Non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs)are critical for plant drought adaptation,but their environmental drivers under prolonged drought remains unclear.We investigated seasonal NSCs dynamics in the leaf,stem and root of P...Non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs)are critical for plant drought adaptation,but their environmental drivers under prolonged drought remains unclear.We investigated seasonal NSCs dynamics in the leaf,stem and root of Picea crass ifolia(Qinghai spruce)during the growing seasons of2021-2023 under intensifying drought at three altitudes in Qilian Mountains,Northwest China.Our results revealed synchronous seasonal patterns in soluble sugar,starch,and total non-structural carbohydrate within the same year,contrasting with marked altitudinal disparities.As drought progressed(from 2021 to 2023),soluble sugars initially increased(2022)then declined(2023),while starch showed consistent reduction(except leaves).Moreover,the altitude of peak NSCs concentrations shifted from 3200 m in 2021to 2700 m in 2023.In particular,prolonged drought alters the environmental factors affecting NSCs.NSCs demonstrated significant positive correlations with soil temperature during humid 2021,then negatively with air temperature,vapor pressure deficit,and precipitation during 2022's initial drought,whereas under 2023's persistent drought conditions,soil temperature and water content emerged as dominant drivers.Concurrently,the ratio of soluble sugar to starch transitioned from air temperature and precipitation associations(2021-2022)to soil parameter dependence in2023.These findings provide new insights into the seasonal carbon dynamics of Qinghai spruce and the environmental response mechanisms under increasing drought stress,contributing to a better understanding of tree physiological adaptations in drought stress.展开更多
Torreya grandis'Merrillii'is a well-known nut in South China with high nutritional value.Severe premature seed abscission limits the industrial development of T.grandis by causing serious economic losses.Howev...Torreya grandis'Merrillii'is a well-known nut in South China with high nutritional value.Severe premature seed abscission limits the industrial development of T.grandis by causing serious economic losses.However,the physiological mechanisms of seed abscission in T.grandis remain poorly understood.To gain insight into the relationships between carbohydrate status and seed abscission,three-year-old seed-bearing branches were taken as representative materials for the entire tree.Furthermore,the time course of changes in the photosynthetic rate and the non-structural carbohydrate(NSC)dynamics were monitored in the main sources(the one-year-old and two-year-old shoots),and the dry weight and NSC levels of sinks(the seeds,current female cone cluster,and current vegetative cluster)across all seed development stages were recorded.The cumulative seed abscission rate significantly increased,reaching 91.5%from 0 to 72 days after seed protrusion time(SPT).NSC levels in the main sources significantly decreased by 56%-79%,accompanied by a significantly increased photosynthesis rate of 17.1%-49.1%during that period and increased NSC levels in the three sinks.The gene expression level of cell wall invertase(TgCWIN)was significantly correlated with sucrose,fructose,and glucose levels.The carbon storage capacity of the main sources significantly decreased from 6.03 to3.14 mmol C·d^(-1),with a stable photosynthetic capacity,from 0 to 72 days after SPT,whereas the carbon demand of the three sinks showed a continuously increasing trend from 3.14 to 7.71 mmol C·d^(-1).In addition,sucrose supplementation significantly decreased the cumulative seed abscission rate.These results suggest that storage carbohydrates play a major role in the regulatory mechanism of seed abscission in T.grandis.Our study provides a theoretical basis for improving T.grandis yield through establishing a better carbon balance between sources and sinks using timely fertilization or proper pruning procedures.展开更多
BACKGROUND Metastatic colorectal cancer(mCRC)is a global health challenge with a poor prognosis.Prognostic markers are critical for survival prediction.METHODS This multicenter,retrospective study measured baseline ca...BACKGROUND Metastatic colorectal cancer(mCRC)is a global health challenge with a poor prognosis.Prognostic markers are critical for survival prediction.METHODS This multicenter,retrospective study measured baseline carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels to calculate a TMI as the geometric mean of values normalized to their upper limits of normal.Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis assessed TMI’s prognostic accuracy,and patients were stratified into high-TMI(≥1.39)and low-TMI(<1.39)groups.The primary endpoint was overall survival(OS),with progression-free survival and treatment response as secondary endpoints.RESULTS The study included 305 mCRC patients with a median follow-up of 22.9 months.The median OS for high-TMI patients was 29.5 months,significantly lower than the 45.6 months observed in the low-TMI group(P=0.02).The 2-year OS rates for the high-and low-TMI groups were 59.4%and 72.9%,respectively.Median progression-free survival was also shorter for the high-TMI group(14.0 vs 16.0 months,P=0.84).High TMI is an independent prognostic factor for worse OS.CONCLUSION TMI is a simple,cost-effective prognostic tool for mCRC,with high TMI associated with poorer survival outcomes.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the expression level of carbohydrate antigen 125(CA125)in threatened miscarriage and explore its significance in the auxiliary diagnosis of threatened miscarriage.Method:Pregnant women who und...Objective:To investigate the expression level of carbohydrate antigen 125(CA125)in threatened miscarriage and explore its significance in the auxiliary diagnosis of threatened miscarriage.Method:Pregnant women who underwent prenatal examinations in the hospital from June 2023 to June 2024 were collected.Among them,66 cases were clinically diagnosed with threatened miscarriage and 74 cases had early normal pregnancies.The expression levels of CA125 in the serum of the above research subjects and the HCG levels of pregnant women with different pregnancy conditions were compared.Result:The expression level of CA125 in the threatened abortion group(119.0±23.37)was significantly higher than that in the normal pregnancy group(57.15±5.554),and the difference was significant(p<0.05).Clinical data analysis showed that the expression level of human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG)in the threatened abortion group(11690±2337)was significantly lower than that in the normal pregnancy group(36130±6855),and there was a significant difference between the two(p<0.05);The expression level of progesterone(P)in the threatened abortion group was also significantly lower than that in the normal pregnancy group(P<0.05).Conclusion:CA125 is abnormally expressed in the serum of pregnant women with threatened miscarriage and can be used as a molecular marker for the auxiliary diagnosis of threatened miscarriage.Regular detection of the concentration of CA125 in the serum of pregnant women can provide a reference for clinical assessment of decidual damage and can be used as an auxiliary basis for predicting the risk of threatened miscarriage.展开更多
We read with great interest the recent article by Valenzuela et al.1titled“Dose-response effect of pre-exercise carbohydrates under muscle glycogen unavailability:Insights from McArdle disease”published in the Journ...We read with great interest the recent article by Valenzuela et al.1titled“Dose-response effect of pre-exercise carbohydrates under muscle glycogen unavailability:Insights from McArdle disease”published in the Journal of Sport and Health Science The study's exploration of the effects of varying carbohydrate(CHO)doses on exercise capacity in Mc Ardle disease,a condition characterized by complete muscle glycogen unavailability,is a significant contribution to the field of sports science and metabolic disorders.展开更多
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is a kind of malignant tumor which is prevalent all over the world.Although some progress has been made in the treatment of gastric cancer,its prognosis is still not optimistic,so it is of gr...BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is a kind of malignant tumor which is prevalent all over the world.Although some progress has been made in the treatment of gastric cancer,its prognosis is still not optimistic,so it is of great significance to find reliable prog-nostic indicators to guide the treatment and management of patients with gastric cancer.AIM To explore the relationship between serum levels of five biomarkers[carcinoem-bryonic antigen(CEA),carbohydrate antigen(CA)19-9,CA72-4,CA24-2,and ferritin]and prognosis in patients with gastric cancer.METHODS This study included 200 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma,and conducted an in-depth analysis of their baseline characteristics,relationship between tumor markers and staging,and prognosis.The study found that CA19-9 has a signi-ficant correlation with tumor stage,the average levels of CA24-2,CEA,CA72-4 and ferritin were slightly increased disregarding the stage of tumor.Survival analysis showed that increases in CEA,CA19-9,CA24-2,and ferritin were all associated with shortened overall survival of patients.Further multivariate ana-lysis revealed that elevated serum CA72-4 levels were an inde-pendent adverse prognostic factor.RESULTS This study reveals that there is a significant correlation between the expression levels of serum tumor markers CEA,CA19-9,CA72-4,CA24-2 and ferritin in patients with gastric cancer and prognosis,and can be used as important indicators for prognostic evaluation of gastric cancer.In particular,markers that appear abnormally elevated initially may help identify gastric cancer patients with poor prognosis.CONCLUSION Serum CEA and CA19-9 play an important role in the prognosis assessment of gastric cancer,and are effective tools to guide clinical practice and optimize individualized treatment strategies for gastric cancer patients.展开更多
Certain carbohydrate antigens of malignantly trans- formed cells have been identified as markers for the onset of can- cer and have become targets for the development of anticancer vaccine therapies. For tumor antigen...Certain carbohydrate antigens of malignantly trans- formed cells have been identified as markers for the onset of can- cer and have become targets for the development of anticancer vaccine therapies. For tumor antigens, many carbohydrate antigens belong to T-independent （TI） antigens. Carbohydrate conjugated to protein carriers can switch TI antigen to a T-dependent （TD） anti- gen. Attempts to add an innate immune response element （such as Toll-like receptor ligand） to carbohydrate TI-antigens have also been studied. Glycosylation inhibitors or small interfering RNA have also been used for antitumor and/or antiviral agents. This review aims at describing the vast spectrum of tumor carbohydrate antigens and strategies to develop cancer vaccines and drugs.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to compare the content changes between the non-structural carbohydrates（NSC）and the total nitrogen in various growing seasons,and to explore the response relationship between altitude and the...[Objective] The aim was to compare the content changes between the non-structural carbohydrates（NSC）and the total nitrogen in various growing seasons,and to explore the response relationship between altitude and the contents.[Method] Taking Quercus aquifolioides scrub which widely distributed in Zheduoshan in the west of Sichuan as the experimental objects,the changes between NSC and the toal nitrogen in various growing seasons at different altitude were studied.[Result] The results showed that the content of NSC in Quercus aquifolioides underground increased with the lift of elevation in the dormancy,but decreased in the early germination,growing period and growth stage.The content of NSC in the ground tissue changed non-linearly with increasing elevation.In addition,the total nitrogen of Quercus aquifolioides organizations was decreasing with increasing elevation in the dormant period,which did not change significantly in the other periods.This result implied that the content of NSC in Quercus aquifolioides underground was more sensitive to temperature.[Conclusion] The experiment laid basis for the exploration of the physical and ecological mechanism of underground plants adaptability to highland environment,their response to global climate changes and adjustment to high altitude ecological system.展开更多
A factorial study was conducted to determine the effects of salinity （constant （SO） and fluctuating （S10）） and isoenergetic diet of different protein/carbohydrate ratios （P/C： 4.1, 1.9, 1.0 and 0.6） on the su...A factorial study was conducted to determine the effects of salinity （constant （SO） and fluctuating （S10）） and isoenergetic diet of different protein/carbohydrate ratios （P/C： 4.1, 1.9, 1.0 and 0.6） on the survival and growth of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. The experiment lasted for 35 days. The results showed that I） At S0 and S10, specific growth rate and apparent digestibility coefficient exhibited decreasing trend, while food conversion ratio exhibited increasing trend, with decreasing P/C ratio. At SO, food consumption and specific growth rate of the shrimp fed 4.1 P/C were significantly higher than those fed 1.0 and 0.6 P/C, whereas at S10, no significant differences were detected among different treatments; II） At 4.1 and 1.9 P/C, food consumption and specific growth rate were higher in the shrimp maintained at SO as compared with those at S10, while at 1.0 and 0.6 P/C, an inverse trend was observed. Among four P/C ratios, food conversion ratio of the shrimp at SO was the lowest.展开更多
The current paper reviews the content and variation of fiber fractions in feed ingredients commonly used in swine diets.Carbohydrates serve as the main source of energy in diets fed to pigs.Carbohydrates may be classi...The current paper reviews the content and variation of fiber fractions in feed ingredients commonly used in swine diets.Carbohydrates serve as the main source of energy in diets fed to pigs.Carbohydrates may be classified according to their degree of polymerization:monosaccharides,disaccharides,oligosaccharides,and polysaccharides.Digestible carbohydrates include sugars,digestible starch,and glycogen that may be digested by enzymes secreted in the gastrointestinal tract of the pig.Non-digestible carbohydrates,also known as fiber,may be fermented by microbial populations along the gastrointestinal tract to synthesize short-chain fatty acids that may be absorbed and metabolized by the pig.These non-digestible carbohydrates include two disaccharides,oligosaccharides,resistant starch,and non-starch polysaccharides.The concentration and structure of non-digestible carbohydrates in diets fed to pigs depend on the type of feed ingredients that are included in the mixed diet.Cellulose,arabinoxylans,and mixed linkedβ-(1,3)(1,4)-D-glucans are the main cell wall polysaccharides in cereal grains,but vary in proportion and structure depending on the grain and tissue within the grain.Cell walls of oilseeds,oilseed meals,and pulse crops contain cellulose,pectic polysaccharides,lignin,and xyloglucans.Pulse crops and legumes also contain significant quantities of galacto-oligosaccharides including raffinose,stachyose,and verbascose.Overall,understanding the structure,characteristics and measurable chemical properties of fiber in feed ingredients may result in more accurate diet formulations,resulting in an improvement in the utilization of energy from less expensive high-fiber ingredients and a reduction in reliance on energy from more costly cereal grains.展开更多
Carbohydrate represents an important part of the soil labile organic carbon pool. Water soluble carbohydrate drives the C cycle in forest soil by affecting microbial activity and hot water extractable car- bohydrate i...Carbohydrate represents an important part of the soil labile organic carbon pool. Water soluble carbohydrate drives the C cycle in forest soil by affecting microbial activity and hot water extractable car- bohydrate is thought related to soil carbon sequestration due to the asso- ciation with soil aggregation. In a temperate forest region of northeast China, Changbai Mountain, we investigated the abundance, spatial dis- tribution, and seasonal dynamics of cool and hot-water extractable car- bohydrate in soils under mixed broad-leaved Korean pine forest. The concentrations of cool-water extractable carbohydrate （CWECH） in three soil layers （0-5, 5-10, 10-20 cm） ranged from 4.1 to 193.3 g.kg-1 dry soil, decreasing rapidly with soil depth. On an annual average, the CWECH concentrations in soils at depths of 5-10 and 10-20 cm were 54.2% and 24.0%, respectively, of that in the 0-5 cm soil layer. CWECH showed distinct seasonal dynamics with the highest concentrations in early spring, lowest in summer, and increasing concentrations in autumn. Hot-water extractable carbohydrate （HWECH） concentrations in three soil layers ranged from 121.4 to 2026.2 g.kgq dry soil, which were about one order of magnitude higher than CWECH. The abundance of HWECH was even more profile-dependent than CWECH, and decreased more rapidly with soil depth. On an annual average, the HWECH concentration in soils 10-20 cm deep was about one order of magnitude lower than that in the top 0-5 cm soil. The seasonality of HWECH roughly tracked that of CWECH but with seasonal fluctuations of smaller amplitude. The car- bohydrate concentrations in cool/hot water extracts of soil were positively correlated with UV254 and UV2s0 of the same solution, which has implications for predicting the leaching loss of water soluble organic carbon.展开更多
The routine metabolic rate in southern catfish juvenile(24.3-250.8 g)fed with saccharine feed(CHO)was measured in this study.Fish were fed with iso-nitrogenous(40 % crude protein)and iso-lipidic(10% crude lipid)experi...The routine metabolic rate in southern catfish juvenile(24.3-250.8 g)fed with saccharine feed(CHO)was measured in this study.Fish were fed with iso-nitrogenous(40 % crude protein)and iso-lipidic(10% crude lipid)experimental feed containing 0(control feed),15%,30% of carbohydrate level.The routine metabolic rates of 15 % and 30% dietary carbohydrate group were significantly higher than that of 0% dietary carbohydrate group.The relationship between body mass(Wt)and routine metabolic rate(Rr)of southern catfishfed with different test feed could be described as:(1)0% CHO:ln(Rr)=0.986 ln(Wt)+1.419 r2=0.922,n=25,P<0.001;(2)15% CHO:ln(Rr)=0.912 ln(Wt)+1.741 r2=0.966,n=21,P<0.001;(3)30% CHO:ln(Rr)=0.762 ln(Wt)+2.378 r2=0.958,n=21,P<0.001.The intercept was increased and mass coefficient was decreased with the increase of carbohydrate level in feed.It could be concluded that southern Silurus meridionalis had poor metabolic capacity which led the increase of routine metabolic rate of fish with small size.But with the increase of body size southern Silurus meridionalis might had a better adaptation to high carbohydrate concentration.展开更多
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is a common malignant tumor of the digestive system with a high degree of malignancy.It usually develops insidiously without any specific symptoms in the early stages.As one of the disease...BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is a common malignant tumor of the digestive system with a high degree of malignancy.It usually develops insidiously without any specific symptoms in the early stages.As one of the diseases caused by abnormal gene changes,GC has abnormal expression of various oncogenes and products during its development.Tumor markers such as carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA),carbohydrate antigen 199(CA199)and carbohydrate antigen 724(CA724)are not expressed or lowly expressed in normal people,but significantly increased after carcinogenesis.Monitoring the changes in the levels of tumor markers such as CEA,CA199 and CA724 is conducive to early diagnosis and evaluation of the occurrence of some solid tumors.AIM To investigate the expression of CEA,CA199 and CA724 in GC and their correlation with clinical features,hoping to provide more effective markers for the early preventive diagnosis of GC.METHODS Of 87 patients with GC admitted to our hospital from September 2020 to December 2021 were included in the GC group,and another 80 healthy people who came to our hospital for physical examination with normal results during the same period were selected as the control group.The serum CEA,CA199,and CA724 levels were compared between the two groups,and the serum CEA,CA199,and CA724 levels were compared in patients with GC at different TNM stages,and the differences in the positive rates of CEA,CA199,and CA724 alone and in combination in detecting TNM stages of GC and GC were compared.In addition,the relationship between the levels of tumor markers CEA,CA199 and CA724 and the clinicopathological characteristics of GC patients was also analyzed.The relationship between the serum levels of CEA,CA199 and CA724 and the survival period of GC patients was analyzed by Pearson.RESULTS The serum levels of CEA,CA199 and CA724 in GC group were significantly higher than those in control group(P<0.05).With the increase of TNM stage,the serum CEA,CA199 and CA724 expression levels in GC patients increased significantly,and the differences between groups were statistically significant(P<0.05).The positive rate of the CA724 single test was higher than that of CEA and CA199 single test(P<0.05).The positive rate of the three combined tests was 95.40%(83/87),which was higher than that of CEA,CA199 and CA724 single tests.The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The combined detection positive rates of CEA,CA199,and CA724 in stages I,II,III,and IV of GC were 89.66%,93.10%,98.85%,and 100.00%respectively,all of which were higher than the individual detection rates of CEA,CA199,and CA724.The differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in serum CEA,CA199 and CA724 levels between GC patients with different genders,smoking history and alcohol history(P>0.05).However,the serum CEA,CA199 and CA724 levels were significantly higher in GC patients aged≥45 years,TNM stage III-IV,with lymph node metastasis and tumor diameter≥5 cm than in GC patients aged<45 years,TNM stage I-II,without lymph node metastasis and tumor diameter<5 cm(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The expression levels of serum tumor markers CEA,CA199 and CA724 in patients with GC are high and rise with the increase of TNM stage.The levels of CEA,CA199 and CA724 are related to age,TNM stage,lymph node metastasis and tumor diameter.The combined detection of CEA,CA199 and CA724 is helpful to improve the diagnostic accuracy of GC with high clinical guidance value.展开更多
A novel approach for fabricating branched-chain(BC)carbohydrate chips to study carbohydrate-protein interactions using Quartz Crystal Microbalance(QCM)biosensor was developed.This approach utilizes functional alkynyl-...A novel approach for fabricating branched-chain(BC)carbohydrate chips to study carbohydrate-protein interactions using Quartz Crystal Microbalance(QCM)biosensor was developed.This approach utilizes functional alkynyl-branch molecule modified chip surfaces,which through the terminal alkynyl group for covalent linking of unprotected azide-carbohydrates.The unprotected azide-carbohydrates were syhthesized in one-step using 2-azido-l,B-dimethylqmidazolinium as catalyst,avoiding complex chemical modifications.Additionally,the branch surface modified with the carbohydrates not only supplies more specific binding site but also reveals significant cluster effect.To exemplify the sugar cluster effect on BC carbohydrate chips,BC Galactose and Mannose chips prepared in this work were used to determine carbohydrate-lectin interactions using QCM biosensor.The results clearly showed that BC chip significantly improves the detection sensitivity compared with the straight-chain(SC)chip.More importantly,the BC galactose chip sensitivity was enhanced 40%compared with the SC galactose chip.展开更多
Global climate change can affect tree growth and carbon sink function by influencing plant carbohydrate synthesis and utilization,while elevation can be used as an ideal setting under natural conditions to simulate cl...Global climate change can affect tree growth and carbon sink function by influencing plant carbohydrate synthesis and utilization,while elevation can be used as an ideal setting under natural conditions to simulate climate change effects.The effect of elevation on tree growth may depend on organ type.However,the allocation patterns of nonstructural and structural carbohydrates(NSCs and SCs,respectively)in different tree organs and their response to elevation remain unclear.We selected four dominant tree species,Schima superba,Castanopsis eyrei,Castanopsis fargesii and Michelia maudiae,along an elevation gradient from 609 to 1,207 m in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests and analyzed leaf,trunk,and fine root NSCs,carbon(C),nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)concentrations and the relative abundance of SCs.Leaf NSCs increased initially and then decreased,and trunk NSCs increased with increasing elevation.However,root NSCs decreased with increasing elevation.The relative abundance of SCs in leaves and trunks decreased,while the relative abundance of root SCs increased with increasing elevation.No significant correlations between SCs and NSCs in leaves were detected,while there were negative correlations between SCs and NSCs in trunks,roots,and all organs.Hierarchical partitioning analysis indicated that plant C/N and C/P were the main predictors of changes in SCs and NSCs.Our results suggest that tree organs have divergent responses to elevation and that increasing elevation will inhibit the aboveground part growth and enhance the root growth of trees.A tradeoff between the C distribution used for growth and storage was confirmed along the elevation gradient,which is mainly manifested in the"sink"organs of NSCs.Our results provide insight into tree growth in the context of global climate change scenarios in subtropical forest ecosystems.展开更多
Nonstructural carbohydrates （NSC） and nitrogen metabolism strongly influence growth and development in plants. The biosynthesis of cellulose and lignin （structural carbohydrates, SC） depends largely on the supply ...Nonstructural carbohydrates （NSC） and nitrogen metabolism strongly influence growth and development in plants. The biosynthesis of cellulose and lignin （structural carbohydrates, SC） depends largely on the supply of NSC. We desire to examine which hypothesis, carbon limitation or growth limitation, best fits the alpine plant response between NSC, SC, carbon （C）, nitrogen （N） and altitude. We compared the foliar concentrations of carbohydrates, C and N between the leaves of Picea crassifolia （lower-elevation tree-line species） and Sabina przewalskii （high-elevation tree-line species） in their response to changing elevation. Our site was located in the mid-northern area of Qilian Mountains, China. We found that foliar soluble sugar （SG） concentrations were significantly higher in P. crassifolia than in S. przewalskii at the 2,700-3,400 m level. Foliar NSC levels in R crassifolia increased at the 2,700-3,100 m level, indicating that growth was limited gradually resulting in a surplus of NSC （to conform to GLH）, subsequently decreasing at the 3,100-3,400 m level, the assimilation declined leading to C deficit （to conform to CLH）. SC （SC metabolism disorders at 3,100-3,400 m）, C, N and starch were significantly lower in R crassifolia than in S. przewalskii. Conversely, foliar SG concentration shows a fall-rise trend with increasing elevation for S. przewalskii. SC concentration in S. przewalskii leaves decreased with an increase of elevation and has a significantly positive correlation to N concentration marking the assimilation of plants. Therefore, the high-elevation tree-line species （S. przewalskii） utilize or store more foliar SG leading to a decrease of SG concentration for survival and growth/regrowth in an adverse environment, higher total C, N, SC, starch contents and lower NSC level. Also, their change trends along the elevational gradient in leaves orS. przewalskii indicate better assimilation strategies for SG use under environmental stress compared to P. crassifolia. This indicates that foliar C metabolism along the elevation follows the principle of the growth-limitation hypothesis （GLH） or carbon limitation hypothesis （CLH）, which depends on the acclimation of different alpine life-forms to the environment.展开更多
Rice culm carbohydrate transport can simultaneously affect grain filling and stem lodging resistance by regulating non-structural carbohydrate(NSC) and structural carbohydrate(SC) contents. However, the relationship b...Rice culm carbohydrate transport can simultaneously affect grain filling and stem lodging resistance by regulating non-structural carbohydrate(NSC) and structural carbohydrate(SC) contents. However, the relationship between carbohydrate transposition and culm strength is not well documented. Accordingly, a high-yielding hybrid rice cultivar(Y Liangyou 2) was tested under different N fertilization regimes at two locations, Taoyuan(a special high-yield eco-site), Yunnan province and Danyang(a representative eco-site of the middle and lower Yangtze), Jiangsu province, China. Significantly higher grain yield and basal stem strength were found at Taoyuan than Danyang under all N rates throughout the two-year experiment. At heading stage, soluble sugars, starch, cellulose and lignin contents of the basal culm at Taoyuan were significantly 132.0%, 73.7%, 1.2%, and 62.7% higher than those at Danyang, respectively. At 20 days after heading, soluble sugars and starch content at Taoyuan decreased significantly compared to Danyang, but lignin content remained higher. Culm carbohydrate transport to kernels at Taoyuan was significantly greater than that at Danyang, and the proportion of soluble sugars and starch was correspondingly 62.9%lower. However, the proportion of lignin and cellulose was 22.7% higher at Taoyuan than that at Danyang. Soluble sugars and starch partitioning were significantly reduced under an increased nitrogen application rate, but SC partitioning was little affected. There were significant positive correlations between basal culm bending stress and dry weight and cellulose and lignin proportions at both locations under all N rates, suggesting that the higher SC proportion at 20 days after heading was primarily responsible for culm strength.These results suggest that high-yielding rice populations with greater culm strength require both moderate NSC transport and greater SC accumulation.展开更多
Lodging is an important factor limiting rice yield and quality by bending or breaking stem in japonica rice（Oryza sativa L.） production. The objectives of this study were to determine the mechanism of lodging resist...Lodging is an important factor limiting rice yield and quality by bending or breaking stem in japonica rice（Oryza sativa L.） production. The objectives of this study were to determine the mechanism of lodging resistance in japonica rice as affected by carbohydrate components, especially its related arrangement in culm tissue and response to top-dressing nitrogen（N） fertilizer. Field experiments were conducted in Danyang County, Jiangsu Province, China, by using two japonica rice varieties Wuyunjing 23（lodging-resistance variety） and W3668（lodging-susceptible variety） with three top-dressing N fertilizer rates（0, 135 and 270 kg N ha^（-1）） in 2013 and 2014. Lodging related physical parameters, morphological characteristics and stem carbohydrate components were investigated at 30 d after full heading stage. Results showed that with increasing N fertilizer rates, the lodging rate and lodging index increased rapidly primarily due to significant reduction of breaking strength in two japonica rice varieties. Correlation analysis revealed that breaking strength was significantly and positively correlated with bending stress, but negatively correlated with section modulus, except for significant correlation at W3668 in 2014. Higher stem plumpness status and structural carbohydrate contents significantly enhanced stem stiffness, despite of lower non-structural carbohydrate. With higher N fertilizer rate, the culm wall thickness was almost identical, and culm diameter increased slightly. The structural carbohydrates, especially for lignin content in culm, reduced significantly under high N rate. Further histochemical staining analysis revealed that high N treatments decreased the lignin deposition rapidly in the sclerenchyma cells of mechanical tissue, large vascular bundle and small vascular bundle region, which were consistent with reduction of bending stress, especially for W3668 and thus, resulted in poor stem strength and higher lodging index. These results suggested that structural carbohydrate plays a vital role for improving stem strength in japonica rice. N rate decreased lodging resistance primarily due to poor stem stiffness, by reducing structural carbohydrate content and lignin deposition in the secondary cell wall of lower internode culm tissue.展开更多
AIM To investigate the diagnostic value of abnormal serum carbohydrate antigen 199(CA199) level in acute cholangitis secondary to choledocholithiasis.METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, the clinical data of 72...AIM To investigate the diagnostic value of abnormal serum carbohydrate antigen 199(CA199) level in acute cholangitis secondary to choledocholithiasis.METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, the clinical data of 727 patients with choledocholithiasis admitted to the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College from June 2011 to June 2017 were collected. Among these patients, 258 patients had secondary acute cholangitis and served as observation group, and the remaining 569 choledocholithiasis patients served as the control group. Serum liver function indexes and tumor markers were detected in both groups, and the receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves were constructed for markers showing statistical significances. The cutoff value, sensitivity, and specificity of each marker were calculated according to the ROC curves. RESULTS The results of liver function tests showed no significant differences between the two groups(P > 0.05). Tumor markers including serum CA125, CA153, carcinoembryonic antigen, and alpha fetoprotein levels were also not significantly different(P > 0.05); however, the serum CA199 level was significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group(P < 0.05). The ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve was 0.885(95%CI: 0.841-0.929) for CA199, and the cutoff value of 52.5 kU/L had the highest diagnostic accuracy, with a sensitivity of 86.8% and a specificity of 81.6%.CONCLUSION Abnormally elevated serum CA199 level has an important value in the diagnosis of acute cholangitis secondary to choledocholithiasis. It may be a specific inflammatory marker for acute cholangitis.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the specific carbohydrate diet(SCD) as nutritional therapy for maintenance of remission in pediatric Crohn's disease(CD). METHODS: Retrospective chart review was conducted in 11 pediatric patie...AIM: To investigate the specific carbohydrate diet(SCD) as nutritional therapy for maintenance of remission in pediatric Crohn's disease(CD). METHODS: Retrospective chart review was conducted in 11 pediatric patients with CD who initiated the SCD as therapy at time of diagnosis or flare. Two groups defined as SCD simple(diet alone, antibiotics or 5-ASA) or SCD with immunomodulators(corticosteroids and/or stable thiopurine dosing) were followed for one year and compared on disease characteristics, laboratory values and anthropometrics.RESULTS: The mean age at start of the SCD was 11.8 ± 3.0 years(range 6.6-17.6 years) with five patients starting the SCD within 5 wk of diagnosis. Three patients maintained a strict SCD diet for the study period and the mean time for liberalization was 7.7 ± 4.0 mo(range 1-12) for the remaining patients. In both groups, hematocrit, albumin and ESR values improved while on strict SCD and appeared stable after liberalization(P-value 0.006, 0.002, 0.002 respectively). The majority of children gained in weight and height percentile while on strict SCD, with small loss in weight percentile documented with liberalization. CONCLUSION: Disease control may be attainable with the SCD in pediatric CD. Further studies are needed to assess adherence, impact on mucosal healing and growth.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42277481,42007410,32271667,42207537)。
文摘Non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs)are critical for plant drought adaptation,but their environmental drivers under prolonged drought remains unclear.We investigated seasonal NSCs dynamics in the leaf,stem and root of Picea crass ifolia(Qinghai spruce)during the growing seasons of2021-2023 under intensifying drought at three altitudes in Qilian Mountains,Northwest China.Our results revealed synchronous seasonal patterns in soluble sugar,starch,and total non-structural carbohydrate within the same year,contrasting with marked altitudinal disparities.As drought progressed(from 2021 to 2023),soluble sugars initially increased(2022)then declined(2023),while starch showed consistent reduction(except leaves).Moreover,the altitude of peak NSCs concentrations shifted from 3200 m in 2021to 2700 m in 2023.In particular,prolonged drought alters the environmental factors affecting NSCs.NSCs demonstrated significant positive correlations with soil temperature during humid 2021,then negatively with air temperature,vapor pressure deficit,and precipitation during 2022's initial drought,whereas under 2023's persistent drought conditions,soil temperature and water content emerged as dominant drivers.Concurrently,the ratio of soluble sugar to starch transitioned from air temperature and precipitation associations(2021-2022)to soil parameter dependence in2023.These findings provide new insights into the seasonal carbon dynamics of Qinghai spruce and the environmental response mechanisms under increasing drought stress,contributing to a better understanding of tree physiological adaptations in drought stress.
基金supported by grants from the National Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U20A2049 and 32271922)。
文摘Torreya grandis'Merrillii'is a well-known nut in South China with high nutritional value.Severe premature seed abscission limits the industrial development of T.grandis by causing serious economic losses.However,the physiological mechanisms of seed abscission in T.grandis remain poorly understood.To gain insight into the relationships between carbohydrate status and seed abscission,three-year-old seed-bearing branches were taken as representative materials for the entire tree.Furthermore,the time course of changes in the photosynthetic rate and the non-structural carbohydrate(NSC)dynamics were monitored in the main sources(the one-year-old and two-year-old shoots),and the dry weight and NSC levels of sinks(the seeds,current female cone cluster,and current vegetative cluster)across all seed development stages were recorded.The cumulative seed abscission rate significantly increased,reaching 91.5%from 0 to 72 days after seed protrusion time(SPT).NSC levels in the main sources significantly decreased by 56%-79%,accompanied by a significantly increased photosynthesis rate of 17.1%-49.1%during that period and increased NSC levels in the three sinks.The gene expression level of cell wall invertase(TgCWIN)was significantly correlated with sucrose,fructose,and glucose levels.The carbon storage capacity of the main sources significantly decreased from 6.03 to3.14 mmol C·d^(-1),with a stable photosynthetic capacity,from 0 to 72 days after SPT,whereas the carbon demand of the three sinks showed a continuously increasing trend from 3.14 to 7.71 mmol C·d^(-1).In addition,sucrose supplementation significantly decreased the cumulative seed abscission rate.These results suggest that storage carbohydrates play a major role in the regulatory mechanism of seed abscission in T.grandis.Our study provides a theoretical basis for improving T.grandis yield through establishing a better carbon balance between sources and sinks using timely fertilization or proper pruning procedures.
文摘BACKGROUND Metastatic colorectal cancer(mCRC)is a global health challenge with a poor prognosis.Prognostic markers are critical for survival prediction.METHODS This multicenter,retrospective study measured baseline carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels to calculate a TMI as the geometric mean of values normalized to their upper limits of normal.Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis assessed TMI’s prognostic accuracy,and patients were stratified into high-TMI(≥1.39)and low-TMI(<1.39)groups.The primary endpoint was overall survival(OS),with progression-free survival and treatment response as secondary endpoints.RESULTS The study included 305 mCRC patients with a median follow-up of 22.9 months.The median OS for high-TMI patients was 29.5 months,significantly lower than the 45.6 months observed in the low-TMI group(P=0.02).The 2-year OS rates for the high-and low-TMI groups were 59.4%and 72.9%,respectively.Median progression-free survival was also shorter for the high-TMI group(14.0 vs 16.0 months,P=0.84).High TMI is an independent prognostic factor for worse OS.CONCLUSION TMI is a simple,cost-effective prognostic tool for mCRC,with high TMI associated with poorer survival outcomes.
基金Scientific Research Project of Nantong Health Committee(Project No.:QNZ2022091)。
文摘Objective:To investigate the expression level of carbohydrate antigen 125(CA125)in threatened miscarriage and explore its significance in the auxiliary diagnosis of threatened miscarriage.Method:Pregnant women who underwent prenatal examinations in the hospital from June 2023 to June 2024 were collected.Among them,66 cases were clinically diagnosed with threatened miscarriage and 74 cases had early normal pregnancies.The expression levels of CA125 in the serum of the above research subjects and the HCG levels of pregnant women with different pregnancy conditions were compared.Result:The expression level of CA125 in the threatened abortion group(119.0±23.37)was significantly higher than that in the normal pregnancy group(57.15±5.554),and the difference was significant(p<0.05).Clinical data analysis showed that the expression level of human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG)in the threatened abortion group(11690±2337)was significantly lower than that in the normal pregnancy group(36130±6855),and there was a significant difference between the two(p<0.05);The expression level of progesterone(P)in the threatened abortion group was also significantly lower than that in the normal pregnancy group(P<0.05).Conclusion:CA125 is abnormally expressed in the serum of pregnant women with threatened miscarriage and can be used as a molecular marker for the auxiliary diagnosis of threatened miscarriage.Regular detection of the concentration of CA125 in the serum of pregnant women can provide a reference for clinical assessment of decidual damage and can be used as an auxiliary basis for predicting the risk of threatened miscarriage.
文摘We read with great interest the recent article by Valenzuela et al.1titled“Dose-response effect of pre-exercise carbohydrates under muscle glycogen unavailability:Insights from McArdle disease”published in the Journal of Sport and Health Science The study's exploration of the effects of varying carbohydrate(CHO)doses on exercise capacity in Mc Ardle disease,a condition characterized by complete muscle glycogen unavailability,is a significant contribution to the field of sports science and metabolic disorders.
文摘BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is a kind of malignant tumor which is prevalent all over the world.Although some progress has been made in the treatment of gastric cancer,its prognosis is still not optimistic,so it is of great significance to find reliable prog-nostic indicators to guide the treatment and management of patients with gastric cancer.AIM To explore the relationship between serum levels of five biomarkers[carcinoem-bryonic antigen(CEA),carbohydrate antigen(CA)19-9,CA72-4,CA24-2,and ferritin]and prognosis in patients with gastric cancer.METHODS This study included 200 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma,and conducted an in-depth analysis of their baseline characteristics,relationship between tumor markers and staging,and prognosis.The study found that CA19-9 has a signi-ficant correlation with tumor stage,the average levels of CA24-2,CEA,CA72-4 and ferritin were slightly increased disregarding the stage of tumor.Survival analysis showed that increases in CEA,CA19-9,CA24-2,and ferritin were all associated with shortened overall survival of patients.Further multivariate ana-lysis revealed that elevated serum CA72-4 levels were an inde-pendent adverse prognostic factor.RESULTS This study reveals that there is a significant correlation between the expression levels of serum tumor markers CEA,CA19-9,CA72-4,CA24-2 and ferritin in patients with gastric cancer and prognosis,and can be used as important indicators for prognostic evaluation of gastric cancer.In particular,markers that appear abnormally elevated initially may help identify gastric cancer patients with poor prognosis.CONCLUSION Serum CEA and CA19-9 play an important role in the prognosis assessment of gastric cancer,and are effective tools to guide clinical practice and optimize individualized treatment strategies for gastric cancer patients.
基金Supported by the National Outstanding Youth Foundation of China (81025008)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30921001,30800038, 31270176 and 81000714)+1 种基金the National Grand Program on Important Infectious Disease (2012ZX10003002-015)the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2009CB522507 and 2012CB720604)
文摘Certain carbohydrate antigens of malignantly trans- formed cells have been identified as markers for the onset of can- cer and have become targets for the development of anticancer vaccine therapies. For tumor antigens, many carbohydrate antigens belong to T-independent （TI） antigens. Carbohydrate conjugated to protein carriers can switch TI antigen to a T-dependent （TD） anti- gen. Attempts to add an innate immune response element （such as Toll-like receptor ligand） to carbohydrate TI-antigens have also been studied. Glycosylation inhibitors or small interfering RNA have also been used for antitumor and/or antiviral agents. This review aims at describing the vast spectrum of tumor carbohydrate antigens and strategies to develop cancer vaccines and drugs.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Fund(30872017)China Science Academy Knowledge Innovation Engineering Project Important Direction Program(KZCX2-YW-331-3,KSCX2-YW-N-066)Central University Basic Science Research Operation Special Fund(XDJK2009C110)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to compare the content changes between the non-structural carbohydrates（NSC）and the total nitrogen in various growing seasons,and to explore the response relationship between altitude and the contents.[Method] Taking Quercus aquifolioides scrub which widely distributed in Zheduoshan in the west of Sichuan as the experimental objects,the changes between NSC and the toal nitrogen in various growing seasons at different altitude were studied.[Result] The results showed that the content of NSC in Quercus aquifolioides underground increased with the lift of elevation in the dormancy,but decreased in the early germination,growing period and growth stage.The content of NSC in the ground tissue changed non-linearly with increasing elevation.In addition,the total nitrogen of Quercus aquifolioides organizations was decreasing with increasing elevation in the dormant period,which did not change significantly in the other periods.This result implied that the content of NSC in Quercus aquifolioides underground was more sensitive to temperature.[Conclusion] The experiment laid basis for the exploration of the physical and ecological mechanism of underground plants adaptability to highland environment,their response to global climate changes and adjustment to high altitude ecological system.
基金funded by National Key Project of Scientific and Technical Supporting Programs funded by Ministry of Science & Technology of China (Grant No. 2006BAD09A01, 2006BAD09A06)Jiangsu Provincial Science Foundation for Talent Youths (Grant No. 2006548) Open Fund of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology (Grant No. 2006HS017)
文摘A factorial study was conducted to determine the effects of salinity （constant （SO） and fluctuating （S10）） and isoenergetic diet of different protein/carbohydrate ratios （P/C： 4.1, 1.9, 1.0 and 0.6） on the survival and growth of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. The experiment lasted for 35 days. The results showed that I） At S0 and S10, specific growth rate and apparent digestibility coefficient exhibited decreasing trend, while food conversion ratio exhibited increasing trend, with decreasing P/C ratio. At SO, food consumption and specific growth rate of the shrimp fed 4.1 P/C were significantly higher than those fed 1.0 and 0.6 P/C, whereas at S10, no significant differences were detected among different treatments; II） At 4.1 and 1.9 P/C, food consumption and specific growth rate were higher in the shrimp maintained at SO as compared with those at S10, while at 1.0 and 0.6 P/C, an inverse trend was observed. Among four P/C ratios, food conversion ratio of the shrimp at SO was the lowest.
文摘The current paper reviews the content and variation of fiber fractions in feed ingredients commonly used in swine diets.Carbohydrates serve as the main source of energy in diets fed to pigs.Carbohydrates may be classified according to their degree of polymerization:monosaccharides,disaccharides,oligosaccharides,and polysaccharides.Digestible carbohydrates include sugars,digestible starch,and glycogen that may be digested by enzymes secreted in the gastrointestinal tract of the pig.Non-digestible carbohydrates,also known as fiber,may be fermented by microbial populations along the gastrointestinal tract to synthesize short-chain fatty acids that may be absorbed and metabolized by the pig.These non-digestible carbohydrates include two disaccharides,oligosaccharides,resistant starch,and non-starch polysaccharides.The concentration and structure of non-digestible carbohydrates in diets fed to pigs depend on the type of feed ingredients that are included in the mixed diet.Cellulose,arabinoxylans,and mixed linkedβ-(1,3)(1,4)-D-glucans are the main cell wall polysaccharides in cereal grains,but vary in proportion and structure depending on the grain and tissue within the grain.Cell walls of oilseeds,oilseed meals,and pulse crops contain cellulose,pectic polysaccharides,lignin,and xyloglucans.Pulse crops and legumes also contain significant quantities of galacto-oligosaccharides including raffinose,stachyose,and verbascose.Overall,understanding the structure,characteristics and measurable chemical properties of fiber in feed ingredients may result in more accurate diet formulations,resulting in an improvement in the utilization of energy from less expensive high-fiber ingredients and a reduction in reliance on energy from more costly cereal grains.
基金supported by made possible through National Key Basic Research Foundation, China (grants 2011CB403202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40930107)Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (IRT1054)
文摘Carbohydrate represents an important part of the soil labile organic carbon pool. Water soluble carbohydrate drives the C cycle in forest soil by affecting microbial activity and hot water extractable car- bohydrate is thought related to soil carbon sequestration due to the asso- ciation with soil aggregation. In a temperate forest region of northeast China, Changbai Mountain, we investigated the abundance, spatial dis- tribution, and seasonal dynamics of cool and hot-water extractable car- bohydrate in soils under mixed broad-leaved Korean pine forest. The concentrations of cool-water extractable carbohydrate （CWECH） in three soil layers （0-5, 5-10, 10-20 cm） ranged from 4.1 to 193.3 g.kg-1 dry soil, decreasing rapidly with soil depth. On an annual average, the CWECH concentrations in soils at depths of 5-10 and 10-20 cm were 54.2% and 24.0%, respectively, of that in the 0-5 cm soil layer. CWECH showed distinct seasonal dynamics with the highest concentrations in early spring, lowest in summer, and increasing concentrations in autumn. Hot-water extractable carbohydrate （HWECH） concentrations in three soil layers ranged from 121.4 to 2026.2 g.kgq dry soil, which were about one order of magnitude higher than CWECH. The abundance of HWECH was even more profile-dependent than CWECH, and decreased more rapidly with soil depth. On an annual average, the HWECH concentration in soils 10-20 cm deep was about one order of magnitude lower than that in the top 0-5 cm soil. The seasonality of HWECH roughly tracked that of CWECH but with seasonal fluctuations of smaller amplitude. The car- bohydrate concentrations in cool/hot water extracts of soil were positively correlated with UV254 and UV2s0 of the same solution, which has implications for predicting the leaching loss of water soluble organic carbon.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30371121)~~
文摘The routine metabolic rate in southern catfish juvenile(24.3-250.8 g)fed with saccharine feed(CHO)was measured in this study.Fish were fed with iso-nitrogenous(40 % crude protein)and iso-lipidic(10% crude lipid)experimental feed containing 0(control feed),15%,30% of carbohydrate level.The routine metabolic rates of 15 % and 30% dietary carbohydrate group were significantly higher than that of 0% dietary carbohydrate group.The relationship between body mass(Wt)and routine metabolic rate(Rr)of southern catfishfed with different test feed could be described as:(1)0% CHO:ln(Rr)=0.986 ln(Wt)+1.419 r2=0.922,n=25,P<0.001;(2)15% CHO:ln(Rr)=0.912 ln(Wt)+1.741 r2=0.966,n=21,P<0.001;(3)30% CHO:ln(Rr)=0.762 ln(Wt)+2.378 r2=0.958,n=21,P<0.001.The intercept was increased and mass coefficient was decreased with the increase of carbohydrate level in feed.It could be concluded that southern Silurus meridionalis had poor metabolic capacity which led the increase of routine metabolic rate of fish with small size.But with the increase of body size southern Silurus meridionalis might had a better adaptation to high carbohydrate concentration.
文摘BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is a common malignant tumor of the digestive system with a high degree of malignancy.It usually develops insidiously without any specific symptoms in the early stages.As one of the diseases caused by abnormal gene changes,GC has abnormal expression of various oncogenes and products during its development.Tumor markers such as carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA),carbohydrate antigen 199(CA199)and carbohydrate antigen 724(CA724)are not expressed or lowly expressed in normal people,but significantly increased after carcinogenesis.Monitoring the changes in the levels of tumor markers such as CEA,CA199 and CA724 is conducive to early diagnosis and evaluation of the occurrence of some solid tumors.AIM To investigate the expression of CEA,CA199 and CA724 in GC and their correlation with clinical features,hoping to provide more effective markers for the early preventive diagnosis of GC.METHODS Of 87 patients with GC admitted to our hospital from September 2020 to December 2021 were included in the GC group,and another 80 healthy people who came to our hospital for physical examination with normal results during the same period were selected as the control group.The serum CEA,CA199,and CA724 levels were compared between the two groups,and the serum CEA,CA199,and CA724 levels were compared in patients with GC at different TNM stages,and the differences in the positive rates of CEA,CA199,and CA724 alone and in combination in detecting TNM stages of GC and GC were compared.In addition,the relationship between the levels of tumor markers CEA,CA199 and CA724 and the clinicopathological characteristics of GC patients was also analyzed.The relationship between the serum levels of CEA,CA199 and CA724 and the survival period of GC patients was analyzed by Pearson.RESULTS The serum levels of CEA,CA199 and CA724 in GC group were significantly higher than those in control group(P<0.05).With the increase of TNM stage,the serum CEA,CA199 and CA724 expression levels in GC patients increased significantly,and the differences between groups were statistically significant(P<0.05).The positive rate of the CA724 single test was higher than that of CEA and CA199 single test(P<0.05).The positive rate of the three combined tests was 95.40%(83/87),which was higher than that of CEA,CA199 and CA724 single tests.The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The combined detection positive rates of CEA,CA199,and CA724 in stages I,II,III,and IV of GC were 89.66%,93.10%,98.85%,and 100.00%respectively,all of which were higher than the individual detection rates of CEA,CA199,and CA724.The differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in serum CEA,CA199 and CA724 levels between GC patients with different genders,smoking history and alcohol history(P>0.05).However,the serum CEA,CA199 and CA724 levels were significantly higher in GC patients aged≥45 years,TNM stage III-IV,with lymph node metastasis and tumor diameter≥5 cm than in GC patients aged<45 years,TNM stage I-II,without lymph node metastasis and tumor diameter<5 cm(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The expression levels of serum tumor markers CEA,CA199 and CA724 in patients with GC are high and rise with the increase of TNM stage.The levels of CEA,CA199 and CA724 are related to age,TNM stage,lymph node metastasis and tumor diameter.The combined detection of CEA,CA199 and CA724 is helpful to improve the diagnostic accuracy of GC with high clinical guidance value.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31270861 and 21572181)for financial support
文摘A novel approach for fabricating branched-chain(BC)carbohydrate chips to study carbohydrate-protein interactions using Quartz Crystal Microbalance(QCM)biosensor was developed.This approach utilizes functional alkynyl-branch molecule modified chip surfaces,which through the terminal alkynyl group for covalent linking of unprotected azide-carbohydrates.The unprotected azide-carbohydrates were syhthesized in one-step using 2-azido-l,B-dimethylqmidazolinium as catalyst,avoiding complex chemical modifications.Additionally,the branch surface modified with the carbohydrates not only supplies more specific binding site but also reveals significant cluster effect.To exemplify the sugar cluster effect on BC carbohydrate chips,BC Galactose and Mannose chips prepared in this work were used to determine carbohydrate-lectin interactions using QCM biosensor.The results clearly showed that BC chip significantly improves the detection sensitivity compared with the straight-chain(SC)chip.More importantly,the BC galactose chip sensitivity was enhanced 40%compared with the SC galactose chip.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32260379&32371852)the Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(20224ACB215005)
文摘Global climate change can affect tree growth and carbon sink function by influencing plant carbohydrate synthesis and utilization,while elevation can be used as an ideal setting under natural conditions to simulate climate change effects.The effect of elevation on tree growth may depend on organ type.However,the allocation patterns of nonstructural and structural carbohydrates(NSCs and SCs,respectively)in different tree organs and their response to elevation remain unclear.We selected four dominant tree species,Schima superba,Castanopsis eyrei,Castanopsis fargesii and Michelia maudiae,along an elevation gradient from 609 to 1,207 m in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests and analyzed leaf,trunk,and fine root NSCs,carbon(C),nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)concentrations and the relative abundance of SCs.Leaf NSCs increased initially and then decreased,and trunk NSCs increased with increasing elevation.However,root NSCs decreased with increasing elevation.The relative abundance of SCs in leaves and trunks decreased,while the relative abundance of root SCs increased with increasing elevation.No significant correlations between SCs and NSCs in leaves were detected,while there were negative correlations between SCs and NSCs in trunks,roots,and all organs.Hierarchical partitioning analysis indicated that plant C/N and C/P were the main predictors of changes in SCs and NSCs.Our results suggest that tree organs have divergent responses to elevation and that increasing elevation will inhibit the aboveground part growth and enhance the root growth of trees.A tradeoff between the C distribution used for growth and storage was confirmed along the elevation gradient,which is mainly manifested in the"sink"organs of NSCs.Our results provide insight into tree growth in the context of global climate change scenarios in subtropical forest ecosystems.
基金supported by The National Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31160086, 31200299)
文摘Nonstructural carbohydrates （NSC） and nitrogen metabolism strongly influence growth and development in plants. The biosynthesis of cellulose and lignin （structural carbohydrates, SC） depends largely on the supply of NSC. We desire to examine which hypothesis, carbon limitation or growth limitation, best fits the alpine plant response between NSC, SC, carbon （C）, nitrogen （N） and altitude. We compared the foliar concentrations of carbohydrates, C and N between the leaves of Picea crassifolia （lower-elevation tree-line species） and Sabina przewalskii （high-elevation tree-line species） in their response to changing elevation. Our site was located in the mid-northern area of Qilian Mountains, China. We found that foliar soluble sugar （SG） concentrations were significantly higher in P. crassifolia than in S. przewalskii at the 2,700-3,400 m level. Foliar NSC levels in R crassifolia increased at the 2,700-3,100 m level, indicating that growth was limited gradually resulting in a surplus of NSC （to conform to GLH）, subsequently decreasing at the 3,100-3,400 m level, the assimilation declined leading to C deficit （to conform to CLH）. SC （SC metabolism disorders at 3,100-3,400 m）, C, N and starch were significantly lower in R crassifolia than in S. przewalskii. Conversely, foliar SG concentration shows a fall-rise trend with increasing elevation for S. przewalskii. SC concentration in S. przewalskii leaves decreased with an increase of elevation and has a significantly positive correlation to N concentration marking the assimilation of plants. Therefore, the high-elevation tree-line species （S. przewalskii） utilize or store more foliar SG leading to a decrease of SG concentration for survival and growth/regrowth in an adverse environment, higher total C, N, SC, starch contents and lower NSC level. Also, their change trends along the elevational gradient in leaves orS. przewalskii indicate better assimilation strategies for SG use under environmental stress compared to P. crassifolia. This indicates that foliar C metabolism along the elevation follows the principle of the growth-limitation hypothesis （GLH） or carbon limitation hypothesis （CLH）, which depends on the acclimation of different alpine life-forms to the environment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31501268)National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300501)+1 种基金National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2015BAC02B02)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS (Y2016PT12, Y2016XT01)
文摘Rice culm carbohydrate transport can simultaneously affect grain filling and stem lodging resistance by regulating non-structural carbohydrate(NSC) and structural carbohydrate(SC) contents. However, the relationship between carbohydrate transposition and culm strength is not well documented. Accordingly, a high-yielding hybrid rice cultivar(Y Liangyou 2) was tested under different N fertilization regimes at two locations, Taoyuan(a special high-yield eco-site), Yunnan province and Danyang(a representative eco-site of the middle and lower Yangtze), Jiangsu province, China. Significantly higher grain yield and basal stem strength were found at Taoyuan than Danyang under all N rates throughout the two-year experiment. At heading stage, soluble sugars, starch, cellulose and lignin contents of the basal culm at Taoyuan were significantly 132.0%, 73.7%, 1.2%, and 62.7% higher than those at Danyang, respectively. At 20 days after heading, soluble sugars and starch content at Taoyuan decreased significantly compared to Danyang, but lignin content remained higher. Culm carbohydrate transport to kernels at Taoyuan was significantly greater than that at Danyang, and the proportion of soluble sugars and starch was correspondingly 62.9%lower. However, the proportion of lignin and cellulose was 22.7% higher at Taoyuan than that at Danyang. Soluble sugars and starch partitioning were significantly reduced under an increased nitrogen application rate, but SC partitioning was little affected. There were significant positive correlations between basal culm bending stress and dry weight and cellulose and lignin proportions at both locations under all N rates, suggesting that the higher SC proportion at 20 days after heading was primarily responsible for culm strength.These results suggest that high-yielding rice populations with greater culm strength require both moderate NSC transport and greater SC accumulation.
基金Funding was provided by the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2011BAD16B14,2012BAD20B05,2012BAD04B08)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China
文摘Lodging is an important factor limiting rice yield and quality by bending or breaking stem in japonica rice（Oryza sativa L.） production. The objectives of this study were to determine the mechanism of lodging resistance in japonica rice as affected by carbohydrate components, especially its related arrangement in culm tissue and response to top-dressing nitrogen（N） fertilizer. Field experiments were conducted in Danyang County, Jiangsu Province, China, by using two japonica rice varieties Wuyunjing 23（lodging-resistance variety） and W3668（lodging-susceptible variety） with three top-dressing N fertilizer rates（0, 135 and 270 kg N ha^（-1）） in 2013 and 2014. Lodging related physical parameters, morphological characteristics and stem carbohydrate components were investigated at 30 d after full heading stage. Results showed that with increasing N fertilizer rates, the lodging rate and lodging index increased rapidly primarily due to significant reduction of breaking strength in two japonica rice varieties. Correlation analysis revealed that breaking strength was significantly and positively correlated with bending stress, but negatively correlated with section modulus, except for significant correlation at W3668 in 2014. Higher stem plumpness status and structural carbohydrate contents significantly enhanced stem stiffness, despite of lower non-structural carbohydrate. With higher N fertilizer rate, the culm wall thickness was almost identical, and culm diameter increased slightly. The structural carbohydrates, especially for lignin content in culm, reduced significantly under high N rate. Further histochemical staining analysis revealed that high N treatments decreased the lignin deposition rapidly in the sclerenchyma cells of mechanical tissue, large vascular bundle and small vascular bundle region, which were consistent with reduction of bending stress, especially for W3668 and thus, resulted in poor stem strength and higher lodging index. These results suggested that structural carbohydrate plays a vital role for improving stem strength in japonica rice. N rate decreased lodging resistance primarily due to poor stem stiffness, by reducing structural carbohydrate content and lignin deposition in the secondary cell wall of lower internode culm tissue.
基金Supported by the Fund from the Guizhou Provincial Department of Health Science and Technology,No.GZWJKJ2014-2-151the Science and Technology Fund of Guizhou Province,No.QKHLH[2016]7421Zunyi Science and Technology Research and Development Fund,No.ZSKHS[2016]06
文摘AIM To investigate the diagnostic value of abnormal serum carbohydrate antigen 199(CA199) level in acute cholangitis secondary to choledocholithiasis.METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, the clinical data of 727 patients with choledocholithiasis admitted to the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College from June 2011 to June 2017 were collected. Among these patients, 258 patients had secondary acute cholangitis and served as observation group, and the remaining 569 choledocholithiasis patients served as the control group. Serum liver function indexes and tumor markers were detected in both groups, and the receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves were constructed for markers showing statistical significances. The cutoff value, sensitivity, and specificity of each marker were calculated according to the ROC curves. RESULTS The results of liver function tests showed no significant differences between the two groups(P > 0.05). Tumor markers including serum CA125, CA153, carcinoembryonic antigen, and alpha fetoprotein levels were also not significantly different(P > 0.05); however, the serum CA199 level was significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group(P < 0.05). The ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve was 0.885(95%CI: 0.841-0.929) for CA199, and the cutoff value of 52.5 kU/L had the highest diagnostic accuracy, with a sensitivity of 86.8% and a specificity of 81.6%.CONCLUSION Abnormally elevated serum CA199 level has an important value in the diagnosis of acute cholangitis secondary to choledocholithiasis. It may be a specific inflammatory marker for acute cholangitis.
基金Supported by George Serrurier through the Lucile Packard Foundation for Children’s HealthKT Park is supported by the National Institutes of HealthNo.K08 DK094868
文摘AIM: To investigate the specific carbohydrate diet(SCD) as nutritional therapy for maintenance of remission in pediatric Crohn's disease(CD). METHODS: Retrospective chart review was conducted in 11 pediatric patients with CD who initiated the SCD as therapy at time of diagnosis or flare. Two groups defined as SCD simple(diet alone, antibiotics or 5-ASA) or SCD with immunomodulators(corticosteroids and/or stable thiopurine dosing) were followed for one year and compared on disease characteristics, laboratory values and anthropometrics.RESULTS: The mean age at start of the SCD was 11.8 ± 3.0 years(range 6.6-17.6 years) with five patients starting the SCD within 5 wk of diagnosis. Three patients maintained a strict SCD diet for the study period and the mean time for liberalization was 7.7 ± 4.0 mo(range 1-12) for the remaining patients. In both groups, hematocrit, albumin and ESR values improved while on strict SCD and appeared stable after liberalization(P-value 0.006, 0.002, 0.002 respectively). The majority of children gained in weight and height percentile while on strict SCD, with small loss in weight percentile documented with liberalization. CONCLUSION: Disease control may be attainable with the SCD in pediatric CD. Further studies are needed to assess adherence, impact on mucosal healing and growth.
