In March 2025,prominent Chinese automaker NIO(Shanghai,China),the global leader in electric vehicle(EV)battery swapping,and Contemporary Amperex Technology Co.,Ltd.(CATL)(Nindge,China),the world’s biggest manufacture...In March 2025,prominent Chinese automaker NIO(Shanghai,China),the global leader in electric vehicle(EV)battery swapping,and Contemporary Amperex Technology Co.,Ltd.(CATL)(Nindge,China),the world’s biggest manufacturer of EV batteries,announced a strategic partnership to build the world’s largest battery swapping network,while also promoting unified standards and technologies[1].Just weeks later,CATL announced another partnership,this one with Chinese state-owned oil giant Sinopec(Beijing,China)to build 10000 new battery swapping stations in China,at least 500 in 2025[2].展开更多
Rapid evolutions of the Internet of Electric Vehicles(IoEVs)are reshaping and modernizing transport systems,yet challenges remain in energy efficiency,better battery aging,and grid stability.Typical charging methods a...Rapid evolutions of the Internet of Electric Vehicles(IoEVs)are reshaping and modernizing transport systems,yet challenges remain in energy efficiency,better battery aging,and grid stability.Typical charging methods allow for EVs to be charged without thought being given to the condition of the battery or the grid demand,thus increasing energy costs and battery aging.This study proposes a smart charging station with an AI-powered Battery Management System(BMS),developed and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink,to increase optimality in energy flow,battery health,and impractical scheduling within the IoEV environment.The system operates through real-time communication,load scheduling based on priorities,and adaptive charging based on batterymathematically computed State of Charge(SOC),State of Health(SOH),and thermal state,with bidirectional power flow(V2G),thus allowing EVs’participation towards grid stabilization.Simulation results revealed that the proposed model can reduce peak grid load by 37.8%;charging efficiency is enhanced by 92.6%;battery temperature lessened by 4.4℃;SOH extended over 100 cycles by 6.5%,if compared against the conventional technique.By this way,charging time was decreased by 12.4% and energy costs dropped by more than 20%.These results showed that smart charging with intelligent BMS can boost greatly the operational efficiency and sustainability of the IoEV ecosystem.展开更多
Extremely fast-charging and longlife span are critical yet challenging for the development of cost-effective and sustainable potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)due to the sluggish kinetics and rapid capacity decay of graphi...Extremely fast-charging and longlife span are critical yet challenging for the development of cost-effective and sustainable potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)due to the sluggish kinetics and rapid capacity decay of graphite anodes caused by the large radius of K ions(1.38 A).To tackle this issue,here a new type of nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon tubes(NGCTs)is reported via a ZrO_(2)-templated chemical vapor deposition(CVD)approach.The carbon interlayer spacing,crystallite size,and Nconfigurations in NGCTs are controlled by adjusting the CVD temperature(800,900,and 1000℃).The optimized NGCT-900 sample well balances the graphitic domains and structural defects,thus enabling fast K^(+)insertion/extraction below 1 V(vs.K^(+)/K).These tubular carbon membranes achieve exceptional K^(+)-storage performance including high K^(+)-storage capacities of 404 mAh·g^(-1)at 0.1 A·g^(-1),ultrafast charging at 50 A·g^(-1)and a super-long cycle life of up to 6000 cycles.Ex-situ X-ray diffraction(XRD),insitu Raman,and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique(GITT)analyses reveal a synergistic K^(+)-adsorptionintercalation mechanism.Further comparison with S or P heteroatoms underscores the significance of N-doping in enhancing reversible K^(+)intercalation into graphitic domains and boosting surface adsorption capacity.The fabricated NGCT-900//K_(x)Ni_(0.33)Mn_(0.67)O_(2)PIB(1.2-3.2 V)provides both a high-energy density of 187 Wh·kg^(-1)(comparable to graphite//LiFePO_(4)lithium-ion batteries(LIBs))and a high-power density of 2200 W·kg^(-1)at 123 Wh·kg^(-1).This study establishes a carbon anode design strategy for advanced potassium storage.展开更多
To achieve low-carbon regulation of electric vehicle(EV)charging loads under the“dual carbon”goals,this paper proposes a coordinated scheduling strategy that integrates dynamic carbon factor prediction and multiobje...To achieve low-carbon regulation of electric vehicle(EV)charging loads under the“dual carbon”goals,this paper proposes a coordinated scheduling strategy that integrates dynamic carbon factor prediction and multiobjective optimization.First,a dual-convolution enhanced improved Crossformer prediction model is constructed,which employs parallel 1×1 global and 3×3 local convolutionmodules(Integrated Convolution Block,ICB)formultiscale feature extraction,combinedwith anAdaptive Spectral Block(ASB)to enhance time-series fluctuationmodeling.Based on high-precision predictions,a carbon-electricity cost joint optimization model is further designed to balance economic,environmental,and grid-friendly objectives.The model’s superiority was validated through a case study using real-world data from a renewable-heavy grid.Simulation results show that the proposed multi-objective strategy demonstrated a superior balance compared to baseline and benchmark models,achieving a 15.8%reduction in carbon emissions and a 5.2%reduction in economic costs,while still providing a substantial 22.2%reduction in the peak-valley difference.Its balanced performance significantly outperformed both a single-objective strategy and a state-of-the-art Model Predictive Control(MPC)benchmark,highlighting the advantage of a global optimization approach.This study provides theoretical and technical pathways for dynamic carbon factor-driven EV charging optimization.展开更多
An operation strategy of the electric vehicle （EV） battery charging and swapping station is proposed in the paper. The strategy is established based on comprehensively consideration of the EV charging behaviors and ...An operation strategy of the electric vehicle （EV） battery charging and swapping station is proposed in the paper. The strategy is established based on comprehensively consideration of the EV charging behaviors and the possible mutual actions between battery charging and swapping. Three energy management strategies can be used in the station： charging period shifting, energy exchange between EVs, and energy supporting from surplus swapping batteries. Then an optimization model which minimizes the total energy management costs of the station is built. The Monte Carlo simulation is applied to analyze the characteristics of the EV battery charging load, and a heuristic algorithm is used to solve the strategy providing the relevant information of EVs and the battery charging and swapping station. The operation strategy can efficiently reduce battery charging during the high electricity price periods and make more reasonable use of the resources. Simulations prove the feasibility and rationality of the strategy.展开更多
This paper introduces a method for modeling the entire aggregated electric vehicle(EV)charging process and analyzing its dispatchable capabilities.The methodology involves developing a model for aggregated EV charging...This paper introduces a method for modeling the entire aggregated electric vehicle(EV)charging process and analyzing its dispatchable capabilities.The methodology involves developing a model for aggregated EV charging at the charging station level,estimating its physical dispatchable capability,determining its economic dispatchable capability under economic incentives,modeling its participation in the grid,and investigating the effects of different scenarios and EV penetration on the aggregated load dispatch and dispatchable capability.The results indicate that using economic dispatchable capability reduces charging prices by 9.7%compared to physical dispatchable capability and 9.3%compared to disorderly charging.Additionally,the peak-to-valley difference is reduced by 64.6%when applying economic dispatchable capability with 20%EV penetration and residential base load,compared to disorderly charging.展开更多
The properties of electrolytes are critical for fast-charging and stable-cycling applications in lithium metal batteries(LMBs).However,the slow kinetics of Li^(+)transport and desolvation in commercial carbonate elect...The properties of electrolytes are critical for fast-charging and stable-cycling applications in lithium metal batteries(LMBs).However,the slow kinetics of Li^(+)transport and desolvation in commercial carbonate electrolytes,cou pled with the formation of unstable solid electrolyte interphases(SEI),exacerbate the degradation of LMB performance at high current densities.Herein,we propose a versatile electrolyte design strategy that incorporates cyclohexyl methyl ether(CME)as a co-solvent to reshape the Li^(+)solvation environment by the steric-hindrance effect of bulky molecules and their competitive coordination with other solvent molecules.Simulation calculations and spectral analysis demonstrate that the addition of CME molecules reduces the involvement of other solvent molecules in the Li solvation sheath and promotes the formation of Li^(+)-PF_(6)^(-)coordination,thereby accelerating Li^(+)transport kinetics.Additionally,this electrolyte composition improves Li^(+)desolvation kinetics and fosters the formation of inorganic-rich SEI,ensuring cycle stability under fast charging.Consequently,the Li‖LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)battery with the modified electrolyte retains 82% of its initial capacity after 463 cycles at 1 C.Even under the extreme fast-charging condition of 5 C,the battery can maintain 80% capacity retention after 173 cycles.This work provides a promising approach for the development of highperformance LMBs by modulating solvation environment of electrolytes.展开更多
The joint location planning of charging/battery-swap facilities for electric vehicles is a complex problem.Considering the differences between these two modes of power replenishment,we constructed a joint location-pla...The joint location planning of charging/battery-swap facilities for electric vehicles is a complex problem.Considering the differences between these two modes of power replenishment,we constructed a joint location-planning model to minimize construction and operation costs,user costs,and user satisfaction-related penalty costs.We designed an improved genetic algorithm that changes the crossover rate using the fitness value,memorizes,and transfers excellent genes.In addition,the present model addresses the problem of“premature convergence”in conventional genetic algorithms.A simulated example revealed that our proposed model could provide a basis for optimized location planning of charging/battery-swapping facilities at different levels under different charging modes with an improved computing efficiency.The example also proved that meeting more demand for power supply of electric vehicles does not necessarily mean increasing the sites of charging/battery-swap stations.Instead,optimizing the level and location planning of charging/battery-swap stations can maximize the investment profit.The proposed model can provide a reference for the government and enterprises to better plan the location of charging/battery-swap facilities.Hence,it is of both theoretical and practical value.展开更多
Electrification of roadways using dynamic wireless charging(DWC)technology can provide an effective solution to range anxiety,high battery costs and long charging times of electric vehicles(EVs).With DWC systems insta...Electrification of roadways using dynamic wireless charging(DWC)technology can provide an effective solution to range anxiety,high battery costs and long charging times of electric vehicles(EVs).With DWC systems installed on roadways,they constitute a charging infrastructure or electrified roads(eRoads)that have many advantages.For instance,the large battery size of heavy-duty EVs can significantly be downsized due to charging-whiledriving.However,a high power demand of the DWC system,especially during traffic rush periods,could lead to voltage instability in the grid and undesirable power demand curves.In this paper,a model for the power demand is developed to predict the DWC system's power demand at various levels of EV penetration rate.The DWC power demand profile in the chosen 550 km section of a major highway in Canada is simulated.Solar photovoltaic(PV)panels are integrated with the DWC,and the integrated system is optimized to mitigate the peak power demand on the electrical grid.With solar panels of 55,000 kW rated capacity installed along roadsides in the study region,the peak power demand on the electrical grid is reduced from 167.5 to 136.1 MW or by 18.7%at an EV penetration rate of 30%under monthly average daily solar radiation in July.It is evidenced that solar PV power has effectively smoothed the peak power demand on the grid.Moreover,the locally generated renewable power could help ease off expensive grid upgrades and expansions for the eRoad.Also,the economic feasibility of the solar PV integrated DWC system is assessed using cost analysis metrics.展开更多
Sodium-ion batteries have emerged as competitive substitutes for low-temperature applications due to severe capacity loss and safety concerns of lithium-ion batteries at−20°C or lower.However,the key capability o...Sodium-ion batteries have emerged as competitive substitutes for low-temperature applications due to severe capacity loss and safety concerns of lithium-ion batteries at−20°C or lower.However,the key capability of ultrafast charging at ultralow temperature for SIBs is rarely reported.Herein,a hybrid of Bi nanoparticles embedded in carbon nanorods is demonstrated as an ideal material to address this issue,which is synthesized via a high temperature shock method.Such a hybrid shows an unprecedented rate performance(237.9 mAh g^(−1) at 2 A g^(−1))at−60℃,outperforming all reported SIB anode materials.Coupled with a Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)cathode,the energy density of the full cell can reach to 181.9 Wh kg^(−1) at−40°C.Based on this work,a novel strategy of high-rate activation is proposed to enhance performances of Bi-based materials in cryogenic conditions by creating new active sites for interfacial reaction under large current.展开更多
Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are an electrochemical energy storage technology that has been widely used for portable electrical devices,electric vehicles,and grid storage,etc.To satisfy the demand for user convenience e...Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are an electrochemical energy storage technology that has been widely used for portable electrical devices,electric vehicles,and grid storage,etc.To satisfy the demand for user convenience especially for electric vehicles,the development of a fast-charging technology for LIBs has become a critical focus.In commercial LIBs,the slow kinetics of Li+intercalation into the graphite anode from the electrolyte solution is known as the main restriction for fast-charging.We summarize the recent advances in obtaining fast-charging graphite-based anodes,mainly involving modifications of the electrolyte solution and graphite anode.Specifically,strategies for increasing the ionic conductivity and regulating the Li+solvation/desolvation state in the electrolyte solution,as well as optimizing the fabrication and the intrinsic activity of graphite-based anodes are discussed in detail.This review considers practical ways to obtain fast Li+intercalation kinetics into a graphite anode from the electrolyte as well as analysing progress in the commercialization of fast-charging LIBs.展开更多
Potential high-temperature risks exist in heat-prone components of electric moped charging devices,such as sockets,interfaces,and controllers.Traditional detection methods have limitations in terms of real-time perfor...Potential high-temperature risks exist in heat-prone components of electric moped charging devices,such as sockets,interfaces,and controllers.Traditional detection methods have limitations in terms of real-time performance and monitoring scope.To address this,a temperature detection method based on infrared image processing has been proposed:utilizing the median filtering algorithm to denoise the original infrared image,then applying an image segmentation algorithm to divide the image.展开更多
In China,electric vehicle(EV)fast-charging power has quadrupled in the past five years,progressing toward 10-minute ultrafast charging.This rapid increase raises concerns about the impact on the power grid including i...In China,electric vehicle(EV)fast-charging power has quadrupled in the past five years,progressing toward 10-minute ultrafast charging.This rapid increase raises concerns about the impact on the power grid including increased peak power demand and the need for substantial upgrades to power infrastruc-ture.Here,we introduce an integrated model to assess fast and ultrafast charging impacts for represen-tative charging stations in China,combining real-world charging patterns and detailed station optimization models.We find that larger stations with 12 or more chargers experience modest peak power increases of less than 30%when fast-charging power is doubled,primarily because shorter charg-ing sessions are less likely to overlap.For more typical stations(e.g.,8-9 chargers and 120 kW·charger^(−1)),upgrading chargers to 350-550 kW while allowing managed dynamic waiting strategies(of∼1 minute)can reduce overall charging times to∼9 minutes.At stations,deploying battery storage and/or expanding transformers can help manage future increases in station loads,yet the primary device cost of the former is∼4 times higher than that of the latter.Our results offer insights for charging infrastructure planning,EV-grid interactions,and associated policymaking.展开更多
Aiming at the problem of increasing the peak-to-valley difference of grid load and the rising cost of user charging caused by the disorderly charging of large-scale electric vehicles,this paper proposes a coordinated ...Aiming at the problem of increasing the peak-to-valley difference of grid load and the rising cost of user charging caused by the disorderly charging of large-scale electric vehicles,this paper proposes a coordinated charging scheduling strategy for multiple types of electric vehicles based on the degree of urgency of vehicle use.First,considering the range loss characteristics,dynamic time-sharing tariff mechanism,and user incentive policy in the lowtemperature environment of northern winter,a differentiated charging model is constructed for four types of vehicles:family cars,official cars,buses,and cabs.Then,we innovatively introduce the urgency parameter of charging demand for multiple types of vehicles and dynamically divide the emergency and non-emergency charging modes according to the difference between the regular charging capacity and the user’s minimum power demand.When the conventional charging capacity is less than the minimum power demand of the vehicle within the specified time,it is the emergency vehicle demand,and this type of vehicle is immediately charged in fast charging mode after connecting to the grid.On the contrary,it is a non-emergency demand,and the vehicle is connected to the grid to choose the appropriate time to charge in conventional charging mode.Finally,by optimizing the objective function to minimize the peakto-valley difference between the grid and the vehicle owner’s charging cost,and designing the charging continuity constraints to avoid battery damage,it ensures that the vehicle is efficiently dispatched under the premise of meeting the minimum power demand.Simulation results show that the proposed charging strategy can reduce the charging cost of vehicle owners by 26.33%,reduce the peak-to-valley difference rate of the grid by 29.8%,and significantly alleviate the congestion problem during peak load hours,compared with the disordered charging mode,while ensuring that the electric vehicles are not overcharged and meet the electricity demand of vehicle owners.This paper solves the problems of the existing research on the singularity of vehicle models and the lack of environmental adaptability and provides both economic and practical solutions for the cooperative optimization of electric vehicles and power grids in multiple scenarios.展开更多
In this work,Langevin dynamics simulations were carried out to thoroughly investigate the swapping process of composite knots under tension in a cuboid nanochannel.From our analysis,the free energy profiles of knot sw...In this work,Langevin dynamics simulations were carried out to thoroughly investigate the swapping process of composite knots under tension in a cuboid nanochannel.From our analysis,the free energy profiles of knot swapping under different conditions were extracted from the overall probability distribution of the relative distance between the centers of composite knots.In addition,the impact of the stretching force,confinement size,and bending stiffness on the free energy profiles was directly identified.Especially,the influence of topology structure is for the first time reported.The increasing stretching force in a fixed confinement or the confinement size under a constant stretching force does not alter their respective equilibrium populations at the separate state and the entangled state.In contrast,a bending stiffness larger than 15 enhanced the formation of the entangled state.The topology structure of the 51knot,which was different from the 52knot,resulted in forming a metastable state in the free energy profiles.The increasing stretching forces yielded an enhancement of the following free energy barrier.展开更多
High-power direct current fast charging(DC-HPC),particularly for megawatt-level charging currents(≥1000 A),is expected to significantly reduce charging time and improve electric vehicle durability,despite the risk of...High-power direct current fast charging(DC-HPC),particularly for megawatt-level charging currents(≥1000 A),is expected to significantly reduce charging time and improve electric vehicle durability,despite the risk of instantaneous thermal shocks.Conventional cooling methods,which separately transmit current and heat,struggle to achieve both flexible maneuverability and high-efficiency cooling.In this study,we present a synergetic cooling and transmission strategy using a gallium-based liquid metal flexible charging connector(LMFCC),which efficiently dissipates ultra-high heat flux while simultaneously carrying superhigh current.The LMFCC exhibits exceptional flexible operability(bending radius of 2 cm)and transmission stability even under significant deformation owing to the excellent liquidity and conductivity of liquid metal(LM).These properties are markedly better than those of solid metal connector.A compact induction electromagnet-driven method is optimized to significantly increase the LM flow rate and the active cooling capacity,resulting in sudden low temperature(<16℃at 1000 A).This synergetic cooling and charging strategy are expected to enable ultrahigh-heat-flux thermal management and accelerate development of the electric vehicle industry.展开更多
Harnessing the potential of graphite is key to fast charging at 4C(fully charged within 15 minutes)for electric vehicles.However,graphite is subject to lithium dendrite growth during charging,leading to short circuits...Harnessing the potential of graphite is key to fast charging at 4C(fully charged within 15 minutes)for electric vehicles.However,graphite is subject to lithium dendrite growth during charging,leading to short circuits and battery failures,which is one of the biggest problems for batteries[1-4].Therefore,quickly identifying the lithium dendrites and different types of dendrites on the graphite surface can quickly help analyze the state of graphite and design good charging protocols.展开更多
The accelerated global adoption of electric vehicles(EVs)is driving significant expansion and increasing complexity within the EV charging infrastructure,consequently presenting novel and pressing cybersecurity challe...The accelerated global adoption of electric vehicles(EVs)is driving significant expansion and increasing complexity within the EV charging infrastructure,consequently presenting novel and pressing cybersecurity challenges.While considerable effort has focused on preventative cybersecurity measures,a critical deficiency persists in structured methodologies for digital forensic analysis following security incidents,a gap exacerbated by system heterogeneity,distributed digital evidence,and inconsistent logging practices which hinder effective incident reconstruction and attribution.This paper addresses this critical need by proposing a novel,data-driven forensic framework tailored to the EV charging infrastructure,focusing on the systematic identification,classification,and correlation of diverse digital evidence across its physical,network,and application layers.Our methodology integrates open-source intelligence(OSINT)with advanced system modeling based on a three-layer cyber-physical system architecture to comprehensively map potential evidentiary sources.Key contributions include a comprehensive taxonomy of cybersecurity threats pertinent to EV charging ecosystems,detailed mappings between these threats and the resultant digital evidence to guide targeted investigations,the formulation of adaptable forensic investigation workflows for various incident scenarios,and a critical analysis of significant gaps in digital evidence availability within current EV charging systems,highlighting limitations in forensic readiness.The practical application and utility of this method are demonstrated through illustrative case studies involving both empirically-derived and virtual incident scenarios.The proposed datadriven approach is designed to significantly enhance digital forensic capabilities,support more effective incident response,strengthen compliance with emerging cybersecurity regulations,and ultimately contribute to bolstering the overall security,resilience,and trustworthiness of this increasingly vital critical infrastructure.展开更多
Automated guided vehicles(AGVs)are key equipment in automated container terminals(ACTs),and their operational efficiency can be impacted by conflicts and battery swapping.Additionally,AGVs have bidirectional transport...Automated guided vehicles(AGVs)are key equipment in automated container terminals(ACTs),and their operational efficiency can be impacted by conflicts and battery swapping.Additionally,AGVs have bidirectional transportation capabilities,allowing them tomove in the opposite directionwithout turning around,which helps reduce transportation time.This paper aims at the problem of AGV scheduling and bidirectional conflict-free routing with battery swapping in automated terminals.A bi-level mixed integer programming(MIP)model is proposed,taking into account task assignment,bidirectional conflict-free routing,and battery swapping.The upper model focuses on container task assignment and AGV battery swapping planning,while the lower model ensures conflict-free movement of AGVs.A double-threshold battery swapping strategy is introduced,allowing AGVs to utilize waiting time for loading for battery swapping.An improved differential evolution variable neighborhood search(IDE-VNS)algorithm is developed to solve the bi-level MIP model,aiming to minimize the completion time of all jobs.Experimental results demonstrate that compared to the differential evolution(DE)algorithm and the genetic algorithm(GA),the IDEVNS algorithmreduces fitness values by 44.49% and 45.22%,though it does increase computation time by 56.28% and 62.03%,respectively.Bidirectional transportation reduces the fitness value by an average of 10.97% when the container scale is small.As the container scale increases,the fitness value of bidirectional transportation gradually approaches that of unidirectional transportation.The results further show that the double-threshold battery swapping strategy enhances AGV utilization and reduces the fitness value.展开更多
文摘In March 2025,prominent Chinese automaker NIO(Shanghai,China),the global leader in electric vehicle(EV)battery swapping,and Contemporary Amperex Technology Co.,Ltd.(CATL)(Nindge,China),the world’s biggest manufacturer of EV batteries,announced a strategic partnership to build the world’s largest battery swapping network,while also promoting unified standards and technologies[1].Just weeks later,CATL announced another partnership,this one with Chinese state-owned oil giant Sinopec(Beijing,China)to build 10000 new battery swapping stations in China,at least 500 in 2025[2].
文摘Rapid evolutions of the Internet of Electric Vehicles(IoEVs)are reshaping and modernizing transport systems,yet challenges remain in energy efficiency,better battery aging,and grid stability.Typical charging methods allow for EVs to be charged without thought being given to the condition of the battery or the grid demand,thus increasing energy costs and battery aging.This study proposes a smart charging station with an AI-powered Battery Management System(BMS),developed and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink,to increase optimality in energy flow,battery health,and impractical scheduling within the IoEV environment.The system operates through real-time communication,load scheduling based on priorities,and adaptive charging based on batterymathematically computed State of Charge(SOC),State of Health(SOH),and thermal state,with bidirectional power flow(V2G),thus allowing EVs’participation towards grid stabilization.Simulation results revealed that the proposed model can reduce peak grid load by 37.8%;charging efficiency is enhanced by 92.6%;battery temperature lessened by 4.4℃;SOH extended over 100 cycles by 6.5%,if compared against the conventional technique.By this way,charging time was decreased by 12.4% and energy costs dropped by more than 20%.These results showed that smart charging with intelligent BMS can boost greatly the operational efficiency and sustainability of the IoEV ecosystem.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22579153 and 22279122)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.JCYJ20220530162402005)Wuhan Key Research and Development Program(No.2025060102030012).
文摘Extremely fast-charging and longlife span are critical yet challenging for the development of cost-effective and sustainable potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)due to the sluggish kinetics and rapid capacity decay of graphite anodes caused by the large radius of K ions(1.38 A).To tackle this issue,here a new type of nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon tubes(NGCTs)is reported via a ZrO_(2)-templated chemical vapor deposition(CVD)approach.The carbon interlayer spacing,crystallite size,and Nconfigurations in NGCTs are controlled by adjusting the CVD temperature(800,900,and 1000℃).The optimized NGCT-900 sample well balances the graphitic domains and structural defects,thus enabling fast K^(+)insertion/extraction below 1 V(vs.K^(+)/K).These tubular carbon membranes achieve exceptional K^(+)-storage performance including high K^(+)-storage capacities of 404 mAh·g^(-1)at 0.1 A·g^(-1),ultrafast charging at 50 A·g^(-1)and a super-long cycle life of up to 6000 cycles.Ex-situ X-ray diffraction(XRD),insitu Raman,and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique(GITT)analyses reveal a synergistic K^(+)-adsorptionintercalation mechanism.Further comparison with S or P heteroatoms underscores the significance of N-doping in enhancing reversible K^(+)intercalation into graphitic domains and boosting surface adsorption capacity.The fabricated NGCT-900//K_(x)Ni_(0.33)Mn_(0.67)O_(2)PIB(1.2-3.2 V)provides both a high-energy density of 187 Wh·kg^(-1)(comparable to graphite//LiFePO_(4)lithium-ion batteries(LIBs))and a high-power density of 2200 W·kg^(-1)at 123 Wh·kg^(-1).This study establishes a carbon anode design strategy for advanced potassium storage.
基金Supported by State Grid Corporation of China Science and Technology Project:Research on Key Technologies for Intelligent Carbon Metrology in Vehicle-to-Grid Interaction(Project Number:B3018524000Q).
文摘To achieve low-carbon regulation of electric vehicle(EV)charging loads under the“dual carbon”goals,this paper proposes a coordinated scheduling strategy that integrates dynamic carbon factor prediction and multiobjective optimization.First,a dual-convolution enhanced improved Crossformer prediction model is constructed,which employs parallel 1×1 global and 3×3 local convolutionmodules(Integrated Convolution Block,ICB)formultiscale feature extraction,combinedwith anAdaptive Spectral Block(ASB)to enhance time-series fluctuationmodeling.Based on high-precision predictions,a carbon-electricity cost joint optimization model is further designed to balance economic,environmental,and grid-friendly objectives.The model’s superiority was validated through a case study using real-world data from a renewable-heavy grid.Simulation results show that the proposed multi-objective strategy demonstrated a superior balance compared to baseline and benchmark models,achieving a 15.8%reduction in carbon emissions and a 5.2%reduction in economic costs,while still providing a substantial 22.2%reduction in the peak-valley difference.Its balanced performance significantly outperformed both a single-objective strategy and a state-of-the-art Model Predictive Control(MPC)benchmark,highlighting the advantage of a global optimization approach.This study provides theoretical and technical pathways for dynamic carbon factor-driven EV charging optimization.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.51007047
文摘An operation strategy of the electric vehicle （EV） battery charging and swapping station is proposed in the paper. The strategy is established based on comprehensively consideration of the EV charging behaviors and the possible mutual actions between battery charging and swapping. Three energy management strategies can be used in the station： charging period shifting, energy exchange between EVs, and energy supporting from surplus swapping batteries. Then an optimization model which minimizes the total energy management costs of the station is built. The Monte Carlo simulation is applied to analyze the characteristics of the EV battery charging load, and a heuristic algorithm is used to solve the strategy providing the relevant information of EVs and the battery charging and swapping station. The operation strategy can efficiently reduce battery charging during the high electricity price periods and make more reasonable use of the resources. Simulations prove the feasibility and rationality of the strategy.
基金State Grid Henan Power Company Science and Technology Project‘Key Technology and Demonstration Application of Multi-Domain Electric Vehicle Aggregated Charging Load Dispatch’(5217L0240003).
文摘This paper introduces a method for modeling the entire aggregated electric vehicle(EV)charging process and analyzing its dispatchable capabilities.The methodology involves developing a model for aggregated EV charging at the charging station level,estimating its physical dispatchable capability,determining its economic dispatchable capability under economic incentives,modeling its participation in the grid,and investigating the effects of different scenarios and EV penetration on the aggregated load dispatch and dispatchable capability.The results indicate that using economic dispatchable capability reduces charging prices by 9.7%compared to physical dispatchable capability and 9.3%compared to disorderly charging.Additionally,the peak-to-valley difference is reduced by 64.6%when applying economic dispatchable capability with 20%EV penetration and residential base load,compared to disorderly charging.
基金supported by the Lithium Resources and Lithium Materials Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province(LRMKF202405)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52402226)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2024NSFSC1016)the Scientific Research Startup Foundation of Chengdu University of Technology(10912-KYQD2023-10240)the opening funding from Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application(Harbin University of Science and Technology)(KFM202507,Ministry of Education)the funding provided by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation。
文摘The properties of electrolytes are critical for fast-charging and stable-cycling applications in lithium metal batteries(LMBs).However,the slow kinetics of Li^(+)transport and desolvation in commercial carbonate electrolytes,cou pled with the formation of unstable solid electrolyte interphases(SEI),exacerbate the degradation of LMB performance at high current densities.Herein,we propose a versatile electrolyte design strategy that incorporates cyclohexyl methyl ether(CME)as a co-solvent to reshape the Li^(+)solvation environment by the steric-hindrance effect of bulky molecules and their competitive coordination with other solvent molecules.Simulation calculations and spectral analysis demonstrate that the addition of CME molecules reduces the involvement of other solvent molecules in the Li solvation sheath and promotes the formation of Li^(+)-PF_(6)^(-)coordination,thereby accelerating Li^(+)transport kinetics.Additionally,this electrolyte composition improves Li^(+)desolvation kinetics and fosters the formation of inorganic-rich SEI,ensuring cycle stability under fast charging.Consequently,the Li‖LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)battery with the modified electrolyte retains 82% of its initial capacity after 463 cycles at 1 C.Even under the extreme fast-charging condition of 5 C,the battery can maintain 80% capacity retention after 173 cycles.This work provides a promising approach for the development of highperformance LMBs by modulating solvation environment of electrolytes.
文摘The joint location planning of charging/battery-swap facilities for electric vehicles is a complex problem.Considering the differences between these two modes of power replenishment,we constructed a joint location-planning model to minimize construction and operation costs,user costs,and user satisfaction-related penalty costs.We designed an improved genetic algorithm that changes the crossover rate using the fitness value,memorizes,and transfers excellent genes.In addition,the present model addresses the problem of“premature convergence”in conventional genetic algorithms.A simulated example revealed that our proposed model could provide a basis for optimized location planning of charging/battery-swapping facilities at different levels under different charging modes with an improved computing efficiency.The example also proved that meeting more demand for power supply of electric vehicles does not necessarily mean increasing the sites of charging/battery-swap stations.Instead,optimizing the level and location planning of charging/battery-swap stations can maximize the investment profit.The proposed model can provide a reference for the government and enterprises to better plan the location of charging/battery-swap facilities.Hence,it is of both theoretical and practical value.
基金Funding for this work was provided by Natural Resources Canada through the Program of Energy Research and Development.
文摘Electrification of roadways using dynamic wireless charging(DWC)technology can provide an effective solution to range anxiety,high battery costs and long charging times of electric vehicles(EVs).With DWC systems installed on roadways,they constitute a charging infrastructure or electrified roads(eRoads)that have many advantages.For instance,the large battery size of heavy-duty EVs can significantly be downsized due to charging-whiledriving.However,a high power demand of the DWC system,especially during traffic rush periods,could lead to voltage instability in the grid and undesirable power demand curves.In this paper,a model for the power demand is developed to predict the DWC system's power demand at various levels of EV penetration rate.The DWC power demand profile in the chosen 550 km section of a major highway in Canada is simulated.Solar photovoltaic(PV)panels are integrated with the DWC,and the integrated system is optimized to mitigate the peak power demand on the electrical grid.With solar panels of 55,000 kW rated capacity installed along roadsides in the study region,the peak power demand on the electrical grid is reduced from 167.5 to 136.1 MW or by 18.7%at an EV penetration rate of 30%under monthly average daily solar radiation in July.It is evidenced that solar PV power has effectively smoothed the peak power demand on the grid.Moreover,the locally generated renewable power could help ease off expensive grid upgrades and expansions for the eRoad.Also,the economic feasibility of the solar PV integrated DWC system is assessed using cost analysis metrics.
基金supported from Science and Technology Development Program of Jilin Province(Nos.20240101128JC,20230402058GH)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52130101).
文摘Sodium-ion batteries have emerged as competitive substitutes for low-temperature applications due to severe capacity loss and safety concerns of lithium-ion batteries at−20°C or lower.However,the key capability of ultrafast charging at ultralow temperature for SIBs is rarely reported.Herein,a hybrid of Bi nanoparticles embedded in carbon nanorods is demonstrated as an ideal material to address this issue,which is synthesized via a high temperature shock method.Such a hybrid shows an unprecedented rate performance(237.9 mAh g^(−1) at 2 A g^(−1))at−60℃,outperforming all reported SIB anode materials.Coupled with a Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)cathode,the energy density of the full cell can reach to 181.9 Wh kg^(−1) at−40°C.Based on this work,a novel strategy of high-rate activation is proposed to enhance performances of Bi-based materials in cryogenic conditions by creating new active sites for interfacial reaction under large current.
文摘Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are an electrochemical energy storage technology that has been widely used for portable electrical devices,electric vehicles,and grid storage,etc.To satisfy the demand for user convenience especially for electric vehicles,the development of a fast-charging technology for LIBs has become a critical focus.In commercial LIBs,the slow kinetics of Li+intercalation into the graphite anode from the electrolyte solution is known as the main restriction for fast-charging.We summarize the recent advances in obtaining fast-charging graphite-based anodes,mainly involving modifications of the electrolyte solution and graphite anode.Specifically,strategies for increasing the ionic conductivity and regulating the Li+solvation/desolvation state in the electrolyte solution,as well as optimizing the fabrication and the intrinsic activity of graphite-based anodes are discussed in detail.This review considers practical ways to obtain fast Li+intercalation kinetics into a graphite anode from the electrolyte as well as analysing progress in the commercialization of fast-charging LIBs.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China(No.2023YFB3709605)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62073193)the National College Student Innovation Training Program(No.202310422122)。
文摘Potential high-temperature risks exist in heat-prone components of electric moped charging devices,such as sockets,interfaces,and controllers.Traditional detection methods have limitations in terms of real-time performance and monitoring scope.To address this,a temperature detection method based on infrared image processing has been proposed:utilizing the median filtering algorithm to denoise the original infrared image,then applying an image segmentation algorithm to divide the image.
基金the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72325006,72488101,and 72293601)the Sze Family Foundationthe Climate Imperative Foundation(#2024-001465)
文摘In China,electric vehicle(EV)fast-charging power has quadrupled in the past five years,progressing toward 10-minute ultrafast charging.This rapid increase raises concerns about the impact on the power grid including increased peak power demand and the need for substantial upgrades to power infrastruc-ture.Here,we introduce an integrated model to assess fast and ultrafast charging impacts for represen-tative charging stations in China,combining real-world charging patterns and detailed station optimization models.We find that larger stations with 12 or more chargers experience modest peak power increases of less than 30%when fast-charging power is doubled,primarily because shorter charg-ing sessions are less likely to overlap.For more typical stations(e.g.,8-9 chargers and 120 kW·charger^(−1)),upgrading chargers to 350-550 kW while allowing managed dynamic waiting strategies(of∼1 minute)can reduce overall charging times to∼9 minutes.At stations,deploying battery storage and/or expanding transformers can help manage future increases in station loads,yet the primary device cost of the former is∼4 times higher than that of the latter.Our results offer insights for charging infrastructure planning,EV-grid interactions,and associated policymaking.
基金funded by Science and Technology Project of SGCC(SGJLCC00KJJS2203595).
文摘Aiming at the problem of increasing the peak-to-valley difference of grid load and the rising cost of user charging caused by the disorderly charging of large-scale electric vehicles,this paper proposes a coordinated charging scheduling strategy for multiple types of electric vehicles based on the degree of urgency of vehicle use.First,considering the range loss characteristics,dynamic time-sharing tariff mechanism,and user incentive policy in the lowtemperature environment of northern winter,a differentiated charging model is constructed for four types of vehicles:family cars,official cars,buses,and cabs.Then,we innovatively introduce the urgency parameter of charging demand for multiple types of vehicles and dynamically divide the emergency and non-emergency charging modes according to the difference between the regular charging capacity and the user’s minimum power demand.When the conventional charging capacity is less than the minimum power demand of the vehicle within the specified time,it is the emergency vehicle demand,and this type of vehicle is immediately charged in fast charging mode after connecting to the grid.On the contrary,it is a non-emergency demand,and the vehicle is connected to the grid to choose the appropriate time to charge in conventional charging mode.Finally,by optimizing the objective function to minimize the peakto-valley difference between the grid and the vehicle owner’s charging cost,and designing the charging continuity constraints to avoid battery damage,it ensures that the vehicle is efficiently dispatched under the premise of meeting the minimum power demand.Simulation results show that the proposed charging strategy can reduce the charging cost of vehicle owners by 26.33%,reduce the peak-to-valley difference rate of the grid by 29.8%,and significantly alleviate the congestion problem during peak load hours,compared with the disordered charging mode,while ensuring that the electric vehicles are not overcharged and meet the electricity demand of vehicle owners.This paper solves the problems of the existing research on the singularity of vehicle models and the lack of environmental adaptability and provides both economic and practical solutions for the cooperative optimization of electric vehicles and power grids in multiple scenarios.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.11864006,11874309,12164007,and 12204118。
文摘In this work,Langevin dynamics simulations were carried out to thoroughly investigate the swapping process of composite knots under tension in a cuboid nanochannel.From our analysis,the free energy profiles of knot swapping under different conditions were extracted from the overall probability distribution of the relative distance between the centers of composite knots.In addition,the impact of the stretching force,confinement size,and bending stiffness on the free energy profiles was directly identified.Especially,the influence of topology structure is for the first time reported.The increasing stretching force in a fixed confinement or the confinement size under a constant stretching force does not alter their respective equilibrium populations at the separate state and the entangled state.In contrast,a bending stiffness larger than 15 enhanced the formation of the entangled state.The topology structure of the 51knot,which was different from the 52knot,resulted in forming a metastable state in the free energy profiles.The increasing stretching forces yielded an enhancement of the following free energy barrier.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(52076213)the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University for the financial coverage of this work。
文摘High-power direct current fast charging(DC-HPC),particularly for megawatt-level charging currents(≥1000 A),is expected to significantly reduce charging time and improve electric vehicle durability,despite the risk of instantaneous thermal shocks.Conventional cooling methods,which separately transmit current and heat,struggle to achieve both flexible maneuverability and high-efficiency cooling.In this study,we present a synergetic cooling and transmission strategy using a gallium-based liquid metal flexible charging connector(LMFCC),which efficiently dissipates ultra-high heat flux while simultaneously carrying superhigh current.The LMFCC exhibits exceptional flexible operability(bending radius of 2 cm)and transmission stability even under significant deformation owing to the excellent liquidity and conductivity of liquid metal(LM).These properties are markedly better than those of solid metal connector.A compact induction electromagnet-driven method is optimized to significantly increase the LM flow rate and the active cooling capacity,resulting in sudden low temperature(<16℃at 1000 A).This synergetic cooling and charging strategy are expected to enable ultrahigh-heat-flux thermal management and accelerate development of the electric vehicle industry.
文摘Harnessing the potential of graphite is key to fast charging at 4C(fully charged within 15 minutes)for electric vehicles.However,graphite is subject to lithium dendrite growth during charging,leading to short circuits and battery failures,which is one of the biggest problems for batteries[1-4].Therefore,quickly identifying the lithium dendrites and different types of dendrites on the graphite surface can quickly help analyze the state of graphite and design good charging protocols.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(RS-2023-00242528,50%)supported by a grant from the Korea Electric Power Corporation(R24XO01-4,50%)for basic research and development projects starting in 2024.
文摘The accelerated global adoption of electric vehicles(EVs)is driving significant expansion and increasing complexity within the EV charging infrastructure,consequently presenting novel and pressing cybersecurity challenges.While considerable effort has focused on preventative cybersecurity measures,a critical deficiency persists in structured methodologies for digital forensic analysis following security incidents,a gap exacerbated by system heterogeneity,distributed digital evidence,and inconsistent logging practices which hinder effective incident reconstruction and attribution.This paper addresses this critical need by proposing a novel,data-driven forensic framework tailored to the EV charging infrastructure,focusing on the systematic identification,classification,and correlation of diverse digital evidence across its physical,network,and application layers.Our methodology integrates open-source intelligence(OSINT)with advanced system modeling based on a three-layer cyber-physical system architecture to comprehensively map potential evidentiary sources.Key contributions include a comprehensive taxonomy of cybersecurity threats pertinent to EV charging ecosystems,detailed mappings between these threats and the resultant digital evidence to guide targeted investigations,the formulation of adaptable forensic investigation workflows for various incident scenarios,and a critical analysis of significant gaps in digital evidence availability within current EV charging systems,highlighting limitations in forensic readiness.The practical application and utility of this method are demonstrated through illustrative case studies involving both empirically-derived and virtual incident scenarios.The proposed datadriven approach is designed to significantly enhance digital forensic capabilities,support more effective incident response,strengthen compliance with emerging cybersecurity regulations,and ultimately contribute to bolstering the overall security,resilience,and trustworthiness of this increasingly vital critical infrastructure.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62073212)Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(No.23ZR1426600).
文摘Automated guided vehicles(AGVs)are key equipment in automated container terminals(ACTs),and their operational efficiency can be impacted by conflicts and battery swapping.Additionally,AGVs have bidirectional transportation capabilities,allowing them tomove in the opposite directionwithout turning around,which helps reduce transportation time.This paper aims at the problem of AGV scheduling and bidirectional conflict-free routing with battery swapping in automated terminals.A bi-level mixed integer programming(MIP)model is proposed,taking into account task assignment,bidirectional conflict-free routing,and battery swapping.The upper model focuses on container task assignment and AGV battery swapping planning,while the lower model ensures conflict-free movement of AGVs.A double-threshold battery swapping strategy is introduced,allowing AGVs to utilize waiting time for loading for battery swapping.An improved differential evolution variable neighborhood search(IDE-VNS)algorithm is developed to solve the bi-level MIP model,aiming to minimize the completion time of all jobs.Experimental results demonstrate that compared to the differential evolution(DE)algorithm and the genetic algorithm(GA),the IDEVNS algorithmreduces fitness values by 44.49% and 45.22%,though it does increase computation time by 56.28% and 62.03%,respectively.Bidirectional transportation reduces the fitness value by an average of 10.97% when the container scale is small.As the container scale increases,the fitness value of bidirectional transportation gradually approaches that of unidirectional transportation.The results further show that the double-threshold battery swapping strategy enhances AGV utilization and reduces the fitness value.
