Lithium nickel oxide(Li_(2)NiO_(2)),as a sacrificial cathode prelithiation additive,has been used to compensate for the lithium loss for improving the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,high-cost Li_(2)Ni...Lithium nickel oxide(Li_(2)NiO_(2)),as a sacrificial cathode prelithiation additive,has been used to compensate for the lithium loss for improving the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,high-cost Li_(2)NiO_(2)suffers from inferior delithiation kinetics during the first cycle.Herein,we investigated the effects of the cost-effective copper substituted Li_(2)Ni_(1-x)Cu_(x)O_(2)(x=0,0.2,0.3,0.5,0.7)synthesized by a high-temperature solid-phase method on the structure,morphology,electrochemical performance of graphite‖LiFePO_(4)battery.The X-ray diffraction(XRD)refinement result demonstrated that Cu substitution strategy could be favorable for eliminating the NiO_(x)impurity phase and weakening Li-O bond.Analysis on density of states(DOS)indicates that Cu substitution is good for enhancing the electronic conductivity,as well as reducing the delithi-ation voltage polarization confirmed by electrochemical characterizations.Therefore,the optimal Li_(2)Ni_(0.7)Cu_(0.3)O_(2)delivered a high delithiation capacity of 437 mAh·g^(-1),around 8%above that of the pristine Li_(2)NiO_(2).Furthermore,a graphite‖LiFePO_(4)pouch cell with a nominal capacity of 3000 mAh demonstrated a notably improved reversible capacity,energy density and cycle life through introducing 2 wt%Li_(2)Ni_(0.7)Cu_(0.3)O_(2)additive,delivering a 6.2 mAh·g^(-1)higher initial discharge capacity and achieving around 5%improvement in capacity retentnion at 0.5P over 1000 cycles.Additionally,the post-mortem analyses testified that the Li_(2)Ni_(0.7)Cu_(0.3)O_(2)additive could suppress solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)decomposition and homogenize the Li distribution,which benefits to stabilizing interface between graphite and electrolyte,and alleviating dendritic Li plating.In conclusion,the Li_(2)Ni_(0.7)Cu_(0.3)O_(2)additive may offer advantages such as lower cost,lower delithiation voltage and higher prelithiation capacity compared with Li_(2)NiO_(2),making it a promising candidate of cathode prelithiation additive for next-generation LIBs.展开更多
Protonic ceramic fuel cells(PCFCs) are promising for efficient,clean energy conversion at low to intermediate temperatures,but the widely used BaZr_(0.1)-Ce_(0.7)Y_(0.1)Yb_(0.1)O_(3-δ)(BZCYYb) electrolyte has poor ch...Protonic ceramic fuel cells(PCFCs) are promising for efficient,clean energy conversion at low to intermediate temperatures,but the widely used BaZr_(0.1)-Ce_(0.7)Y_(0.1)Yb_(0.1)O_(3-δ)(BZCYYb) electrolyte has poor chemical stability in humid environments.Herein,we show that under oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) conditions,water accumulates at the BaGd_(0.8)La_(0.2)Co_(2)O_(6-δ)(BGLC)cathode-BZCYYb electrolyte interface,causing selective loss of B a cations and decomposition of BZCYYb electrolyte.The introduction of triply ion-electron conducting La_(2)Ce_(2)O_(7-δ)(LCeO) into the BGLC cathode expands its active reaction area,accelerates ORR kinetics,and suppresses water accumulation at the cathode-electrolyte interface and electrolyte decomposition.A single cell with the BGLC-LCeO composite cathode achieves a peak power density of 1.07 W cm^(-2)at 700℃,with no profound degradation at 0.5 A cm^(-2)over 100 h.These findings provide guidance for the development of high-performance,durable PCFCs.展开更多
The present work aims to evaluate the increase in the number of spot welds in the 16 × 16 type fuel assembly structure that connects guide thimbles and spacer grids, in order to provide a proper joint for this co...The present work aims to evaluate the increase in the number of spot welds in the 16 × 16 type fuel assembly structure that connects guide thimbles and spacer grids, in order to provide a proper joint for this connection. This new and improved process can provide more stiffness to the whole structure, since the number of spots raised from four to eight. A 3-D geometric model of a guide thimble section was generated in a CAD （computer aided design） program （SolidWorks）. After that, the geometric model was imported to a CAE （computer aided engineering） program （ANSYS Mechanical APDL, Release 14.0）, where the finite element model was built, considering the guide thimble geometry assembled with the spacer grid through the welded connections. Boundaries conditions were implemented in the model in order to simulate the correct physical behavior due to the operation of the fuel assembly inside the reactor. The analysis covered specific loads and displacements acting on the entire structure. The method used to solve this finite element analysis was a linear static simulation in order to perform the connection between a spacer grid cell and a guide thimble section. Hence, four models was evaluated, differing on the spot weld number in the spacer grid and guide thimble connection. The rotational stiffness results of each model were compared. The results acquired from four and eight spot weld were validated with physical test results. The behavior of the structure under the acting force/displacement and the related results of the analysis, mainly the stiffness, were satisfied. The results of this analysis were used to prove that the increasing spot welds number is an improvement in the dimensional stability when submitted to loads and displacements required on the fuel assembly design. This analysis aid to get more information of extreme importance such as, the pursuance to develop better manufacturing process and to improve the fuel assembly performance due to the increasing of the bum-up.展开更多
During the electrochemical machining (ECM), the cathodes designed by the existing methods are mainly unitary cathodes, which can be only used to produce the workpieces with the same shapes. However, there are few rese...During the electrochemical machining (ECM), the cathodes designed by the existing methods are mainly unitary cathodes, which can be only used to produce the workpieces with the same shapes. However, there are few researches on designing cathodes for machining the different workpieces with the different surfaces. This paper presents the grid cathode composed of the square cells to produce the workpieces with different shapes. Three types of the square cells, 2.5 mm′2.5 mm, 3 mm′3 mm, and 4 mm′4 mm, are utilized to construct the plane, the slant, and the blade cathode. The material of the cathode and the anode is CrNi 18 Ti 9 , and the ingredient of electrolyte is 15% NaCl and 15% NaNO 3 . The machining equilibrium machining current and time are acquired and analyzed, the machining process and the workpiece quality are compared between using the grid cathode and the unitary cathode. Moreover, the machining errors on the workpiece surface are measured and analyzed, and the error reasons are traced and discussed to obtain the better surface quality of the workpiece. The experiment and analysis results show that the grid cathode can be used to manufacture the workpieces with complex shapes in certain range of the error. The workpiece quality improves with the size of the square cell being reduced, and if the square element is small enough, the workpiece quality is almost equal to the one machined by the unitary cathode. The proposed research realizes a single cathode machining the different workpieces with the different surfaces.展开更多
Based on surface mount products virtual assembly technology,the solder joint reliability of plastic ball grid array (PBGA) was studied. Four process parameters,including the upper pad diameter,the stencil thickness,th...Based on surface mount products virtual assembly technology,the solder joint reliability of plastic ball grid array (PBGA) was studied. Four process parameters,including the upper pad diameter,the stencil thickness,the chip weight on a single solder joint and the lower pad diameter were chose as four control factors. By using an L25(56) orthogonal array the PBGA solder joints which have 25 different process parameters’ levels combinations were designed. The numerical models of all the 25 PBGA solder joints were developed and the finite element analysis models were setup. The stress and strain distribution within the PBGA solder joints under thermal cycles were studied by finite element analysis,and the thermal fatigue life of PBGA solder joint was calculated using Coffin-Manson equation. Based on the calculated thermal fatigue life results,the range analysis was performed. The results of study show that that the impact sequence of the four factors from high to low on the fatigue life of PBGA solder joints are the stencil thickness,the upper pad diameter,the lower pad diameter and the chip weight on a single solder joint; the best level combination ofprocess parameters that results in the longest fatigue life is the lower pad diameter of 0.6 mm,the stencil thickness of 0.175 mm,the chip weight on asingle solder joint of 28×10 -5 N and the upper pad diameter of 0.5 mm.展开更多
In this paper,the influence of thermal performance of cathode-heater assembly of Traveling Wave Tube(TWT),which has different contact form between inner heat shield and supporting cylinder,is analyzed using the simula...In this paper,the influence of thermal performance of cathode-heater assembly of Traveling Wave Tube(TWT),which has different contact form between inner heat shield and supporting cylinder,is analyzed using the simulation software ANSYS.With both thermal radiation and heat conduction are considered,the temperature and heat flux distribution of structures with different contact form are calculated,and also starting time which is needed before temperature come into steady status.The result of analysis suggests that changing the contact form between inner heat shield and support cylinder can influence the thermal performance of cathode-heater assembly and improve assembly's temperature distribution and promote heater's heating efficiency.The result of this paper provides theoretical guidance in the design of cathode-heater assembly.展开更多
Breakdown of atmospheric pressure air gaps with combined design of the cathode at the voltage pulse rise rate equal to 1014V/s has been studied with picoseconds’temporal resolution.Cathode assembly has a structure co...Breakdown of atmospheric pressure air gaps with combined design of the cathode at the voltage pulse rise rate equal to 1014V/s has been studied with picoseconds’temporal resolution.Cathode assembly has a structure consisting of a flat thin foil and a grid of parallel foil thin wires.In the space behind the cathode foil a fast electron flow was recorded.The current value of the fast electron beam recorded behind the cathode is essentially influenced by the anode material.At a grid cathode and flat anode,the spectra of fast electrons generated both in direct(towards the anode)and reverse directions have been reconstructed by the attenuation curves.展开更多
基金supported by the Significant Science and Technology Project in Xiamen(Future Industry Field)(Grant No.3502Z20231057).
文摘Lithium nickel oxide(Li_(2)NiO_(2)),as a sacrificial cathode prelithiation additive,has been used to compensate for the lithium loss for improving the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,high-cost Li_(2)NiO_(2)suffers from inferior delithiation kinetics during the first cycle.Herein,we investigated the effects of the cost-effective copper substituted Li_(2)Ni_(1-x)Cu_(x)O_(2)(x=0,0.2,0.3,0.5,0.7)synthesized by a high-temperature solid-phase method on the structure,morphology,electrochemical performance of graphite‖LiFePO_(4)battery.The X-ray diffraction(XRD)refinement result demonstrated that Cu substitution strategy could be favorable for eliminating the NiO_(x)impurity phase and weakening Li-O bond.Analysis on density of states(DOS)indicates that Cu substitution is good for enhancing the electronic conductivity,as well as reducing the delithi-ation voltage polarization confirmed by electrochemical characterizations.Therefore,the optimal Li_(2)Ni_(0.7)Cu_(0.3)O_(2)delivered a high delithiation capacity of 437 mAh·g^(-1),around 8%above that of the pristine Li_(2)NiO_(2).Furthermore,a graphite‖LiFePO_(4)pouch cell with a nominal capacity of 3000 mAh demonstrated a notably improved reversible capacity,energy density and cycle life through introducing 2 wt%Li_(2)Ni_(0.7)Cu_(0.3)O_(2)additive,delivering a 6.2 mAh·g^(-1)higher initial discharge capacity and achieving around 5%improvement in capacity retentnion at 0.5P over 1000 cycles.Additionally,the post-mortem analyses testified that the Li_(2)Ni_(0.7)Cu_(0.3)O_(2)additive could suppress solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)decomposition and homogenize the Li distribution,which benefits to stabilizing interface between graphite and electrolyte,and alleviating dendritic Li plating.In conclusion,the Li_(2)Ni_(0.7)Cu_(0.3)O_(2)additive may offer advantages such as lower cost,lower delithiation voltage and higher prelithiation capacity compared with Li_(2)NiO_(2),making it a promising candidate of cathode prelithiation additive for next-generation LIBs.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22279018 and 22005055)
文摘Protonic ceramic fuel cells(PCFCs) are promising for efficient,clean energy conversion at low to intermediate temperatures,but the widely used BaZr_(0.1)-Ce_(0.7)Y_(0.1)Yb_(0.1)O_(3-δ)(BZCYYb) electrolyte has poor chemical stability in humid environments.Herein,we show that under oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) conditions,water accumulates at the BaGd_(0.8)La_(0.2)Co_(2)O_(6-δ)(BGLC)cathode-BZCYYb electrolyte interface,causing selective loss of B a cations and decomposition of BZCYYb electrolyte.The introduction of triply ion-electron conducting La_(2)Ce_(2)O_(7-δ)(LCeO) into the BGLC cathode expands its active reaction area,accelerates ORR kinetics,and suppresses water accumulation at the cathode-electrolyte interface and electrolyte decomposition.A single cell with the BGLC-LCeO composite cathode achieves a peak power density of 1.07 W cm^(-2)at 700℃,with no profound degradation at 0.5 A cm^(-2)over 100 h.These findings provide guidance for the development of high-performance,durable PCFCs.
文摘The present work aims to evaluate the increase in the number of spot welds in the 16 × 16 type fuel assembly structure that connects guide thimbles and spacer grids, in order to provide a proper joint for this connection. This new and improved process can provide more stiffness to the whole structure, since the number of spots raised from four to eight. A 3-D geometric model of a guide thimble section was generated in a CAD （computer aided design） program （SolidWorks）. After that, the geometric model was imported to a CAE （computer aided engineering） program （ANSYS Mechanical APDL, Release 14.0）, where the finite element model was built, considering the guide thimble geometry assembled with the spacer grid through the welded connections. Boundaries conditions were implemented in the model in order to simulate the correct physical behavior due to the operation of the fuel assembly inside the reactor. The analysis covered specific loads and displacements acting on the entire structure. The method used to solve this finite element analysis was a linear static simulation in order to perform the connection between a spacer grid cell and a guide thimble section. Hence, four models was evaluated, differing on the spot weld number in the spacer grid and guide thimble connection. The rotational stiffness results of each model were compared. The results acquired from four and eight spot weld were validated with physical test results. The behavior of the structure under the acting force/displacement and the related results of the analysis, mainly the stiffness, were satisfied. The results of this analysis were used to prove that the increasing spot welds number is an improvement in the dimensional stability when submitted to loads and displacements required on the fuel assembly design. This analysis aid to get more information of extreme importance such as, the pursuance to develop better manufacturing process and to improve the fuel assembly performance due to the increasing of the bum-up.
基金supported by Aeronautics Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 2008ZE52049)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51005122)
文摘During the electrochemical machining (ECM), the cathodes designed by the existing methods are mainly unitary cathodes, which can be only used to produce the workpieces with the same shapes. However, there are few researches on designing cathodes for machining the different workpieces with the different surfaces. This paper presents the grid cathode composed of the square cells to produce the workpieces with different shapes. Three types of the square cells, 2.5 mm′2.5 mm, 3 mm′3 mm, and 4 mm′4 mm, are utilized to construct the plane, the slant, and the blade cathode. The material of the cathode and the anode is CrNi 18 Ti 9 , and the ingredient of electrolyte is 15% NaCl and 15% NaNO 3 . The machining equilibrium machining current and time are acquired and analyzed, the machining process and the workpiece quality are compared between using the grid cathode and the unitary cathode. Moreover, the machining errors on the workpiece surface are measured and analyzed, and the error reasons are traced and discussed to obtain the better surface quality of the workpiece. The experiment and analysis results show that the grid cathode can be used to manufacture the workpieces with complex shapes in certain range of the error. The workpiece quality improves with the size of the square cell being reduced, and if the square element is small enough, the workpiece quality is almost equal to the one machined by the unitary cathode. The proposed research realizes a single cathode machining the different workpieces with the different surfaces.
基金Funded by Science Foundation of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (No.02336060) .
文摘Based on surface mount products virtual assembly technology,the solder joint reliability of plastic ball grid array (PBGA) was studied. Four process parameters,including the upper pad diameter,the stencil thickness,the chip weight on a single solder joint and the lower pad diameter were chose as four control factors. By using an L25(56) orthogonal array the PBGA solder joints which have 25 different process parameters’ levels combinations were designed. The numerical models of all the 25 PBGA solder joints were developed and the finite element analysis models were setup. The stress and strain distribution within the PBGA solder joints under thermal cycles were studied by finite element analysis,and the thermal fatigue life of PBGA solder joint was calculated using Coffin-Manson equation. Based on the calculated thermal fatigue life results,the range analysis was performed. The results of study show that that the impact sequence of the four factors from high to low on the fatigue life of PBGA solder joints are the stencil thickness,the upper pad diameter,the lower pad diameter and the chip weight on a single solder joint; the best level combination ofprocess parameters that results in the longest fatigue life is the lower pad diameter of 0.6 mm,the stencil thickness of 0.175 mm,the chip weight on asingle solder joint of 28×10 -5 N and the upper pad diameter of 0.5 mm.
文摘In this paper,the influence of thermal performance of cathode-heater assembly of Traveling Wave Tube(TWT),which has different contact form between inner heat shield and supporting cylinder,is analyzed using the simulation software ANSYS.With both thermal radiation and heat conduction are considered,the temperature and heat flux distribution of structures with different contact form are calculated,and also starting time which is needed before temperature come into steady status.The result of analysis suggests that changing the contact form between inner heat shield and support cylinder can influence the thermal performance of cathode-heater assembly and improve assembly's temperature distribution and promote heater's heating efficiency.The result of this paper provides theoretical guidance in the design of cathode-heater assembly.
基金Project supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research(12-08-00081_a,12-08-00105-a)
文摘Breakdown of atmospheric pressure air gaps with combined design of the cathode at the voltage pulse rise rate equal to 1014V/s has been studied with picoseconds’temporal resolution.Cathode assembly has a structure consisting of a flat thin foil and a grid of parallel foil thin wires.In the space behind the cathode foil a fast electron flow was recorded.The current value of the fast electron beam recorded behind the cathode is essentially influenced by the anode material.At a grid cathode and flat anode,the spectra of fast electrons generated both in direct(towards the anode)and reverse directions have been reconstructed by the attenuation curves.
