As important halogenating and oxidant agents,the synthesis and utilization of interhalogens are plagued by their purity problem,strong volatility and high reactivity.Herein,a flexible Cd-based metal-organic framework(...As important halogenating and oxidant agents,the synthesis and utilization of interhalogens are plagued by their purity problem,strong volatility and high reactivity.Herein,a flexible Cd-based metal-organic framework(MOF),{[Cd(1,4-bdc)(4-bpa)]·DMF}_(n)(1,where 4-bpa=1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)acetylene),was prepared and its corresponding activation species,[Cd(1,4-bdc)(4-bpa)]_(n)(2),with moderate pore size and shape,acting as a crystal vessel,was applied to synthesize and store pure interhalogens.The synthesis of interhalogen was realized by quantitive transformation of halogen molecules incorporated in the pores of 2,which was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and other structural characterizations.The embedded interhalogen molecules were stabilized by their interactions with the inner groups of the porous framework of 2 and released in polar solvent and utilized in iodocyclization of organic alcohols with high selectivity.This work not only opens a new door to the synthesis of pure interhalogens but also demonstrates powerful applications of MOF crystal vessels in realizing classic but important inorganic and organic reactions.展开更多
Against the backdrop of escalating global climate change and energy crises,the resource utilization of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),a major greenhouse gas,has become a crucial pathway for achieving carbon peaking and carbon...Against the backdrop of escalating global climate change and energy crises,the resource utilization of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),a major greenhouse gas,has become a crucial pathway for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.The hydrogenation of CO_(2)to methanol not only enables carbon sequestration and recycling,but also provides a route to produce high value-added fuels and basic chemical feedstocks,holding significant environmental and economic potential.However,this conversion process is thermodynamically and kinetically limited,and traditional catalyst systems(e.g.,Cu/ZnO/Al_(2)O_(3))exhibit inadequate activity,selectivity,and stability under mild conditions.Therefore,the development of novel high-performance catalysts with precisely tunable structures and functionalities is imperative.Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),as crystalline porous materials with high surface area,tunable pore structures,and diverse metal-ligand compositions,have the great potential in CO_(2)hydrogenation catalysis.Their structural design flexibility allows for the construction of well-dispersed active sites,tailored electronic environments,and enhanced metal-support interactions.This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in MOF-based and MOF-derived catalysts for CO_(2)hydrogenation to methanol,focusing on four design strategies:(1)spatial confinement and in situ construction,(2)defect engineering and ion-exchange,(3)bimetallic synergy and hybrid structure design,and(4)MOF-derived nanomaterial synthesis.These approaches significantly improve CO_(2)conversion and methanol selectivity by optimizing metal dispersion,interfacial structures,and reaction pathways.The reaction mechanism is further explored by focusing on the three main reaction pathways:the formate pathway(HCOO*),the RWGS(Reverse Water Gas Shift reaction)+CO*hydrogenation pathway,and the trans-COOH pathway.In situ spectroscopic studies and density functional theory(DFT)calculations elucidate the formation and transformation of key intermediates,as well as the roles of active sites,metal-support interfaces,oxygen vacancies,and promoters.Additionally,representative catalytic performance data for MOFbased systems are compiled and compared,demonstrating their advantages over traditional catalysts in terms of CO_(2)conversion,methanol selectivity,and space-time yield.Future perspectives for MOF-based CO_(2)hydrogenation catalysts will prioritize two main directions:structural design and mechanistic understanding.The precise construction of active sites through multi-metallic synergy,defect engineering,and interfacial electronic modulation should be made to enhance catalyst selectivity and stability.In addition,advanced in situ characterization techniques combined with theoretical modeling are essential to unravel the detailed reaction mechanisms and intermediate behaviors,thereby guiding rational catalyst design.Moreover,to enable industrial application,challenges related to thermal/hydrothermal stability,catalyst recyclability,and cost-effective large-scale synthesis must be addressed.The development of green,scalable preparation methods and the integration of MOF catalysts into practical reaction systems(e.g.,flow reactors)will be crucial for bridging the gap between laboratory research and commercial deployment.Ultimately,multi-scale structure-performance optimization and catalytic system integration will be vital for accelerating the industrialization of MOF-based CO_(2)-to-methanol technologies.展开更多
A three-dimensional(3 D) Cd-based metal-organic framework(MOF), [Cd(H2 O)(PAA)]·(H2 O)2(complex 1) has been rationally designed and synthesized by using 4-(pyrimidin-5-yl)isophthalic acid(H2 PAA) and Cd(NO3)2...A three-dimensional(3 D) Cd-based metal-organic framework(MOF), [Cd(H2 O)(PAA)]·(H2 O)2(complex 1) has been rationally designed and synthesized by using 4-(pyrimidin-5-yl)isophthalic acid(H2 PAA) and Cd(NO3)2·4 H2 O under solvothermal conditions. The structure has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses and further characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectra, powder X-ray diffraction(PXRD) and thermogravimetric analyses(TGA). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses reveal that complex 1 consists of a 3 D network with one-dimensional(1 D) channels. Moreover, 1 exhibits strong luminescent emission in solid state at room temperature. Fluorescence quenching was observed when treating complex 1 with picric acid(PA), 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine(2,4-DNPH) and p-nitroaniline(p-NA), revealing that the as-synthesized complex could be used as a luminescence sensor for the detection of PA, 2,4-DNPH and p-NA.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22271203)the State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry of Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry,China(No.KF2021005)+1 种基金the Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology,Chinathe Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China,and the Project of Scientific and Technologic Infrastructure of Suzhou,China(No.SZS201905)for financial support.
文摘As important halogenating and oxidant agents,the synthesis and utilization of interhalogens are plagued by their purity problem,strong volatility and high reactivity.Herein,a flexible Cd-based metal-organic framework(MOF),{[Cd(1,4-bdc)(4-bpa)]·DMF}_(n)(1,where 4-bpa=1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)acetylene),was prepared and its corresponding activation species,[Cd(1,4-bdc)(4-bpa)]_(n)(2),with moderate pore size and shape,acting as a crystal vessel,was applied to synthesize and store pure interhalogens.The synthesis of interhalogen was realized by quantitive transformation of halogen molecules incorporated in the pores of 2,which was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and other structural characterizations.The embedded interhalogen molecules were stabilized by their interactions with the inner groups of the porous framework of 2 and released in polar solvent and utilized in iodocyclization of organic alcohols with high selectivity.This work not only opens a new door to the synthesis of pure interhalogens but also demonstrates powerful applications of MOF crystal vessels in realizing classic but important inorganic and organic reactions.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB4104500,2023YFB4104502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22138013)the Taishan Scholar Project(ts201712020).
文摘Against the backdrop of escalating global climate change and energy crises,the resource utilization of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),a major greenhouse gas,has become a crucial pathway for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.The hydrogenation of CO_(2)to methanol not only enables carbon sequestration and recycling,but also provides a route to produce high value-added fuels and basic chemical feedstocks,holding significant environmental and economic potential.However,this conversion process is thermodynamically and kinetically limited,and traditional catalyst systems(e.g.,Cu/ZnO/Al_(2)O_(3))exhibit inadequate activity,selectivity,and stability under mild conditions.Therefore,the development of novel high-performance catalysts with precisely tunable structures and functionalities is imperative.Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),as crystalline porous materials with high surface area,tunable pore structures,and diverse metal-ligand compositions,have the great potential in CO_(2)hydrogenation catalysis.Their structural design flexibility allows for the construction of well-dispersed active sites,tailored electronic environments,and enhanced metal-support interactions.This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in MOF-based and MOF-derived catalysts for CO_(2)hydrogenation to methanol,focusing on four design strategies:(1)spatial confinement and in situ construction,(2)defect engineering and ion-exchange,(3)bimetallic synergy and hybrid structure design,and(4)MOF-derived nanomaterial synthesis.These approaches significantly improve CO_(2)conversion and methanol selectivity by optimizing metal dispersion,interfacial structures,and reaction pathways.The reaction mechanism is further explored by focusing on the three main reaction pathways:the formate pathway(HCOO*),the RWGS(Reverse Water Gas Shift reaction)+CO*hydrogenation pathway,and the trans-COOH pathway.In situ spectroscopic studies and density functional theory(DFT)calculations elucidate the formation and transformation of key intermediates,as well as the roles of active sites,metal-support interfaces,oxygen vacancies,and promoters.Additionally,representative catalytic performance data for MOFbased systems are compiled and compared,demonstrating their advantages over traditional catalysts in terms of CO_(2)conversion,methanol selectivity,and space-time yield.Future perspectives for MOF-based CO_(2)hydrogenation catalysts will prioritize two main directions:structural design and mechanistic understanding.The precise construction of active sites through multi-metallic synergy,defect engineering,and interfacial electronic modulation should be made to enhance catalyst selectivity and stability.In addition,advanced in situ characterization techniques combined with theoretical modeling are essential to unravel the detailed reaction mechanisms and intermediate behaviors,thereby guiding rational catalyst design.Moreover,to enable industrial application,challenges related to thermal/hydrothermal stability,catalyst recyclability,and cost-effective large-scale synthesis must be addressed.The development of green,scalable preparation methods and the integration of MOF catalysts into practical reaction systems(e.g.,flow reactors)will be crucial for bridging the gap between laboratory research and commercial deployment.Ultimately,multi-scale structure-performance optimization and catalytic system integration will be vital for accelerating the industrialization of MOF-based CO_(2)-to-methanol technologies.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(2018JQ2079,2018JQ2040,2018JM2055)
文摘A three-dimensional(3 D) Cd-based metal-organic framework(MOF), [Cd(H2 O)(PAA)]·(H2 O)2(complex 1) has been rationally designed and synthesized by using 4-(pyrimidin-5-yl)isophthalic acid(H2 PAA) and Cd(NO3)2·4 H2 O under solvothermal conditions. The structure has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses and further characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectra, powder X-ray diffraction(PXRD) and thermogravimetric analyses(TGA). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses reveal that complex 1 consists of a 3 D network with one-dimensional(1 D) channels. Moreover, 1 exhibits strong luminescent emission in solid state at room temperature. Fluorescence quenching was observed when treating complex 1 with picric acid(PA), 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine(2,4-DNPH) and p-nitroaniline(p-NA), revealing that the as-synthesized complex could be used as a luminescence sensor for the detection of PA, 2,4-DNPH and p-NA.
