Illegal hunting and trafficking of wildlife and their derivatives extort unprecedented population decline of relatively many species pushing them towards extinction.Notwithstanding contemporary counteracting intervent...Illegal hunting and trafficking of wildlife and their derivatives extort unprecedented population decline of relatively many species pushing them towards extinction.Notwithstanding contemporary counteracting interventions at international,regional,national and local levels,wildlife farming is advocated as an alternative approach to minimize pressure on wild populations.For wildlife farming to be an effective conservation tool,the integration of wildlife forensics is inevitable to allow distinction between captive-bred and wild-caught species.To this end,we analyzed methylation rates of skeletal muscle samples(pectoralis major,triceps brachii,gastrocnemius,biceps femoris,and neck muscles)from 60 captive-bred and 30 wild-caught Common Pheasant.A total of 13,507 differentially methylated regions were identified between five wild-caught and five captive-bred individuals through whole-genome methylation sequencing(WGBS).Based on the selected five methylation sites,LOC116231076,LOC116242223,ATAD2B,EGFL6,and HS2ST,quantitative detection technique was developed using methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting curve(MS-HRM)to measure methylation rates.The results showed significant differences in methylation rates at all differential sites between wild-caught and captive-bred individuals(|t|=0.67–33.10,P=0.000–0.042).The discrimination accuracy rate of each locus was highest in the gastrocnemius muscle and lowest in the neck muscle.The discrimination accuracy rate on LOC116231076,LOC116242223,ATAD2B,EGFL6,and HS2ST methylation sites for gastrocnemius muscle was 64.98%,100.00%,68.54%,63.79%,and 63.70%,respectively;and for neck muscle it was 67.42%,68.06%,83.61%,65.04%,and68.85%,respectively.The united discrimination accuracy rate of the five loci were 100.00%for gastrocnemius muscle,99.78%for biceps femoris muscle,97.52%for pectoralis major muscle,93.96%for triceps brachii muscle,and 91.63%for neck muscle,respectively.The panel also revealed excellent repeatability,reproducibility,sensitivity and universality to mammals and avian species.This study establishes an effective,accurate and low-cost identification technology for the identification of wild and farmed Common Pheasant,and also provides a reference for the development of identification methods for other species.展开更多
Captive model tests are one of the most common methods to calculate the maneuvering hydrodynamic coefficients and characteristics of surface and underwater vehicles.Considerable attention must be paid to selecting and...Captive model tests are one of the most common methods to calculate the maneuvering hydrodynamic coefficients and characteristics of surface and underwater vehicles.Considerable attention must be paid to selecting and designing the most suitable laboratory equipment for towing tanks.A computational fluid dynamics(CFD)-based method is implemented to determine the loads acting on the towing facility of the submarine model.A reversed topology is also used to ensure the appropriateness of the load cells in the developed method.In this study,the numerical simulations were evaluated using the experimental results of the SUBOFF benchmark submarine model of the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency.The maximum and minimum loads acting on the 2.5-meter submarine model were measured by determining the body’s lightest and heaviest maneuvering test scenarios.In addition to having sufficient endurance against high loads,the precision in measuring the light load was also investigated.The horizontal planar motion mechanism(HPMM)facilities in the National Iranian Marine Laboratory were developed by locating the load cells inside the submarine model.The results were presented as a case study.A numerical-based method was developed to obtain the appropriate load measurement facilities.Load cells of HPMM test basins can be selected by following the two-way procedure presented in this study.展开更多
提出了滤过型固相萃取柱净化-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定鸡蛋中全氟丁酸、全氟戊酸、全氟己酸、全氟庚酸、全氟辛酸、全氟壬酸、全氟癸酸、全氟十一酸、全氟十二酸、全氟十三酸、全氟十四酸、全氟丁烷磺酸、全氟己烷磺酸、全氟...提出了滤过型固相萃取柱净化-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定鸡蛋中全氟丁酸、全氟戊酸、全氟己酸、全氟庚酸、全氟辛酸、全氟壬酸、全氟癸酸、全氟十一酸、全氟十二酸、全氟十三酸、全氟十四酸、全氟丁烷磺酸、全氟己烷磺酸、全氟庚烷磺酸、全氟辛烷磺酸等15种全氟化合物含量的方法。鸡蛋样品(2 g)中加入0.1 mL 20.0μg·L^(-1)同位素内标混合溶液,经10 mL 80%(体积分数)乙腈溶液振荡和超声提取后,离心;分取5 mL滤液,直接过滤过型Captive EMR-Lipid柱净化,收集流出液,氮吹至近干,加入500μL甲醇复溶,经涡旋、离心处理后测定。采用Agilent Eclipse Plus C_(18)RRHD色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm)分离,以不同体积比的2 mmol·L^(-1)乙酸铵溶液和甲醇的混合溶液梯度洗脱,在电喷雾离子源负离子扫描模式下,以多反应监测模式检测,同位素内标法定量。结果表明:15种全氟化合物标准曲线的线性范围均为0.125~20.0μg·L^(-1),测定下限(10S/N)为0.05~0.16μg·kg^(-1);在0.500,4.00,16.0μg·kg^(-1)加标浓度水平下,15种目标物的回收率为78.0%~111%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为0.87%~14%。展开更多
In social groups,competition for individual advantage is balanced with cooperation,for the collective benefit.Selection against aggression has favored cooperation and non-aggressive competitive strategies.Because soci...In social groups,competition for individual advantage is balanced with cooperation,for the collective benefit.Selection against aggression has favored cooperation and non-aggressive competitive strategies.Because social play is a behavioral system that fluctuates between cooperation and competition,selection against aggression might have especially influenced this behavior.African savannah elephants(Loxodonta africana)are a low aggressive species,therefore suitable to investigate this aspect.We collected all occurrences observational audio-video data on social play,aggression/threats,and affiliation on an African elephant colony housed in a 25-ha open space at Parque de la Naturaleza de Cabarceno(Cantabria,Spain)and composed of 4 family groups(3 immature males,3 immature females,and 7 adult females)and 2 adult males.Anticipating the influence of reduced aggression,we found that social play decreased with age,persisting in adults,and that it was highest in males.Social play was associated with affiliation(informing cooperation).Indeed,individuals that were central in the social play network were also central in the affiliation network.For immature subjects,we found a correlation between social play and affiliation sociomatrices.However,such correlation was absent in adults and social play mostly occurred between families.Despite the limitations related to dealing with a small captive group,this study largely supports the idea that the features of social play in African savannah elephants may be related to low aggression.This investigation hints toward a non-purely cooperative use of play,possibly as a non-aggressive interaction that accommodates different levels of cooperation and competition.展开更多
Recent genome studies indicate that tree shrew is in the order or a closest sister of primates,and thus may be one of the best animals to model human diseases.In this paper,we report on a social defeat model of depres...Recent genome studies indicate that tree shrew is in the order or a closest sister of primates,and thus may be one of the best animals to model human diseases.In this paper,we report on a social defeat model of depression in tree shrew（Tupaia belangeri chinensis）.Two male tree shrews were housed in a pair-cage consisting of two independent cages separated by a wire mesh partition with a door connecting the two cages.After one week adaptation,the connecting door was opened and a brief fighting occurs between the two male tree shrews and this social conflict session consisted of 1 h direct conflict（fighting） and 23 h indirect influence（e.g.smell,visual cues） per day for 21 days.The defeated tree shrew was considered the subordinate.Compared with na？ve animals,subordinate tree shrews at the final week of social conflict session showed alterations in body weight,locomotion,avoidance behavior and urinary cortisol levels.Remarkably,these alterations persisted for over two weeks.We also report on a novel captive conditioning model of learning and memory in tree shrew.An automatic trapping cage was placed in a small closed room with a freely-moving tree shrew.For the first four trials,the tree shrew was not trapped when it entered the cage and ate the bait apple,but it was trapped and kept in the cage for 1 h on the fifth trial.Latency was defined as the time between release of the tree shrew and when it entered the captive cage.Latencies during the five trials indicated adaptation.A test trial 24 h later was used to measure whether the one-trial trapping during the fifth trial could form captive memory.Tree shrews showed much longer trapping latencies in the test trial than the adaptation trials.The N-methyl-d-aspartate（NMDA） receptor antagonist MK-801（0.2 mg/kg,i.p.）,known to prevent the formation of memory,did not affect latencies in the adaptation trails,but did block captive memory as it led to much shorter trapping latencies compared to saline treatment in the test trial.These results demonstrate a chronic social defeat model of depression and a novel one-trial captive conditioning model for learning and memory in tree shrews,which are important for mechanism studies of depression,learning,memory,and preclinical evaluation for new antidepressants.展开更多
In July 2006, the diurnal activity rhythms of 13 heads of captive Qinling golden takin were observed in Shaanxi Provincial Centre for the Breeding and Conservation of Rare Wildlife （SPCBCRW） at daylight （from 9：00...In July 2006, the diurnal activity rhythms of 13 heads of captive Qinling golden takin were observed in Shaanxi Provincial Centre for the Breeding and Conservation of Rare Wildlife （SPCBCRW） at daylight （from 9：00 am to 4：00 pm in July）. The behavioral ethnogram was identified through observation at the sampling site, with the behaviors of golden takin recorded at 5 min interval using instantaneous scannable sampling method. The results indicated that the resting of golden takin took an important part in the daylight activities. Meanwhile, drinking and urinating and defecating were 1.92 and 0.54 and 0.92 times per head per day. Ambient temperature had a strong effect on the diurnal activity rhythms of golden takin. The diurnal activity rhymes were affected by ages of the animals effectively, which was expressed through differentiation of the time budgets. Moreover, different individuals in the same population showed some non-synchronously activity rhythms.展开更多
The various behaviors of four Amur tigers in captivity were investigated in March from 1998 to 2001 in Harbin Zoo. The results showed that the behavior could be divided into 5 major types: moving, resting, sleeping, e...The various behaviors of four Amur tigers in captivity were investigated in March from 1998 to 2001 in Harbin Zoo. The results showed that the behavior could be divided into 5 major types: moving, resting, sleeping, eating and other behaviors (including drinking, urinating, grooming, playing, standing). Of all behavioral models, sleeping and moving behaviors alone accounted for 75.18% and were two major behavioral models of all behaviors. Resting, eating and other behaviors accounted for 24.82%. Apart from eating, one male and two female individuals have similar peak periods of 4 major behaviors (one peak period in the daytime, and one peak period at night), similar to that of wild Amur tiger. However, one female individual have two clear peak periods at night.展开更多
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2572020DR10)Project on the Investigation,Supervision and Industry Regulation of Rare and Endangered Species(2024)。
文摘Illegal hunting and trafficking of wildlife and their derivatives extort unprecedented population decline of relatively many species pushing them towards extinction.Notwithstanding contemporary counteracting interventions at international,regional,national and local levels,wildlife farming is advocated as an alternative approach to minimize pressure on wild populations.For wildlife farming to be an effective conservation tool,the integration of wildlife forensics is inevitable to allow distinction between captive-bred and wild-caught species.To this end,we analyzed methylation rates of skeletal muscle samples(pectoralis major,triceps brachii,gastrocnemius,biceps femoris,and neck muscles)from 60 captive-bred and 30 wild-caught Common Pheasant.A total of 13,507 differentially methylated regions were identified between five wild-caught and five captive-bred individuals through whole-genome methylation sequencing(WGBS).Based on the selected five methylation sites,LOC116231076,LOC116242223,ATAD2B,EGFL6,and HS2ST,quantitative detection technique was developed using methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting curve(MS-HRM)to measure methylation rates.The results showed significant differences in methylation rates at all differential sites between wild-caught and captive-bred individuals(|t|=0.67–33.10,P=0.000–0.042).The discrimination accuracy rate of each locus was highest in the gastrocnemius muscle and lowest in the neck muscle.The discrimination accuracy rate on LOC116231076,LOC116242223,ATAD2B,EGFL6,and HS2ST methylation sites for gastrocnemius muscle was 64.98%,100.00%,68.54%,63.79%,and 63.70%,respectively;and for neck muscle it was 67.42%,68.06%,83.61%,65.04%,and68.85%,respectively.The united discrimination accuracy rate of the five loci were 100.00%for gastrocnemius muscle,99.78%for biceps femoris muscle,97.52%for pectoralis major muscle,93.96%for triceps brachii muscle,and 91.63%for neck muscle,respectively.The panel also revealed excellent repeatability,reproducibility,sensitivity and universality to mammals and avian species.This study establishes an effective,accurate and low-cost identification technology for the identification of wild and farmed Common Pheasant,and also provides a reference for the development of identification methods for other species.
文摘Captive model tests are one of the most common methods to calculate the maneuvering hydrodynamic coefficients and characteristics of surface and underwater vehicles.Considerable attention must be paid to selecting and designing the most suitable laboratory equipment for towing tanks.A computational fluid dynamics(CFD)-based method is implemented to determine the loads acting on the towing facility of the submarine model.A reversed topology is also used to ensure the appropriateness of the load cells in the developed method.In this study,the numerical simulations were evaluated using the experimental results of the SUBOFF benchmark submarine model of the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency.The maximum and minimum loads acting on the 2.5-meter submarine model were measured by determining the body’s lightest and heaviest maneuvering test scenarios.In addition to having sufficient endurance against high loads,the precision in measuring the light load was also investigated.The horizontal planar motion mechanism(HPMM)facilities in the National Iranian Marine Laboratory were developed by locating the load cells inside the submarine model.The results were presented as a case study.A numerical-based method was developed to obtain the appropriate load measurement facilities.Load cells of HPMM test basins can be selected by following the two-way procedure presented in this study.
文摘提出了滤过型固相萃取柱净化-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定鸡蛋中全氟丁酸、全氟戊酸、全氟己酸、全氟庚酸、全氟辛酸、全氟壬酸、全氟癸酸、全氟十一酸、全氟十二酸、全氟十三酸、全氟十四酸、全氟丁烷磺酸、全氟己烷磺酸、全氟庚烷磺酸、全氟辛烷磺酸等15种全氟化合物含量的方法。鸡蛋样品(2 g)中加入0.1 mL 20.0μg·L^(-1)同位素内标混合溶液,经10 mL 80%(体积分数)乙腈溶液振荡和超声提取后,离心;分取5 mL滤液,直接过滤过型Captive EMR-Lipid柱净化,收集流出液,氮吹至近干,加入500μL甲醇复溶,经涡旋、离心处理后测定。采用Agilent Eclipse Plus C_(18)RRHD色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm)分离,以不同体积比的2 mmol·L^(-1)乙酸铵溶液和甲醇的混合溶液梯度洗脱,在电喷雾离子源负离子扫描模式下,以多反应监测模式检测,同位素内标法定量。结果表明:15种全氟化合物标准曲线的线性范围均为0.125~20.0μg·L^(-1),测定下限(10S/N)为0.05~0.16μg·kg^(-1);在0.500,4.00,16.0μg·kg^(-1)加标浓度水平下,15种目标物的回收率为78.0%~111%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为0.87%~14%。
基金Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology(DBIOS),University of Torino,Italy(Grant No.NORI_RILO_22_01).
文摘In social groups,competition for individual advantage is balanced with cooperation,for the collective benefit.Selection against aggression has favored cooperation and non-aggressive competitive strategies.Because social play is a behavioral system that fluctuates between cooperation and competition,selection against aggression might have especially influenced this behavior.African savannah elephants(Loxodonta africana)are a low aggressive species,therefore suitable to investigate this aspect.We collected all occurrences observational audio-video data on social play,aggression/threats,and affiliation on an African elephant colony housed in a 25-ha open space at Parque de la Naturaleza de Cabarceno(Cantabria,Spain)and composed of 4 family groups(3 immature males,3 immature females,and 7 adult females)and 2 adult males.Anticipating the influence of reduced aggression,we found that social play decreased with age,persisting in adults,and that it was highest in males.Social play was associated with affiliation(informing cooperation).Indeed,individuals that were central in the social play network were also central in the affiliation network.For immature subjects,we found a correlation between social play and affiliation sociomatrices.However,such correlation was absent in adults and social play mostly occurred between families.Despite the limitations related to dealing with a small captive group,this study largely supports the idea that the features of social play in African savannah elephants may be related to low aggression.This investigation hints toward a non-purely cooperative use of play,possibly as a non-aggressive interaction that accommodates different levels of cooperation and competition.
基金supported by grants KSCX2-EW-R-12 and KSCX2-EW-J-23 from the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Recent genome studies indicate that tree shrew is in the order or a closest sister of primates,and thus may be one of the best animals to model human diseases.In this paper,we report on a social defeat model of depression in tree shrew（Tupaia belangeri chinensis）.Two male tree shrews were housed in a pair-cage consisting of two independent cages separated by a wire mesh partition with a door connecting the two cages.After one week adaptation,the connecting door was opened and a brief fighting occurs between the two male tree shrews and this social conflict session consisted of 1 h direct conflict（fighting） and 23 h indirect influence（e.g.smell,visual cues） per day for 21 days.The defeated tree shrew was considered the subordinate.Compared with na？ve animals,subordinate tree shrews at the final week of social conflict session showed alterations in body weight,locomotion,avoidance behavior and urinary cortisol levels.Remarkably,these alterations persisted for over two weeks.We also report on a novel captive conditioning model of learning and memory in tree shrew.An automatic trapping cage was placed in a small closed room with a freely-moving tree shrew.For the first four trials,the tree shrew was not trapped when it entered the cage and ate the bait apple,but it was trapped and kept in the cage for 1 h on the fifth trial.Latency was defined as the time between release of the tree shrew and when it entered the captive cage.Latencies during the five trials indicated adaptation.A test trial 24 h later was used to measure whether the one-trial trapping during the fifth trial could form captive memory.Tree shrews showed much longer trapping latencies in the test trial than the adaptation trials.The N-methyl-d-aspartate（NMDA） receptor antagonist MK-801（0.2 mg/kg,i.p.）,known to prevent the formation of memory,did not affect latencies in the adaptation trails,but did block captive memory as it led to much shorter trapping latencies compared to saline treatment in the test trial.These results demonstrate a chronic social defeat model of depression and a novel one-trial captive conditioning model for learning and memory in tree shrews,which are important for mechanism studies of depression,learning,memory,and preclinical evaluation for new antidepressants.
基金The project was sponsored by the Scientific Re-search Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry (1999-363).
文摘In July 2006, the diurnal activity rhythms of 13 heads of captive Qinling golden takin were observed in Shaanxi Provincial Centre for the Breeding and Conservation of Rare Wildlife （SPCBCRW） at daylight （from 9：00 am to 4：00 pm in July）. The behavioral ethnogram was identified through observation at the sampling site, with the behaviors of golden takin recorded at 5 min interval using instantaneous scannable sampling method. The results indicated that the resting of golden takin took an important part in the daylight activities. Meanwhile, drinking and urinating and defecating were 1.92 and 0.54 and 0.92 times per head per day. Ambient temperature had a strong effect on the diurnal activity rhythms of golden takin. The diurnal activity rhymes were affected by ages of the animals effectively, which was expressed through differentiation of the time budgets. Moreover, different individuals in the same population showed some non-synchronously activity rhythms.
基金This paper was supported by the National Forestry Bureau (97-27).
文摘The various behaviors of four Amur tigers in captivity were investigated in March from 1998 to 2001 in Harbin Zoo. The results showed that the behavior could be divided into 5 major types: moving, resting, sleeping, eating and other behaviors (including drinking, urinating, grooming, playing, standing). Of all behavioral models, sleeping and moving behaviors alone accounted for 75.18% and were two major behavioral models of all behaviors. Resting, eating and other behaviors accounted for 24.82%. Apart from eating, one male and two female individuals have similar peak periods of 4 major behaviors (one peak period in the daytime, and one peak period at night), similar to that of wild Amur tiger. However, one female individual have two clear peak periods at night.
