The floristic diversity was carried out from the selected trails while studying wildlife at the Baraiyadhala National Park of Chattogram in Bangladesh from August 2012 to July 2013 and June to October 2017. In total 2...The floristic diversity was carried out from the selected trails while studying wildlife at the Baraiyadhala National Park of Chattogram in Bangladesh from August 2012 to July 2013 and June to October 2017. In total 267 species of plants (Bryophytes three, Pteridophytes 15, Gymnosperm one, Dicotyledons 200 and Monocotyledons 48) belonging to 186 genera and 80 families were recorded, which included 102 (38.20%) species of trees, 84 (31.46%) shrubs, 66 (24.71%) herbs and 15 (5.61%) species of climbers. Overall, Euphorbiaceae (dicotyledon) constituted the largest family in the study area having 12 genera and 18 species, while Cyperaceae (monocotyledon) was the second largest family represented by four genera and 11 species. The single gymnosperm species was Cycas pectinata Griff. (Assam cycas) under Cycadaceae family that naturally grows there. Most of the recorded plants were terrestrial while the others were aquatic or swampy. Among the plants, 210 (78.66%) species were native, of which 152 were Native (wild), 40 Native (wild & cultivated) and 18 Native (cultivated), and the remaining 57 (21.34%) alien species. Of the alien species seven were Alien (wild), ten Alien (wild and cultivated), four Alien (invasive) and 36 Alien (cultivated). Of the 267-plant species, the highest number was medicinally followed by 41 edible, 31 timber, 13 fuel wood and ornamental, 13 fodder, seven ornamental, six species used for domestic purposes and fodder, five edible and medicinal, three vegetables, two vegetables and medicinal, two edible and timber, two timber and leaf, two ornamental and medicinal, one chemical indicator, one ornamental and timber, and the use of 17 rest species was unknown.展开更多
Objective:This study is designed to evaluate the microbiological safety concern of drinking water of the 50 schools of Chattogram city,Bangladesh,and to investigate the sanitation and hygiene conditions of the schools...Objective:This study is designed to evaluate the microbiological safety concern of drinking water of the 50 schools of Chattogram city,Bangladesh,and to investigate the sanitation and hygiene conditions of the schools,which are directly related to the health of thousands of students.Methods:In this study,pour plate method used for total viable count(TVC),most probable number(MPN)method used for the total coliform count(TCC)and fecal coliform count(FCC),and four selective media used to isolate pathogenic bacteria from drinking water samples,and then identified by using morphological,cultural,and biochemical tests.To investigate the water,sanitation,and hygiene conditions a structured questionnaire was used.Results:A total of 46% samples were found above the acceptable limit(>500 CFU/ml)for TVC count,52%sam-ples had coliform,and 28% samples had fecal coliform,which exceeded the WHO guideline value.We categorized 50 studied schools into five groups and found the highest TVC(67%)and TCC(83%)in the water samples of city corporation schools.E.coli,Salmonella,Shigella,Enterobacter,Citrobacter,Klebsiella,and Yersinia were isolated and identified from drinking water samples.In most schools,drinking water reservoirs were found impure and contaminated by various bacteria.In government primary schools,a toilet is used by 143 students,whereas in pri-vate English medium schools,a toilet is used by 30 students and found clean.Hand-washing soap was supplied in only 14% of government primary schools,but 100% in private English medium schools.Conclusion:Our findings suggest that drinking water in most of the schools was found contaminated by pathogens.Poor hygiene,sanitation,and contaminated drinking water seem responsible for different kinds of diseases.More-over,this study indicates the necessity for raising awareness about drinking water,hygiene,and sanitation facil-ities of schools,which should monitor at regular intervals.展开更多
Considering the geographical location and one of the very densely populated countries in the world, Bangladesh is very vulnerable to climate change and its adaptability. This paper has been designed with an attempt to...Considering the geographical location and one of the very densely populated countries in the world, Bangladesh is very vulnerable to climate change and its adaptability. This paper has been designed with an attempt to inform the policy maker of Bangladesh regarding the potentiality of MSW as a renewable source of energy in Bangladesh. It deals with modern waste collection, management and incineration practices based on densely populated cities or towns like Bogura Municipality and Chattogram City Corporation. Waste to Energy (WtE) conversions not only reduce the land pressure problem in urban areas, but also generate electricity and heat to supply to the surrounding urban areas. The increase in generation of methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) from municipal solid wastes (MSW) alarms the world to take suitable initiative for the sustainable management of MSW, as it is stronger than carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>). By burning one mole of CH<sub>4</sub>, 890 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup> heat is produced which is a major source of energy. This treatment technology is used in destruction of solid waste by controlled burning at high temperatures. With the release of heat, it can be accompanied and this heat from combustion can be converted into energy. This type of incineration is a high-quality treatment for Municipal or City Corporation solid waste like Bangladesh where were over crowded cities, towns and it can reduce the quantity and volume of a large amount of waste to landfill, which can recover energy and dispose in the compact zone. The results also examined that the total amount of solid waste produced in Bogura municipality is lower than that of Chattogram City Corporation. The percentage compositions of waste patterns are shown in both the Cities. The paper discusses these problems, analyses and finally, a recommendation has been proposed in order to understand the industrial situation enhanced.展开更多
文摘The floristic diversity was carried out from the selected trails while studying wildlife at the Baraiyadhala National Park of Chattogram in Bangladesh from August 2012 to July 2013 and June to October 2017. In total 267 species of plants (Bryophytes three, Pteridophytes 15, Gymnosperm one, Dicotyledons 200 and Monocotyledons 48) belonging to 186 genera and 80 families were recorded, which included 102 (38.20%) species of trees, 84 (31.46%) shrubs, 66 (24.71%) herbs and 15 (5.61%) species of climbers. Overall, Euphorbiaceae (dicotyledon) constituted the largest family in the study area having 12 genera and 18 species, while Cyperaceae (monocotyledon) was the second largest family represented by four genera and 11 species. The single gymnosperm species was Cycas pectinata Griff. (Assam cycas) under Cycadaceae family that naturally grows there. Most of the recorded plants were terrestrial while the others were aquatic or swampy. Among the plants, 210 (78.66%) species were native, of which 152 were Native (wild), 40 Native (wild & cultivated) and 18 Native (cultivated), and the remaining 57 (21.34%) alien species. Of the alien species seven were Alien (wild), ten Alien (wild and cultivated), four Alien (invasive) and 36 Alien (cultivated). Of the 267-plant species, the highest number was medicinally followed by 41 edible, 31 timber, 13 fuel wood and ornamental, 13 fodder, seven ornamental, six species used for domestic purposes and fodder, five edible and medicinal, three vegetables, two vegetables and medicinal, two edible and timber, two timber and leaf, two ornamental and medicinal, one chemical indicator, one ornamental and timber, and the use of 17 rest species was unknown.
文摘Objective:This study is designed to evaluate the microbiological safety concern of drinking water of the 50 schools of Chattogram city,Bangladesh,and to investigate the sanitation and hygiene conditions of the schools,which are directly related to the health of thousands of students.Methods:In this study,pour plate method used for total viable count(TVC),most probable number(MPN)method used for the total coliform count(TCC)and fecal coliform count(FCC),and four selective media used to isolate pathogenic bacteria from drinking water samples,and then identified by using morphological,cultural,and biochemical tests.To investigate the water,sanitation,and hygiene conditions a structured questionnaire was used.Results:A total of 46% samples were found above the acceptable limit(>500 CFU/ml)for TVC count,52%sam-ples had coliform,and 28% samples had fecal coliform,which exceeded the WHO guideline value.We categorized 50 studied schools into five groups and found the highest TVC(67%)and TCC(83%)in the water samples of city corporation schools.E.coli,Salmonella,Shigella,Enterobacter,Citrobacter,Klebsiella,and Yersinia were isolated and identified from drinking water samples.In most schools,drinking water reservoirs were found impure and contaminated by various bacteria.In government primary schools,a toilet is used by 143 students,whereas in pri-vate English medium schools,a toilet is used by 30 students and found clean.Hand-washing soap was supplied in only 14% of government primary schools,but 100% in private English medium schools.Conclusion:Our findings suggest that drinking water in most of the schools was found contaminated by pathogens.Poor hygiene,sanitation,and contaminated drinking water seem responsible for different kinds of diseases.More-over,this study indicates the necessity for raising awareness about drinking water,hygiene,and sanitation facil-ities of schools,which should monitor at regular intervals.
文摘Considering the geographical location and one of the very densely populated countries in the world, Bangladesh is very vulnerable to climate change and its adaptability. This paper has been designed with an attempt to inform the policy maker of Bangladesh regarding the potentiality of MSW as a renewable source of energy in Bangladesh. It deals with modern waste collection, management and incineration practices based on densely populated cities or towns like Bogura Municipality and Chattogram City Corporation. Waste to Energy (WtE) conversions not only reduce the land pressure problem in urban areas, but also generate electricity and heat to supply to the surrounding urban areas. The increase in generation of methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) from municipal solid wastes (MSW) alarms the world to take suitable initiative for the sustainable management of MSW, as it is stronger than carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>). By burning one mole of CH<sub>4</sub>, 890 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup> heat is produced which is a major source of energy. This treatment technology is used in destruction of solid waste by controlled burning at high temperatures. With the release of heat, it can be accompanied and this heat from combustion can be converted into energy. This type of incineration is a high-quality treatment for Municipal or City Corporation solid waste like Bangladesh where were over crowded cities, towns and it can reduce the quantity and volume of a large amount of waste to landfill, which can recover energy and dispose in the compact zone. The results also examined that the total amount of solid waste produced in Bogura municipality is lower than that of Chattogram City Corporation. The percentage compositions of waste patterns are shown in both the Cities. The paper discusses these problems, analyses and finally, a recommendation has been proposed in order to understand the industrial situation enhanced.
