a 99% of chance.展开更多
In this article, by extending classical Dellacherie＇s theorem on stochastic se- quences to variable exponent spaces, we prove that the famous Burkholder-Gundy-Davis in- equality holds for martingales in variable expo...In this article, by extending classical Dellacherie＇s theorem on stochastic se- quences to variable exponent spaces, we prove that the famous Burkholder-Gundy-Davis in- equality holds for martingales in variable exponent Hardy spaces. We also obtain the variable exponent analogues of several martingale inequalities in classical theory, including convexity lemma, Chevalier＇s inequality and the equivalence of two kinds of martingale spaces with predictable control. Moreover, under the regular condition on σ-algebra sequence we prove the equivalence between five kinds of variable exponent martingale Hardy spaces.展开更多
The Eskimo entry of the Diderot&d’Alembert’s Encyclopédie[Encyclopaedia]conveys a stereotyped,preformed,and caricatured image of the folk,built in with bias,omissions,and generalizations.It emphasizes their...The Eskimo entry of the Diderot&d’Alembert’s Encyclopédie[Encyclopaedia]conveys a stereotyped,preformed,and caricatured image of the folk,built in with bias,omissions,and generalizations.It emphasizes their bestiality and primitivism,to stick them as the prototype of the savagery,the personification of a degenerated and shy humanity of the borders.The author of the entry,the well-known Chevalier de Jaucourt,widely plagiarizes an undisclosed source,“Une lettre de Ste Helene,du 30 Octobre 1751”[An October 30,1751 letter from Ste Helene],a purportedly anonymous text,the author of which is identified here in Mère[Mather]Marie-Andrée Duplessis de Sainte-Hélène.The Chevalier bafflingly removes all the sentences of the Lettre which can turn-out celebratory of the Eskimos’technological skill and their religious sense.These severe cuts show an adverse apriori on the veracity of a document written by a woman,and—what is more—a nun.展开更多
文摘Objective: We report the results of Y-chromosomal profile and mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) of the Chevalier Bayard (1476?-1524). Methods: His genomic DNA was extracted from a tooth of his mandible. His Y-STRs profile was obtained using the AmFirst identifier PCR amplification kit. The mtDNA genomic sequence intervals for HVR1 and HVR2 were amplified by PCR, with specific primers. Results: We obtained the complete STR (Short Tandem Repeats) profile, based on fourteen STRs (DYS19, DYS385.a, DYS389.I and .b, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS438, DYS439, DYS448, DYS456 and DYS458 and Y-GATA-H4). The deduced Y-STRs profile corresponds to the sub-clade S21 of the major European haplogroup R1b-M269 (the “Germanic” haplotype). There are six mutations (16093C, 16211T and 16519C in the HVR1 sequence, 263G, 309.1C and 315.1C in the HVR2 sequence) in the mtDNA of Bayard. The 263G mutation determines the H mtDNA haplogroup and the 16211T suggests the H5 sub-clade of the H haplogroup (a sub-clade found at >8% frequency in France, at the periphery of the Alpine arch region). This sub-clade H5 (subsequently assimilated to the H10e haplotype) is that (with a perfect match) of a modern living male related (to 32 generations) to the Bayard maternal ascendance. The Bayard mtDNA haplotype was found once only in a database of 100 South-German mtDNA control sequences. Conclusions: The resulting R1b-M269 Y haplogroup established confirms the Germanic origin of the Bayard ancestors, suggested by genealogic studies concerning his paternal ascendance. The result concerning the mtDNA H10e haplotype found in the modern living male related to Bayard by matrilinear ascendance establishes that the DNA tooth is well of him, with a 99% of chance.
基金supported by NSFC(11471251)supported by NSFC(11271293)
文摘In this article, by extending classical Dellacherie＇s theorem on stochastic se- quences to variable exponent spaces, we prove that the famous Burkholder-Gundy-Davis in- equality holds for martingales in variable exponent Hardy spaces. We also obtain the variable exponent analogues of several martingale inequalities in classical theory, including convexity lemma, Chevalier＇s inequality and the equivalence of two kinds of martingale spaces with predictable control. Moreover, under the regular condition on σ-algebra sequence we prove the equivalence between five kinds of variable exponent martingale Hardy spaces.
文摘The Eskimo entry of the Diderot&d’Alembert’s Encyclopédie[Encyclopaedia]conveys a stereotyped,preformed,and caricatured image of the folk,built in with bias,omissions,and generalizations.It emphasizes their bestiality and primitivism,to stick them as the prototype of the savagery,the personification of a degenerated and shy humanity of the borders.The author of the entry,the well-known Chevalier de Jaucourt,widely plagiarizes an undisclosed source,“Une lettre de Ste Helene,du 30 Octobre 1751”[An October 30,1751 letter from Ste Helene],a purportedly anonymous text,the author of which is identified here in Mère[Mather]Marie-Andrée Duplessis de Sainte-Hélène.The Chevalier bafflingly removes all the sentences of the Lettre which can turn-out celebratory of the Eskimos’technological skill and their religious sense.These severe cuts show an adverse apriori on the veracity of a document written by a woman,and—what is more—a nun.
