Improving the volumetric energy density of supercapacitors is essential for practical applications,which highly relies on the dense storage of ions in carbon-based electrodes.The functional units of carbon-based elect...Improving the volumetric energy density of supercapacitors is essential for practical applications,which highly relies on the dense storage of ions in carbon-based electrodes.The functional units of carbon-based electrode exhibit multi-scale structural characteristics including macroscopic electrode morphologies,mesoscopic microcrystals and pores,and microscopic defects and dopants in the carbon basal plane.Therefore,the ordered combination of multi-scale structures of carbon electrode is crucial for achieving dense energy storage and high volumetric performance by leveraging the functions of various scale structu re.Considering that previous reviews have focused more on the discussion of specific scale structu re of carbon electrodes,this review takes a multi-scale perspective in which recent progresses regarding the structureperformance relationship,underlying mechanism and directional design of carbon-based multi-scale structures including carbon morphology,pore structure,carbon basal plane micro-environment and electrode technology on dense energy storage and volumetric property of supercapacitors are systematically discussed.We analyzed in detail the effects of the morphology,pore,and micro-environment of carbon electrode materials on ion dense storage,summarized the specific effects of different scale structures on volumetric property and recent research progress,and proposed the mutual influence and trade-off relationship between various scale structures.In addition,the challenges and outlooks for improving the dense storage and volumetric performance of carbon-based supercapacitors are analyzed,which can provide feasible technical reference and guidance for the design and manufacture of dense carbon-based electrode materials.展开更多
As one of the promising energy storage and conversion systems,supercapacitors(SCs)are highly favored owing to their high power density and good service life.Among all the key components of supercapacitor devices,the d...As one of the promising energy storage and conversion systems,supercapacitors(SCs)are highly favored owing to their high power density and good service life.Among all the key components of supercapacitor devices,the design and investigation of electrode materials play an essential role in determining the whole electrochemical charge storage performance.Recently,nanocarbon-based materials(e.g.,graphene,carbon dots,graphene quantum dots,etc.)have been widely used as SC electrode materials because of their good physical structure and chemical properties,providing a new route to further improve the energy density and life span of SCs.Here,we review the latest progress of nanocarbon-based materials(including nanocarbon and nanocarbon-based composite materials)as electrode materials in SCs application.The recent progress of carbon dots,graphene,carbon nanotubes,and other nanocarbon materials electrodes is summarized,while the capacitance and energy density of the above nanocarbon electrodes still need to be improved.Then,the preparation and performance of nanocarbonbased composite electrodes comprising transition metal oxides,conductive polymer,and metal-organic framework derived porous carbon are reviewed.Finally,we outline major challenges and propose some ideas on building better nanocarbon-based SC electrodes.展开更多
Supercapacitors are gaining popularity due to their high cycling stability,power density,and fast charge and discharge rates.Researchers are ex-ploring electrode materials,electrolytes,and separat-ors for cost-effecti...Supercapacitors are gaining popularity due to their high cycling stability,power density,and fast charge and discharge rates.Researchers are ex-ploring electrode materials,electrolytes,and separat-ors for cost-effective energy storage systems.Ad-vances in materials science have led to the develop-ment of hybrid nanomaterials,such as combining fil-amentous carbon forms with inorganic nanoparticles,to create new charge and energy transfer processes.Notable materials for electrochemical energy-stor-age applications include MXenes,2D transition met-al carbides,and nitrides,carbon black,carbon aerogels,activated carbon,carbon nanotubes,conducting polymers,carbon fibers,and nanofibers,and graphene,because of their thermal,electrical,and mechanical properties.Carbon materials mixed with conducting polymers,ceramics,metal oxides,transition metal oxides,metal hydroxides,transition metal sulfides,trans-ition metal dichalcogenide,metal sulfides,carbides,nitrides,and biomass materials have received widespread attention due to their remarkable performance,eco-friendliness,cost-effectiveness,and renewability.This article explores the development of carbon-based hybrid materials for future supercapacitors,including electric double-layer capacitors,pseudocapacitors,and hy-brid supercapacitors.It investigates the difficulties that influence structural design,manufacturing(electrospinning,hydro-thermal/solvothermal,template-assisted synthesis,electrodeposition,electrospray,3D printing)techniques and the latest car-bon-based hybrid materials research offer practical solutions for producing high-performance,next-generation supercapacitors.展开更多
Latent heat thermal energy storage(TES)effectively reduces the mismatch between energy supply and demand of renewable energy sources by the utilization of phase change materials(PCMs).However,the low thermal conductiv...Latent heat thermal energy storage(TES)effectively reduces the mismatch between energy supply and demand of renewable energy sources by the utilization of phase change materials(PCMs).However,the low thermal conductivity and poor shape stability are the main drawbacks in realizing the large-scale application of PCMs.Promisingly,developing composite PCM(CPCM)based on porous supporting mate-rial provides a desirable solution to obtain performance-enhanced PCMs with improved effective thermal conductivity and shape stability.Among all the porous matrixes as supports for PCM,three-dimensional carbon-based porous supporting material has attracted considerable attention ascribing to its high ther-mal conductivity,desirable loading capacity of PCMs,and excellent chemical compatibility with various PCMs.Therefore,this work systemically reviews the CPCMs with three-dimensional carbon-based porous supporting materials.First,a concise rule for the fabrication of CPCMs is illustrated in detail.Next,the experimental and computational research of carbon nanotube-based support,graphene-based support,graphite-based support and amorphous carbon-based support are reviewed.Then,the applications of the shape-stabilized CPCMs including thermal management and thermal conversion are illustrated.Last but not least,the challenges and prospects of the CPCMs are discussed.To conclude,introducing carbon-based porous materials can solve the liquid leakage issue and essentially improve the thermal conductivity of PCMs.However,there is still a long way to further develop a desirable CPCM with higher latent heat capacity,higher thermal conductivity,and more excellent shape stability.展开更多
High-entropy materials represent a new category of high-performance materials,first proposed in 2004 and extensively investigated by researchers over the past two decades.The definition of high-entropy materials has c...High-entropy materials represent a new category of high-performance materials,first proposed in 2004 and extensively investigated by researchers over the past two decades.The definition of high-entropy materials has continuously evolved.In the last ten years,the discovery of an increasing number of high-entropy materials has led to significant advancements in their utilization in energy storage,electrocatalysis,and related domains,accompanied by a rise in techniques for fabricating high-entropy electrode materials.Recently,the research emphasis has shifted from solely improving the performance of high-entropy materials toward exploring their reaction mechanisms and adopting cleaner preparation approaches.However,the current definition of high-entropy materials remains relatively vague,and the preparation method of high-entropy materials is based on the preparation method of single metal/low-or medium-entropy materials.It should be noted that not all methods applicable to single metal/low-or medium-entropy materials can be directly applied to high-entropy materials.In this review,the definition and development of high-entropy materials are briefly reviewed.Subsequently,the classification of high-entropy electrode materials is presented,followed by a discussion of their applications in energy storage and catalysis from the perspective of synthesis methods.Finally,an evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of various synthesis methods in the production process of different high-entropy materials is provided,along with a proposal for potential future development directions for high-entropy materials.展开更多
Sodium ion batteries(SIBs)are one of the most prospective energy storage devices recently.Carbon materials have been commonly used as anode materials for SIBs because of their wide sources and low price.However,pure c...Sodium ion batteries(SIBs)are one of the most prospective energy storage devices recently.Carbon materials have been commonly used as anode materials for SIBs because of their wide sources and low price.However,pure carbon materials still have the disadvantage of low theoretical capacity.New design and preparation strategies for carbon-based composites can overcome the problems.Based on the analysis of Na^(+)storage mechanism of carbon-based composite materials,the factors influencing the performance of SIBs are discussed.Adjustment methods for improving the electrochemical performance of electrodes are evaluated in detail,including carbon skeleton design and composite material selection.Some advanced composite materials,i.e.,carbon-conversion composite and carbon-MXene composite,are also being explored.New advances in flexible electrodes based on carbon-based composite on flexible SIBs is investigated.The existing issues and future issues of carbon-based composite materials are discussed.展开更多
With the rapid development of industry,the environmental problems caused by heavy metal arsenic and antimony are becoming increasingly serious.Therefore,it is urgent to solve the problem of arsenic and antimony pollut...With the rapid development of industry,the environmental problems caused by heavy metal arsenic and antimony are becoming increasingly serious.Therefore,it is urgent to solve the problem of arsenic and antimony pollution in the water environment.Renewable carbon-based materials,as a kind of adsorbent widely used in wastewater treatment,have been the focus of scholars’research for many years.In this review,the preparation methods,characteristics,and applications of renewable carbon-based materials(biochar,activated carbon,carbon nanotubes,and graphene)for the removal of arsenic and antimony are described in detail.Based on adsorption kinetics,isothermal adsorption,temperature,pH,and coexisting ions,we discuss the process of adsorption of arsenic and antimony by renewable carbon-based materials,explore the mechanism of adsorption of anions in water by renewable carbon-basedmaterials,and comparatively analyze the differences in adsorption performance of arsenic and antimony by different renewable carbon-based materials.Compared with biochar,activated carbon,carbon nanotube,and graphene renewable materials loaded with iron-manganese oxides have better removal effects on arsenic and antimony wastewater.Extensive research data shows that biochar,as a renewable material,is recommended,followed by activated carbon.Both are recommended because of their excellent adsorption properties and low production costs.Finally,the prospects and challenges of the application of renewable carbon-based materials in wastewater treatment are discussed,and the directions and development trends of future research are pointed out,which provide references and insights for further promoting the application of renewable carbon-based materials in wastewater treatment.展开更多
Microbial chain elongation(CE),utilizing anaerobic fermentation for the synthesis of high-value medium chain fatty acids(MCFAs),merges as a promising strategy in resource sustainability.Recently,it has pivoted that th...Microbial chain elongation(CE),utilizing anaerobic fermentation for the synthesis of high-value medium chain fatty acids(MCFAs),merges as a promising strategy in resource sustainability.Recently,it has pivoted that the use of different types of additives or accelerantstowards enhancing the products yield and fermentation quality has got much attention,with carbon-based materials emerging as vital facilitators.Based on bibliometrics insights,this paper firstly commences with a comprehensive review of the past two decades’progress in applying carbon-based materials within anaerobic fermentation contexts.Subsequently,the recent advancements made by different research groups in order to enhance the performance of CE systemperformance are reviewed,with particular focus on the application,impact,and underlying mechanisms of carbon-based materials in expediting MCFAs biosynthesis via CE.Finally,the future research direction is prospected,aiming to inform innovative material design and sophisticated technological applications,as well as provide a reference for improving the efficiency of anaerobic fermentation of MCFAs using carbon-based material,thereby contributing to the broader discourse on enhancing sustainability and efficiency in bio-based processes.展开更多
Carbon-based materials have been widely applied for pollutant removal relying on their rich pore structure,functional groups,chemical stability,and expandability.However,the traditional manufacturing process of carbon...Carbon-based materials have been widely applied for pollutant removal relying on their rich pore structure,functional groups,chemical stability,and expandability.However,the traditional manufacturing process of carbon materials based on organic compounds pyrolysis is high energy-consuming and high-emission,which is not conducive to addressing the climate crisis and achieving the goal of carbon neutrality.Molten salt electrolysis technology enables the direct capture and reduction of CO_(2)to produce solid carbon,resulting in significant environmental benefits while achieving carbon emissions reduction.The molten salt also has a purification function,enabling the production of high-purity carbon materials.The kinetics of the electrochemical reduction process can be easily controlled,and the co-reduction of multiple elements provides convenience for the in-situ optimization of carbon material structure and the expansion of its applications.Therefore,this review focuses on the thermodynamics&kinetics processes of molten salt capture and electrochemical reduction of CO_(2)to prepare carbon materials.It further reviews the recent research progress on the preparation of carbon materials for pollutant removal based on molten salt electrochemical processes for the first time.Finally,we analyze the advantages and challenges of the current molten salt electrochemical processes and offers prospects for future research directions.展开更多
Benefiting from the low cost and high abundance of potassium resources,K-based batteries have attracted numerous research interest as a more sustainable battery chemist,particularly when considering the enormous deman...Benefiting from the low cost and high abundance of potassium resources,K-based batteries have attracted numerous research interest as a more sustainable battery chemist,particularly when considering the enormous demand for sustainable energy storage while limiting Li sources for Li-based batteries.However,the much larger size of the K-ion usually leads to the serious electrodes'volumetric expansion with rapid capacity fading,making the pursuit of electrodes for potassium storage with high capacity and high stability a significant challenge.The polymer electrode materials have been considered promising materials to address these issues due to their porous characteristics,insolubility in electrolytes,and flexible structural design at a molecular level.In this review,we outline the recent advancements in redox-active polymer electrodes,including anode and cathode,materials for K-based batteries,including crystalline porous coordination polymers,crystalline covalent organic polymers,amorphous polymers,and polymer composites.We discuss the electrode designs,electrochemical performances,and K-ion storage mechanism,with a focus on their structure-function correlations.With this knowledge,we propose the perspectives and challenges in designing advanced polymer electrode materials for K-based batteries.We expect this review will shed light on the further development of reliable polymer electrode materials.展开更多
The development of flexible supercapacitors(FSCs) capable of operating at high temperatures is crucial for expanding the application areas and operating conditions of supercapacitors. Gel polymer electrolytes and elec...The development of flexible supercapacitors(FSCs) capable of operating at high temperatures is crucial for expanding the application areas and operating conditions of supercapacitors. Gel polymer electrolytes and electrode materials stand as two key components that significantly impact the efficacy of hightemperature-tolerant FSCs(HT-FSCs). They should not only exhibit high electrochemical performance and excellent flexibility, but also withstand intense thermal stress. Considerable efforts have been devoted to enhancing their thermal stability while maintaining high electrochemical and mechanical performance. In this review, the fundamentals of HT-FSCs are outlined. A comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art progress and achievements in HT-FSCs, with a focus on thermally stable gel polymer electrolytes and electrode materials is provided. Finally, challenges and future perspectives regarding HT-FSCs are discussed, alongside strategies for elevating operational temperatures and performance.This review offers both theoretical foundations and practical guidelines for designing and manufacturing HT-FSCs, further promoting their widespread adoption across diverse fields.展开更多
Flow-electrode capacitive deionization(FCDI)is a newly developed desalination technology with a high electrode loading for superior salt removal efficiency,even with high feed salinity.However,the improvement in FCDI ...Flow-electrode capacitive deionization(FCDI)is a newly developed desalination technology with a high electrode loading for superior salt removal efficiency,even with high feed salinity.However,the improvement in FCDI performance could be restricted by obstacles such as poor charge transfer in the electrode slurry and agglomeration of the electrode particles.Therefore,various FCDIelectrode materials have been studied to overcome these bottlenecks through various mechanisms.Herein,a minireview is conducted to summarize the relevant information and provide a comprehensive view of the progress in FCDI electrode materials.Flow-electrode materials can be classified into three main groups:carbon materials,metalbased materials,and carbon-metal composites.Carbonbased capacitive materials with outstanding conductivities can facilitate charge transfer in FCDI,whereas metal-based materials and carbon-metal composites with ion-intercalative behaviors exhibit high ion adsorption abilities.Additionally,carbon materials with surface function groups can enhance electrode dispersion and reach a high electrode loading by electrostatic repulsion,further upgrading the conductive network of FCDI.Moreover,magnetic carbon-metal composites can be easily separated,and the salt removal performance can be improved with magnetic fields.Different electrode materials exhibit disparate features during FCDI development.Thus,combining these materials to obtain FCDI electrodes with multiple functions may be reasonable,which could be a promising direction for FCDI research.展开更多
The global pursuit of clean and sustainable renewable energy emphasizes the necessity for advanced energy storage systems.Researchers in this field aim to develop devices that integrate the high-energy density of batt...The global pursuit of clean and sustainable renewable energy emphasizes the necessity for advanced energy storage systems.Researchers in this field aim to develop devices that integrate the high-energy density of batteries with the rapid charge and discharge rates characteristic of capacitors.Protons,due to their small size and efficient diffusion via Grotthuss conduction mechanism,serve as particularly advantageous charge carriers for ultrafast intercalation and deintercalation in aqueous batteries.This property has led to the development of a novel energy storage device defined as the aqueous proton battery(APB),which holds the potential to establish a distinct position within the energy storage landscape.This article offers a comprehensive review of recent advancements in electrode materials and battery configurations specifically designed for APBs.The fundamental principles of electrochemical proton storage and detailed insights into Faradaic APB electrodes are highlighted,while the associated challenges regarding their electrochemical performance and operational mechanisms are emphasized.Additionally,the strategic design approaches for full-battery systems aimed at achieving high-performance aqueous proton energy storage are summarized.Finally,the challenges and potential opportunities for further enhancing the applications of APBs are proposed.展开更多
Aqueous ammonium-ion batteries(AAIBs)have emerged as a promising candidate for grid-scale energy stor-age owing to their intrinsic safety(e.g.,dendrite-free and nonflammable),environmental friendliness,and potential f...Aqueous ammonium-ion batteries(AAIBs)have emerged as a promising candidate for grid-scale energy stor-age owing to their intrinsic safety(e.g.,dendrite-free and nonflammable),environmental friendliness,and potential for fast charge/discharge capability.Extensive research has been conducted in recent years to explore high-performance ammonium-ion storage materials and the associated electrochemistry to advance the commercialization of AAIBs.Therefore,it is necessary to review the progress in ammonium-ion storage materials and related electrochemical theories to guide further research on AAIBs.Herein,we systematically summarize the advanced electrode materials for AAIBs by introducing the physicochemical characteristics and ammonium-ion storage behaviors of various electrode materials,such as Prussian blue analogs,organic polymers,and metal oxides,discussing feasible material-design strategies to enhance their ammonium-ion storage performance,and outlining the future development prospects of AAIBs.This review aims to provide valuable insights into the design of advanced electrode materials for high-performance AAIBs.展开更多
The synthetic routes of porous carbons and the applications of the functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials for lithium secondary batteries are reviewed. The synthetic methods have made great break...The synthetic routes of porous carbons and the applications of the functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials for lithium secondary batteries are reviewed. The synthetic methods have made great breakthroughs to control the pore size and volume, wall thickness, surface area, and connectivity of porous carbons, which result in the development of functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials. The effects of porous carbons on the electrochemical properties are further discussed. The porous carbons as ideal matrixes to incorporate active materials make a great improvement on the electrochemical properties because of high surface area and pore volume, excellent electronic conductivity, and strong adsorption capacity. Large numbers of the composite electrode materials have been used for the devices of electrochemical energy conversion and storage, such as lithium-ion batteries （LIBs）, Li-S batteries, and Li-O2 batteries. It is believed that functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials will continuously contribute to the field of lithium secondary batteries.展开更多
In recent times,there has been a surge of attention towards advanced high-performance materials for storing energy,specifically in supercapacitors.One encouraging method involves utilizing nanocomposites based on tran...In recent times,there has been a surge of attention towards advanced high-performance materials for storing energy,specifically in supercapacitors.One encouraging method involves utilizing nanocomposites based on transition metal oxides/graphene which have demonstrated significant potential for improving capacitance.The electrochemical properties of titanium oxide doped graphene in current research have been improved through the incorporation of rare earth metals.The hydrothermal technique was chosen for the fabrication of nanocomposites as electrode materials.X-ray diffraction(XRD),Raman spectroscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) approaches were employed for the characterization of nanocomposites.Ternary and quaternary nanocomposites with 2 wt% rare earth elements doped with titanium oxide and graphene were synthesized with various ratios of lanthanum and cerium as dopants.In 2 wt% La:Ce-TiO_(2)/rGO,lanthanum,and cerium were doped in 1:1,1:3,and 1:5 ratios.2 wt% La:Ce(1:5)-TiO_(2)/rGO among co-doped composites exhibits better capacitive performance as determined through cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge.Among all the nanocomposites 422 F/g was the maximum depicted by 2 wt%La:Ce(1:5)-TiO_(2)/rGO at a scan rate of 10 mV/s(potential window from-0.4 to+0.6 V) and 1895 F/g at1 mV/s(potential window-0.6 to+0.6 V).specific capacitance was also determined via GCD,and a maximum capacitance of 486 F/g is depicted by 2 wt% La:Ce(1:5)-TiO_(2)/rGO.The same composites have also served as promising electrode materials in terms of columbic efficiency,power,and energy density.展开更多
The use of three-dimensional(3D)electrodes in water treatment is competitive because of their high catalytic efficiency,low energy consumption and promising development.The use of particle electrodes is a key research...The use of three-dimensional(3D)electrodes in water treatment is competitive because of their high catalytic efficiency,low energy consumption and promising development.The use of particle electrodes is a key research focus in this technology.They are usually in the form of particles that fill the space between the cathode and anode,and the selection of materials used is important.Carbon-based materials are widely used because of their large specific surface area,good adsorption performance,high chemical stability and low cost.The principles of 3D electrode technology are introduced and recent research on its use for degrading organic pollutants using carbon-based particle electrodes is summarized.The classification of particle electrodes is introduced and the challenges for the future development of carbon-based particle electrodes in wastewater treatment are discussed.展开更多
Advanced electrode materials for electrocatalysis of electrolytic decomposition are crucial materials in the field of hydrogen production from renewable energy.In this work,a new type of integrated hydrogen evolution ...Advanced electrode materials for electrocatalysis of electrolytic decomposition are crucial materials in the field of hydrogen production from renewable energy.In this work,a new type of integrated hydrogen evolution electrode material was synthesized by selective acidification etching and in situ growth technology.A no vel-integrated Ni-Mo sulfide electrode material with a threedimensional network structure was successfully prepared using a two-step method(convenient surface modification and in situ growth techniques),which involved surface modification at 30%HNO_(3) for 10 min and followed by annealing treatment at 600℃ for 1 h with 10℃·min^(-1) heating rate.The structure displayed an electrochemical active surface area(ECSA)of 30.125 mF·cm^(-2),calculated on 0.10-0.30 V(vs.RHE)CV curves with a 5-50 mV·s^(-1)sweep rate range.The ECS A of other samples was also tested by aforementioned methods,which had great distinction on ECS A with different samples.The novel-integrated Ni-Mo sulfide electrode material appeared to have extremity electrochemical performance in a three-electrode configuration employing 1 M KOH solution as an electrolyte,including an excellent hydrogen evolution overpotential of 346 mV at the current density of500 mA·cm^(-2),superior Tafel slope with 103 mV·dec^(-1).Such outstanding electrochemical performances of the novel-integrated Ni-Mo sulfide electrode materials were directly related to the distinctive integrated structure.Therefore,it was facility to find that the successful preparation of novel-integrated Ni-Mo sulfide electrode material provided more selection opportunities for alkaline electrolysis of water and offered an innovative mentality for the preparation of other types of electrode materials.展开更多
In this work,porous hollow spherical NiCo_(2)S_(4) nanomaterials composed of loosely porous nanowires on the surface were prepared using nickel foam as the substrate through a secondary hydrother-mal reaction method.T...In this work,porous hollow spherical NiCo_(2)S_(4) nanomaterials composed of loosely porous nanowires on the surface were prepared using nickel foam as the substrate through a secondary hydrother-mal reaction method.The synthesized materials were then characterized using techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction,scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.Finally,elec-trochemical performance tests were conducted on the synthesized cobalt-nickel bimetallic compound elec-trode materials,the specific capacitance of the synthesized NiCo_(2)S_(4) nanomaterial reached 3.20 F·cm-2,Moreover,the specific capacitance remained 95.8%of its initial value after 500 cycles.The electrochemical performance was superior to that of the prepared NiCo2O4 nanomaterial.The results suggest that the prepared NiCo_(2)S_(4) with special structure could be a great potential as a material for supercapacitor electrodes.展开更多
Al/conductive coating/α-Pb O2-Ce O2-Ti O2/β-PbO 2-MnO 2-WC-Zr O2 composite electrode material was prepared on Al/conductive coating/α-PbO 2-Ce O2-Ti O2 substrate by electrochemical oxidation co-deposition technique...Al/conductive coating/α-Pb O2-Ce O2-Ti O2/β-PbO 2-MnO 2-WC-Zr O2 composite electrode material was prepared on Al/conductive coating/α-PbO 2-Ce O2-Ti O2 substrate by electrochemical oxidation co-deposition technique. The effects of current density on the chemical composition, electrocatalytic activity, and stability of the composite anode material were investigated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy（EDXS）, anode polarization curves, quasi-stationary polarization（Tafel） curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy（EIS）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, and X-ray diffraction（XRD）. Results reveal that the composite electrode obtained at 1 A/dm2 possesses the lowest overpotential（0.610 V at 500 A/m2） for oxygen evolution, the best electrocatalytic activity, the longest service life（360 h at 40 °C in 150 g/L H2SO4 solution under 2 A/cm2）, and the lowest cell voltage（2.75 V at 500 A/m2）. Furthermore, with increasing current density, the coating exhibits grain growth and the decrease of content of Mn O2. Only a slight effect on crystalline structure is observed.展开更多
基金funded by the Joint Fund for Regional Innovation and Development of National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20143)the National Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars(52322607)the Excellent Youth Foundation of Heilongjiang Scientific Committee(YQ2022E028)。
文摘Improving the volumetric energy density of supercapacitors is essential for practical applications,which highly relies on the dense storage of ions in carbon-based electrodes.The functional units of carbon-based electrode exhibit multi-scale structural characteristics including macroscopic electrode morphologies,mesoscopic microcrystals and pores,and microscopic defects and dopants in the carbon basal plane.Therefore,the ordered combination of multi-scale structures of carbon electrode is crucial for achieving dense energy storage and high volumetric performance by leveraging the functions of various scale structu re.Considering that previous reviews have focused more on the discussion of specific scale structu re of carbon electrodes,this review takes a multi-scale perspective in which recent progresses regarding the structureperformance relationship,underlying mechanism and directional design of carbon-based multi-scale structures including carbon morphology,pore structure,carbon basal plane micro-environment and electrode technology on dense energy storage and volumetric property of supercapacitors are systematically discussed.We analyzed in detail the effects of the morphology,pore,and micro-environment of carbon electrode materials on ion dense storage,summarized the specific effects of different scale structures on volumetric property and recent research progress,and proposed the mutual influence and trade-off relationship between various scale structures.In addition,the challenges and outlooks for improving the dense storage and volumetric performance of carbon-based supercapacitors are analyzed,which can provide feasible technical reference and guidance for the design and manufacture of dense carbon-based electrode materials.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.52172033 and 22005280)Anhui Province Key Research and Development Plan Project International Science and Technology Cooperation Special Project (No.202004b11020015)
文摘As one of the promising energy storage and conversion systems,supercapacitors(SCs)are highly favored owing to their high power density and good service life.Among all the key components of supercapacitor devices,the design and investigation of electrode materials play an essential role in determining the whole electrochemical charge storage performance.Recently,nanocarbon-based materials(e.g.,graphene,carbon dots,graphene quantum dots,etc.)have been widely used as SC electrode materials because of their good physical structure and chemical properties,providing a new route to further improve the energy density and life span of SCs.Here,we review the latest progress of nanocarbon-based materials(including nanocarbon and nanocarbon-based composite materials)as electrode materials in SCs application.The recent progress of carbon dots,graphene,carbon nanotubes,and other nanocarbon materials electrodes is summarized,while the capacitance and energy density of the above nanocarbon electrodes still need to be improved.Then,the preparation and performance of nanocarbonbased composite electrodes comprising transition metal oxides,conductive polymer,and metal-organic framework derived porous carbon are reviewed.Finally,we outline major challenges and propose some ideas on building better nanocarbon-based SC electrodes.
文摘Supercapacitors are gaining popularity due to their high cycling stability,power density,and fast charge and discharge rates.Researchers are ex-ploring electrode materials,electrolytes,and separat-ors for cost-effective energy storage systems.Ad-vances in materials science have led to the develop-ment of hybrid nanomaterials,such as combining fil-amentous carbon forms with inorganic nanoparticles,to create new charge and energy transfer processes.Notable materials for electrochemical energy-stor-age applications include MXenes,2D transition met-al carbides,and nitrides,carbon black,carbon aerogels,activated carbon,carbon nanotubes,conducting polymers,carbon fibers,and nanofibers,and graphene,because of their thermal,electrical,and mechanical properties.Carbon materials mixed with conducting polymers,ceramics,metal oxides,transition metal oxides,metal hydroxides,transition metal sulfides,trans-ition metal dichalcogenide,metal sulfides,carbides,nitrides,and biomass materials have received widespread attention due to their remarkable performance,eco-friendliness,cost-effectiveness,and renewability.This article explores the development of carbon-based hybrid materials for future supercapacitors,including electric double-layer capacitors,pseudocapacitors,and hy-brid supercapacitors.It investigates the difficulties that influence structural design,manufacturing(electrospinning,hydro-thermal/solvothermal,template-assisted synthesis,electrodeposition,electrospray,3D printing)techniques and the latest car-bon-based hybrid materials research offer practical solutions for producing high-performance,next-generation supercapacitors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52127816),the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFA0715000)the National Natural Science and Hong Kong Research Grant Council Joint Research Funding Project of China(No.5181101182)the NSFC/RGC Joint Research Scheme sponsored by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.N_PolyU513/18).
文摘Latent heat thermal energy storage(TES)effectively reduces the mismatch between energy supply and demand of renewable energy sources by the utilization of phase change materials(PCMs).However,the low thermal conductivity and poor shape stability are the main drawbacks in realizing the large-scale application of PCMs.Promisingly,developing composite PCM(CPCM)based on porous supporting mate-rial provides a desirable solution to obtain performance-enhanced PCMs with improved effective thermal conductivity and shape stability.Among all the porous matrixes as supports for PCM,three-dimensional carbon-based porous supporting material has attracted considerable attention ascribing to its high ther-mal conductivity,desirable loading capacity of PCMs,and excellent chemical compatibility with various PCMs.Therefore,this work systemically reviews the CPCMs with three-dimensional carbon-based porous supporting materials.First,a concise rule for the fabrication of CPCMs is illustrated in detail.Next,the experimental and computational research of carbon nanotube-based support,graphene-based support,graphite-based support and amorphous carbon-based support are reviewed.Then,the applications of the shape-stabilized CPCMs including thermal management and thermal conversion are illustrated.Last but not least,the challenges and prospects of the CPCMs are discussed.To conclude,introducing carbon-based porous materials can solve the liquid leakage issue and essentially improve the thermal conductivity of PCMs.However,there is still a long way to further develop a desirable CPCM with higher latent heat capacity,higher thermal conductivity,and more excellent shape stability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22378431,52004338,51622406,21673298)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2023JJ40210,2022JJ20075)+3 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2023RC3259)the Key R&D plan of Hunan Province(2024JK2096)Scientifc Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department(23B0699)Central South University Innovation-Driven Research Programme(2023CXQD008).
文摘High-entropy materials represent a new category of high-performance materials,first proposed in 2004 and extensively investigated by researchers over the past two decades.The definition of high-entropy materials has continuously evolved.In the last ten years,the discovery of an increasing number of high-entropy materials has led to significant advancements in their utilization in energy storage,electrocatalysis,and related domains,accompanied by a rise in techniques for fabricating high-entropy electrode materials.Recently,the research emphasis has shifted from solely improving the performance of high-entropy materials toward exploring their reaction mechanisms and adopting cleaner preparation approaches.However,the current definition of high-entropy materials remains relatively vague,and the preparation method of high-entropy materials is based on the preparation method of single metal/low-or medium-entropy materials.It should be noted that not all methods applicable to single metal/low-or medium-entropy materials can be directly applied to high-entropy materials.In this review,the definition and development of high-entropy materials are briefly reviewed.Subsequently,the classification of high-entropy electrode materials is presented,followed by a discussion of their applications in energy storage and catalysis from the perspective of synthesis methods.Finally,an evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of various synthesis methods in the production process of different high-entropy materials is provided,along with a proposal for potential future development directions for high-entropy materials.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52376216,52006194,52006191)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(2023-YBGY-054).
文摘Sodium ion batteries(SIBs)are one of the most prospective energy storage devices recently.Carbon materials have been commonly used as anode materials for SIBs because of their wide sources and low price.However,pure carbon materials still have the disadvantage of low theoretical capacity.New design and preparation strategies for carbon-based composites can overcome the problems.Based on the analysis of Na^(+)storage mechanism of carbon-based composite materials,the factors influencing the performance of SIBs are discussed.Adjustment methods for improving the electrochemical performance of electrodes are evaluated in detail,including carbon skeleton design and composite material selection.Some advanced composite materials,i.e.,carbon-conversion composite and carbon-MXene composite,are also being explored.New advances in flexible electrodes based on carbon-based composite on flexible SIBs is investigated.The existing issues and future issues of carbon-based composite materials are discussed.
基金funded by the following grants,including the Key Research and Development Programof Shaanxi Province(Nos.2023-LL-QY-42,2024NC-ZDCYL-02-05)the Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology Research Initiation Grant Program(No.1960323102)+1 种基金the Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology Special Program for Cultivation of Frontier Interdisciplinary Fields(No.X20230079)the Open Fund for the Key Laboratory of Soil and Plant Nutrition of Ningxia(No.ZHS202401).
文摘With the rapid development of industry,the environmental problems caused by heavy metal arsenic and antimony are becoming increasingly serious.Therefore,it is urgent to solve the problem of arsenic and antimony pollution in the water environment.Renewable carbon-based materials,as a kind of adsorbent widely used in wastewater treatment,have been the focus of scholars’research for many years.In this review,the preparation methods,characteristics,and applications of renewable carbon-based materials(biochar,activated carbon,carbon nanotubes,and graphene)for the removal of arsenic and antimony are described in detail.Based on adsorption kinetics,isothermal adsorption,temperature,pH,and coexisting ions,we discuss the process of adsorption of arsenic and antimony by renewable carbon-based materials,explore the mechanism of adsorption of anions in water by renewable carbon-basedmaterials,and comparatively analyze the differences in adsorption performance of arsenic and antimony by different renewable carbon-based materials.Compared with biochar,activated carbon,carbon nanotube,and graphene renewable materials loaded with iron-manganese oxides have better removal effects on arsenic and antimony wastewater.Extensive research data shows that biochar,as a renewable material,is recommended,followed by activated carbon.Both are recommended because of their excellent adsorption properties and low production costs.Finally,the prospects and challenges of the application of renewable carbon-based materials in wastewater treatment are discussed,and the directions and development trends of future research are pointed out,which provide references and insights for further promoting the application of renewable carbon-based materials in wastewater treatment.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFC1906600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52000132).
文摘Microbial chain elongation(CE),utilizing anaerobic fermentation for the synthesis of high-value medium chain fatty acids(MCFAs),merges as a promising strategy in resource sustainability.Recently,it has pivoted that the use of different types of additives or accelerantstowards enhancing the products yield and fermentation quality has got much attention,with carbon-based materials emerging as vital facilitators.Based on bibliometrics insights,this paper firstly commences with a comprehensive review of the past two decades’progress in applying carbon-based materials within anaerobic fermentation contexts.Subsequently,the recent advancements made by different research groups in order to enhance the performance of CE systemperformance are reviewed,with particular focus on the application,impact,and underlying mechanisms of carbon-based materials in expediting MCFAs biosynthesis via CE.Finally,the future research direction is prospected,aiming to inform innovative material design and sophisticated technological applications,as well as provide a reference for improving the efficiency of anaerobic fermentation of MCFAs using carbon-based material,thereby contributing to the broader discourse on enhancing sustainability and efficiency in bio-based processes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52200143,51979011 and 52276208)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2024AFB546)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(Nos.CKSF2023302/CL and CKSF2023314/CL).
文摘Carbon-based materials have been widely applied for pollutant removal relying on their rich pore structure,functional groups,chemical stability,and expandability.However,the traditional manufacturing process of carbon materials based on organic compounds pyrolysis is high energy-consuming and high-emission,which is not conducive to addressing the climate crisis and achieving the goal of carbon neutrality.Molten salt electrolysis technology enables the direct capture and reduction of CO_(2)to produce solid carbon,resulting in significant environmental benefits while achieving carbon emissions reduction.The molten salt also has a purification function,enabling the production of high-purity carbon materials.The kinetics of the electrochemical reduction process can be easily controlled,and the co-reduction of multiple elements provides convenience for the in-situ optimization of carbon material structure and the expansion of its applications.Therefore,this review focuses on the thermodynamics&kinetics processes of molten salt capture and electrochemical reduction of CO_(2)to prepare carbon materials.It further reviews the recent research progress on the preparation of carbon materials for pollutant removal based on molten salt electrochemical processes for the first time.Finally,we analyze the advantages and challenges of the current molten salt electrochemical processes and offers prospects for future research directions.
基金financially supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Nos.2022B1515020001,2024A1515010277)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22109052,52202221)+1 种基金Guangzhou Science and Technology Program(No.2024A04J3899)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.21624410)。
文摘Benefiting from the low cost and high abundance of potassium resources,K-based batteries have attracted numerous research interest as a more sustainable battery chemist,particularly when considering the enormous demand for sustainable energy storage while limiting Li sources for Li-based batteries.However,the much larger size of the K-ion usually leads to the serious electrodes'volumetric expansion with rapid capacity fading,making the pursuit of electrodes for potassium storage with high capacity and high stability a significant challenge.The polymer electrode materials have been considered promising materials to address these issues due to their porous characteristics,insolubility in electrolytes,and flexible structural design at a molecular level.In this review,we outline the recent advancements in redox-active polymer electrodes,including anode and cathode,materials for K-based batteries,including crystalline porous coordination polymers,crystalline covalent organic polymers,amorphous polymers,and polymer composites.We discuss the electrode designs,electrochemical performances,and K-ion storage mechanism,with a focus on their structure-function correlations.With this knowledge,we propose the perspectives and challenges in designing advanced polymer electrode materials for K-based batteries.We expect this review will shed light on the further development of reliable polymer electrode materials.
基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Grant No. SWU-KT22030)Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission of China (No.KJQN202300205)financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under the project of 457444676。
文摘The development of flexible supercapacitors(FSCs) capable of operating at high temperatures is crucial for expanding the application areas and operating conditions of supercapacitors. Gel polymer electrolytes and electrode materials stand as two key components that significantly impact the efficacy of hightemperature-tolerant FSCs(HT-FSCs). They should not only exhibit high electrochemical performance and excellent flexibility, but also withstand intense thermal stress. Considerable efforts have been devoted to enhancing their thermal stability while maintaining high electrochemical and mechanical performance. In this review, the fundamentals of HT-FSCs are outlined. A comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art progress and achievements in HT-FSCs, with a focus on thermally stable gel polymer electrolytes and electrode materials is provided. Finally, challenges and future perspectives regarding HT-FSCs are discussed, alongside strategies for elevating operational temperatures and performance.This review offers both theoretical foundations and practical guidelines for designing and manufacturing HT-FSCs, further promoting their widespread adoption across diverse fields.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52374423)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(No.2021RC4010)the Science and Technology Major Project of Changsha(No.kh2401030)
文摘Flow-electrode capacitive deionization(FCDI)is a newly developed desalination technology with a high electrode loading for superior salt removal efficiency,even with high feed salinity.However,the improvement in FCDI performance could be restricted by obstacles such as poor charge transfer in the electrode slurry and agglomeration of the electrode particles.Therefore,various FCDIelectrode materials have been studied to overcome these bottlenecks through various mechanisms.Herein,a minireview is conducted to summarize the relevant information and provide a comprehensive view of the progress in FCDI electrode materials.Flow-electrode materials can be classified into three main groups:carbon materials,metalbased materials,and carbon-metal composites.Carbonbased capacitive materials with outstanding conductivities can facilitate charge transfer in FCDI,whereas metal-based materials and carbon-metal composites with ion-intercalative behaviors exhibit high ion adsorption abilities.Additionally,carbon materials with surface function groups can enhance electrode dispersion and reach a high electrode loading by electrostatic repulsion,further upgrading the conductive network of FCDI.Moreover,magnetic carbon-metal composites can be easily separated,and the salt removal performance can be improved with magnetic fields.Different electrode materials exhibit disparate features during FCDI development.Thus,combining these materials to obtain FCDI electrodes with multiple functions may be reasonable,which could be a promising direction for FCDI research.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52101269)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (No. 2024AFD039)
文摘The global pursuit of clean and sustainable renewable energy emphasizes the necessity for advanced energy storage systems.Researchers in this field aim to develop devices that integrate the high-energy density of batteries with the rapid charge and discharge rates characteristic of capacitors.Protons,due to their small size and efficient diffusion via Grotthuss conduction mechanism,serve as particularly advantageous charge carriers for ultrafast intercalation and deintercalation in aqueous batteries.This property has led to the development of a novel energy storage device defined as the aqueous proton battery(APB),which holds the potential to establish a distinct position within the energy storage landscape.This article offers a comprehensive review of recent advancements in electrode materials and battery configurations specifically designed for APBs.The fundamental principles of electrochemical proton storage and detailed insights into Faradaic APB electrodes are highlighted,while the associated challenges regarding their electrochemical performance and operational mechanisms are emphasized.Additionally,the strategic design approaches for full-battery systems aimed at achieving high-performance aqueous proton energy storage are summarized.Finally,the challenges and potential opportunities for further enhancing the applications of APBs are proposed.
基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2023A1515012087)funded by Science and Technology Projects in Guangzhou(Grant No.2024A04J3267)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.21624411).
文摘Aqueous ammonium-ion batteries(AAIBs)have emerged as a promising candidate for grid-scale energy stor-age owing to their intrinsic safety(e.g.,dendrite-free and nonflammable),environmental friendliness,and potential for fast charge/discharge capability.Extensive research has been conducted in recent years to explore high-performance ammonium-ion storage materials and the associated electrochemistry to advance the commercialization of AAIBs.Therefore,it is necessary to review the progress in ammonium-ion storage materials and related electrochemical theories to guide further research on AAIBs.Herein,we systematically summarize the advanced electrode materials for AAIBs by introducing the physicochemical characteristics and ammonium-ion storage behaviors of various electrode materials,such as Prussian blue analogs,organic polymers,and metal oxides,discussing feasible material-design strategies to enhance their ammonium-ion storage performance,and outlining the future development prospects of AAIBs.This review aims to provide valuable insights into the design of advanced electrode materials for high-performance AAIBs.
基金supported by the Programs of National 973 (2011CB935900)NSFC (51231003 and 21231005)+1 种基金111 Project (B12015)Tianjin High-Tech (10SYSYJC27600)
文摘The synthetic routes of porous carbons and the applications of the functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials for lithium secondary batteries are reviewed. The synthetic methods have made great breakthroughs to control the pore size and volume, wall thickness, surface area, and connectivity of porous carbons, which result in the development of functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials. The effects of porous carbons on the electrochemical properties are further discussed. The porous carbons as ideal matrixes to incorporate active materials make a great improvement on the electrochemical properties because of high surface area and pore volume, excellent electronic conductivity, and strong adsorption capacity. Large numbers of the composite electrode materials have been used for the devices of electrochemical energy conversion and storage, such as lithium-ion batteries （LIBs）, Li-S batteries, and Li-O2 batteries. It is believed that functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials will continuously contribute to the field of lithium secondary batteries.
文摘In recent times,there has been a surge of attention towards advanced high-performance materials for storing energy,specifically in supercapacitors.One encouraging method involves utilizing nanocomposites based on transition metal oxides/graphene which have demonstrated significant potential for improving capacitance.The electrochemical properties of titanium oxide doped graphene in current research have been improved through the incorporation of rare earth metals.The hydrothermal technique was chosen for the fabrication of nanocomposites as electrode materials.X-ray diffraction(XRD),Raman spectroscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) approaches were employed for the characterization of nanocomposites.Ternary and quaternary nanocomposites with 2 wt% rare earth elements doped with titanium oxide and graphene were synthesized with various ratios of lanthanum and cerium as dopants.In 2 wt% La:Ce-TiO_(2)/rGO,lanthanum,and cerium were doped in 1:1,1:3,and 1:5 ratios.2 wt% La:Ce(1:5)-TiO_(2)/rGO among co-doped composites exhibits better capacitive performance as determined through cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge.Among all the nanocomposites 422 F/g was the maximum depicted by 2 wt%La:Ce(1:5)-TiO_(2)/rGO at a scan rate of 10 mV/s(potential window from-0.4 to+0.6 V) and 1895 F/g at1 mV/s(potential window-0.6 to+0.6 V).specific capacitance was also determined via GCD,and a maximum capacitance of 486 F/g is depicted by 2 wt% La:Ce(1:5)-TiO_(2)/rGO.The same composites have also served as promising electrode materials in terms of columbic efficiency,power,and energy density.
文摘The use of three-dimensional(3D)electrodes in water treatment is competitive because of their high catalytic efficiency,low energy consumption and promising development.The use of particle electrodes is a key research focus in this technology.They are usually in the form of particles that fill the space between the cathode and anode,and the selection of materials used is important.Carbon-based materials are widely used because of their large specific surface area,good adsorption performance,high chemical stability and low cost.The principles of 3D electrode technology are introduced and recent research on its use for degrading organic pollutants using carbon-based particle electrodes is summarized.The classification of particle electrodes is introduced and the challenges for the future development of carbon-based particle electrodes in wastewater treatment are discussed.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Projects(No.2021YFB4000300)。
文摘Advanced electrode materials for electrocatalysis of electrolytic decomposition are crucial materials in the field of hydrogen production from renewable energy.In this work,a new type of integrated hydrogen evolution electrode material was synthesized by selective acidification etching and in situ growth technology.A no vel-integrated Ni-Mo sulfide electrode material with a threedimensional network structure was successfully prepared using a two-step method(convenient surface modification and in situ growth techniques),which involved surface modification at 30%HNO_(3) for 10 min and followed by annealing treatment at 600℃ for 1 h with 10℃·min^(-1) heating rate.The structure displayed an electrochemical active surface area(ECSA)of 30.125 mF·cm^(-2),calculated on 0.10-0.30 V(vs.RHE)CV curves with a 5-50 mV·s^(-1)sweep rate range.The ECS A of other samples was also tested by aforementioned methods,which had great distinction on ECS A with different samples.The novel-integrated Ni-Mo sulfide electrode material appeared to have extremity electrochemical performance in a three-electrode configuration employing 1 M KOH solution as an electrolyte,including an excellent hydrogen evolution overpotential of 346 mV at the current density of500 mA·cm^(-2),superior Tafel slope with 103 mV·dec^(-1).Such outstanding electrochemical performances of the novel-integrated Ni-Mo sulfide electrode materials were directly related to the distinctive integrated structure.Therefore,it was facility to find that the successful preparation of novel-integrated Ni-Mo sulfide electrode material provided more selection opportunities for alkaline electrolysis of water and offered an innovative mentality for the preparation of other types of electrode materials.
基金supported by Department of Education of Jilin Province and Technology Research Projects(JJKH20220183KJ)Jilin Engineering Normal University PhD Startup Foundation(BSKJ201841)Jilin Engineering Normal University Undergraduate Innovation Training Program Project(202410204027,202410204057).
文摘In this work,porous hollow spherical NiCo_(2)S_(4) nanomaterials composed of loosely porous nanowires on the surface were prepared using nickel foam as the substrate through a secondary hydrother-mal reaction method.The synthesized materials were then characterized using techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction,scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.Finally,elec-trochemical performance tests were conducted on the synthesized cobalt-nickel bimetallic compound elec-trode materials,the specific capacitance of the synthesized NiCo_(2)S_(4) nanomaterial reached 3.20 F·cm-2,Moreover,the specific capacitance remained 95.8%of its initial value after 500 cycles.The electrochemical performance was superior to that of the prepared NiCo2O4 nanomaterial.The results suggest that the prepared NiCo_(2)S_(4) with special structure could be a great potential as a material for supercapacitor electrodes.
基金Projects(51004056,51004057)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(KKZ6201152009)supported by the Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory of Inorganic Coating Materials,Chinese Academy of Sciences+2 种基金Project(2010ZC052)supported by the Applied Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province,ChinaProject(20125314110011)supported by the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education,ChinaProject(2010247)supported by Analysis&Testing Foundation of Kunming University of Science and Technology,China
文摘Al/conductive coating/α-Pb O2-Ce O2-Ti O2/β-PbO 2-MnO 2-WC-Zr O2 composite electrode material was prepared on Al/conductive coating/α-PbO 2-Ce O2-Ti O2 substrate by electrochemical oxidation co-deposition technique. The effects of current density on the chemical composition, electrocatalytic activity, and stability of the composite anode material were investigated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy（EDXS）, anode polarization curves, quasi-stationary polarization（Tafel） curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy（EIS）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, and X-ray diffraction（XRD）. Results reveal that the composite electrode obtained at 1 A/dm2 possesses the lowest overpotential（0.610 V at 500 A/m2） for oxygen evolution, the best electrocatalytic activity, the longest service life（360 h at 40 °C in 150 g/L H2SO4 solution under 2 A/cm2）, and the lowest cell voltage（2.75 V at 500 A/m2）. Furthermore, with increasing current density, the coating exhibits grain growth and the decrease of content of Mn O2. Only a slight effect on crystalline structure is observed.
