The intersection of economic development,energy dynamics,environmental policy,and environmental sustainability presents complex challenges for European Union(EU)countries.This study investigatedthe impact of environme...The intersection of economic development,energy dynamics,environmental policy,and environmental sustainability presents complex challenges for European Union(EU)countries.This study investigatedthe impact of environmental taxes,hydroelectricity consumption,economic globalization,and gross domestic product(GDP)on the load capacity factor(LCF)in the 10 EU member countries(including Austria,Finland,France,Germany,Italy,Poland,Portugal,Slovakia,Spain,and Sweden)using data from 1995 to 2020.To ensure the reliability and validity of the data,this study applied several advanced econometric tests,including the Pesaran and Yamagata slopeheterogeneitytest,Pesaran cross-sectional dependence(CSD)test,second-generation unit root test,and Westerlund cointegration test.The data showed important statistical issues such as slope heterogeneityacross panels,CSD,mixed-orderunit root structures,and long-run associations between variables.To address these issues,we applied an augmented mean group(AMG)model as the main regression approach,andusedthe pooled mean group-autoregressive distributed lag(PMG-ARDL)method to check the robustness.Specifically,the AMG results indicate that a 1.000%rise in hydroelectricity consumptionresults in a 0.048% rise in the LCF,while a 1.000% increase in environmental taxes leads toa 0.175% increase in the LCF.Contrary to this,a 1.000% increase in economic globalization results in a 0.370% decrease in the LCF,and a 1.000% increase in GDP leads toa 0.850% decrease in the LCF.Environmental taxes have a more beneficial impact on the environment,and GDP has the most detrimental effect.The findings provide empirical evidence on the role of environmental taxes,hydroelectricity consumption,economic globalization,and GDP in driving the LCF.Additionally,the findings provide valuable information to policy-makers,academicians,and stakeholders shaping energy and environmental policies in the 10 EU member countries.展开更多
Seismic bearing capacity factors of a strip footing placed on soil slope were determined with both associated and nonassociated flow rules. Quasi-static representation of earthquake effects using a seismic coefficient...Seismic bearing capacity factors of a strip footing placed on soil slope were determined with both associated and nonassociated flow rules. Quasi-static representation of earthquake effects using a seismic coefficient concept was adopted for seismic bearing capacity calculations. A multi-wedge translational failure mechanism was used to obtain the seismic bearing capacity factors for different seismic coefficients and various inclined angles. Employing the associated flow rule, numerical results were compared with the published solutions. For bearing capacity factors related to cohesion and equivalent surcharge load, the maximum difference approximates 0.1%. However, the difference of bearing capacity factor related to unit weight is larger. With the two flow rules, the seismic bearing capacity factors were presented in the form of design charts for practical use. The results show that seismic bearing capacity factors related to the cohesion, the equivalent surcharge load and the unit weight increase greatly as the dilatancy angle increases, and that the nonassociated flow rule has important influences on the seismic bearing capacity.展开更多
Sixteen indole derivatives have been computed at B3LYP/6-31 IG^＊＊ level using density functional theory （DFF）. Based on linear solvation energy theory, the structural parameters were employed to present correlatio...Sixteen indole derivatives have been computed at B3LYP/6-31 IG^＊＊ level using density functional theory （DFF）. Based on linear solvation energy theory, the structural parameters were employed to present correlation between the parameters of chromatograph capacity factor （CCF） and molecular structural parameters. As a result, the correlation equation of the reversed phased high performance liquid chromatograph capacity factor to the intercept lgk＇w and slope S of CCF were obtained, from which the correlation coefficients of lgk＇w to the structural parameters are r^2 = 0.9596 and q^2 = 0.9262. While the correlation coefficients of the parameter S r^2 q^2 with structures are = 0.9750 and = 0.9252. Moreover, the effect of water as solvent on the present two models was also considered using SCRF method, and the result shows that the predicting capacity of correlation equation of lgkw＇ increases, while that of the model for S decreases slightly. Both two correlation equations achieved in this work are more advantageous than those using theoretical descriptors from molecular connectivity indices.展开更多
The capacity factors （k＇） of fourteen types ofhalogenated thiophenols in different phases of methanol-water eluent were determined by reversed phased high-performance liquid chromatography （RP-HPLC） and the relat...The capacity factors （k＇） of fourteen types ofhalogenated thiophenols in different phases of methanol-water eluent were determined by reversed phased high-performance liquid chromatography （RP-HPLC） and the relationships between the logarithm of capacity factor lgK＇ and methanol ratio ψ were analyzed. A fair linear relationship is found between lgK＇ and ψ, and the correlation coefficients R2 of the constructed linear equations are all greater than 0.990. Relationship between the chromatographic data lgKw＇ when extrapolated to pure water and n-octanol/water partition coefficient lgKow obtained by the group contribution method has shown a good linear correlation with R2= 0.956. The structure parameters of fourteen halogenated thiophenols were calculated by using DFT, and the correlation equation of lgKw＇ and structure parameters was obtained by using SPSS, lgKw＇ = -0.409 ＋ 0.039a and R2 = 0.981, meaning that lgKw＇ is mainly determined by the polarizability α.展开更多
Stimulating renewable energy consumption is a major focus of the Sustainable Development Goals in combating climate change and global warming.The International Energy Agency estimates that renewable energy consumption...Stimulating renewable energy consumption is a major focus of the Sustainable Development Goals in combating climate change and global warming.The International Energy Agency estimates that renewable energy consumption should be doubled to achieve the COP21 targets.In this context,the question is whether renewable energy types promote the improvement of ecological quality and economic growth.Most studies have investigated the influence of renewable energy on ecological pollution using carbon dioxide emissions or ecological footprint indicators,which only represent the pollution caused by human consumption patterns,and these indicators neglect the supply side.Motivated by this point,this study uses the LCF(Load Capacity Factor)as an environmental indicator and examines the causality relationship among different types of renewable energy,income,and environmental quality in the USA,while also incorporating employment and capital stock into the analysis.Through using the Fourier causality test with the wavelet-decomposed series,the study explores for the validity of the renewable energy-based growth hypothesis and answers to the question of whether there is a causal effect of renewable energy types on environmental quality.The results demonstrate that there is a bidirectional causality between total renewable energy,wood,biomass,and economic growth as well as between these renewable energy types and the LCF.展开更多
This study analyzes the impact of biomass energy,financial development,and economic growth on environmental quality using the novel Fourier autoregressive distributed lag(ARDL)approach on annual data for the period 1...This study analyzes the impact of biomass energy,financial development,and economic growth on environmental quality using the novel Fourier autoregressive distributed lag(ARDL)approach on annual data for the period 1965–2018 in the United States(USA).The study analyzes the impact of related variables on the load capacity factor(LCF)as well as on indicators of environmental degradation such as carbon dioxide emissions and ecological footprint.The LCF is one of the most comprehensive environmental indicators to date,encompassing both biocapacity and ecological footprint.In this regard,this study contributes to the environmental economics literature by examining,for the first time,the impact of biomass energy on the LCF.The results of the cointegration test show that there is only a long-run relationship between the LCF and the independent variables.According to the Fourier ARDL results,biomass energy improves the environmental quality,while financial development has no effect on the LCF.Moreover,the increase in per capita income reduces the LCF.Furthermore,since the income elasticity is larger in the long run than in the short-run,the environmental Kuznets curve is validated.Therefore,the United States government should encourage the use of biomass and investment in this form of energy.展开更多
Organic modifiers were effective both to extend the migration time window and to improve the separation of very hydrophobic compounds in MEKC. An iteration method was used to determine the migration time of micelles. ...Organic modifiers were effective both to extend the migration time window and to improve the separation of very hydrophobic compounds in MEKC. An iteration method was used to determine the migration time of micelles. The quantitative relationship between the capacity factor k' and the concentration of organic modifiers was derived, which was investigated experimentally. The linear solvation energy relationships (LSER) methodology was applied to MEKC, and good linear relationships between lnk' and solvatochromic parameters of 15 solutes were obtained in the presence of organic modifier in different concentrations, which indicated a new access in MEKC to predict k' from the structural parameters of solutes. The effect of column temperature T on k' was also investigated.展开更多
Hydropower is critical to South and Southeast Asia’s energy security,yet climate change threatens its sustainability through altered hydrological cycles.This study assesses the impacts of climate change on hydropower...Hydropower is critical to South and Southeast Asia’s energy security,yet climate change threatens its sustainability through altered hydrological cycles.This study assesses the impacts of climate change on hydropower capacity factors across 12 countries(86% of regional installed capacity)from 2020 to 2100.Using an ensemble of 60 climate-hydrological models(5 GCMs,4 GHMs,3 RCPs),we evaluate shifts in precipitation,glacier melt,and extreme events on seasonal and annual hydropower performance.The objectives are to 1)quantify regional and sub-regional capacity factor trends,2)identify drivers of variability,and 3)propose adaptive strategies for resilient energy systems.Results indicate a regional mean decline in hydropower capacity factors by 4.8%(2020-2059)and up to 5.4%(2060-2099)under high-emission scenarios.The Indian Subcontinent faces severe reductions(6.9% by 2100)due to drier winters and monsoon shifts,while Mainland Southeast Asia declines by 5.9%.Conversely,Himalayan regions(Nepal,Bhutan)show transient declines(-2.4% by 2059)followed by recovery post-2060 as glacial melt temporarily offsets precipitation deficits.Maritime Southeast Asia exhibits mixed trends,with capacity factors rebounding under high warming.To mitigate risks,we recommend integrating hydropower with floating solar photovoltaics,optimizing reservoir operations via AI-driven forecasting,and strengthening transboundary water-energy governance.These strategies can enhance grid resilience,offset seasonal variability,and support decarbonization goals.Policymakers must prioritize regionspecific adaptations,particularly in climate-vulnerable zones like the Indian Subcontinent,to ensure energy security amid escalating hydrological uncertainties.展开更多
The use of supercritical-fluid chromatography for determining partial molar volumes of ethyl esters of cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and cis -4,7,10,13,16,19- docosa-hexaenoic acid (DHA) in supercritica...The use of supercritical-fluid chromatography for determining partial molar volumes of ethyl esters of cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and cis -4,7,10,13,16,19- docosa-hexaenoic acid (DHA) in supercritical carbon dioxide is presented and discussed. Partial molar volumes of EPA and DHA esters are obtained from the variation of the retention properties with the density of mobile phase at 313.15 K, 323.15 K, 333.15 K and in the pressure range from 9 MPa to 21 MPa.展开更多
The transformation and availability of various forms of Zn applied into a cinnamon soil and a carbonate meadow soil as well as the effects of fertilizer-P on them were studied by using the field experiment method and ...The transformation and availability of various forms of Zn applied into a cinnamon soil and a carbonate meadow soil as well as the effects of fertilizer-P on them were studied by using the field experiment method and chemically sequential extraction procedure. Zn added into the soils was found to be rapidly transformed into the various forms. In the cinnamon soil, the amount of Zn transformed into the carbonate bound form was the highest, and the carbonate bound form was proven by the analyses of intensity factor and capacity factor to be the primary available Zn pool.But in the carbonate meadow soil, the Zn transformed was relatively homogeneously distributed in the various forms though the amount of Zn transformed into the Mn-oxide bound form was relatively high, and the organically bound, Mn-oxide bound and amorphous Fe-oxide.bound forms were found to be the main available Zn pool. Fertilizer-P took part in the regulation and control of available Zn in the soils to a certain degree. In the carbonate meadow soil, application of P fertilizer probably aggravated Zn deficiency at low Zn rate, while it was favorable to the storage of available Zn in the case of high Zn rate.展开更多
In nature there are situations where in foundation had to be placed over loose soil deposits. In such cases, deep foundations are recommended which increases cost of the structure. Black cotton soils, because of its h...In nature there are situations where in foundation had to be placed over loose soil deposits. In such cases, deep foundations are recommended which increases cost of the structure. Black cotton soils, because of its high swelling and shrinkage characteristics, have been a challenge to geotechnical engineers, increasing the strength of Clayey soil which is formed introducing randomly distributed fibers results in comparatively more homogeneous soil mixture and is one of the popular methods of soil stabilization. In the present study, model footing resting on BC soil reinforced with optimum percentage of treated and untreated coir fiber underlain by loose soil deposit was conducted to study its influence on bearing capacity and settlement. Loose soil deposit has been simulated by compacting sawdust in prefabricated steel tank. BC soil reinforced with optimum percentage of treated and untreated coir fibers has been compacted over loose sawdust and load settlement characteristics were determined at various D/B ratio of 1,2, 3 and for different sized model footings. The results indicated that settlement of model footings is significantly small at lower D/B = 1 and 2 ratios. Bearing capacity of BC soil is also found to be significantly affected by fiber reinforcement.展开更多
1-year hourly wind speed data from two Burundian stations, namely Bujumbura and Muyinga, have been processed in this work to bring an efficient help for the planning and installation of wind energy conversion systems ...1-year hourly wind speed data from two Burundian stations, namely Bujumbura and Muyinga, have been processed in this work to bring an efficient help for the planning and installation of wind energy conversion systems (WECS) at those localities. Mean seasonal and diurnal variations of wind direction and wind shear exponent have been derived. Two-parameter Weibull probability density functions (PDFs) fitting the observed monthly and annual wind speed relative frequency distributions have been implemented. As shown through three complementary statistical tests, the fitting technique was very satisfactory. A wind resource analysis at 10 m above ground level (AGL) has led to a mean power density at Bujumbura which is almost thirteen fold higher than at Muyinga. The use of the empirical power law to extrapolate wind characteristics at heights from 150 to 350 m AGL has shown that energy potential of hilltops around Muyinga was only suitable for small, individual scale wind energy applications. At the opposite, wind energy potential of ridge-tops and hilltops around Bujumbura has been found suitable for medium and large scale electricity production. For that locality and at those heights, energy outputs and capacity factors (CF or C<sub>f</sub>) have been computed for ten selected wind turbines (WTs), together with costs of electricity (COE) using the present value of cost (PVC) method. Amongst those WTs, YDF-1500-87 and S95-2.1 MW have emerged as the best options for installation owing to their highest CF and lowest COE. Moreover, an analysis of those two quantities at monthly basis for YDF-1500-87 WT has led to its best performance in the dry season. Compared to the average present COE of household hydroelectricity consumption, results of this study have evidenced economical feasibility and benefit of WECS setting in selected Burundian sites in order to supplement traditional electricity sources.展开更多
The paper considers some issues related to the evaluation of power plants using renewable energy sources： energy efficiency, economic efficiency, the share of renewable energy in the world＇s electricity generation. ...The paper considers some issues related to the evaluation of power plants using renewable energy sources： energy efficiency, economic efficiency, the share of renewable energy in the world＇s electricity generation. At one time in the world there was a myth that more energy is expended on the construction of wind and photoelectric power stations, than they produce for the service life. Adherents of this myth are still found in Russia. In response to this myth, numerous studies have been carried out for the manufacturers of wind turbines and photovoltaic modules. It was proved that these power plants spent energy on them are produced within a period of less than a year and the energy consumed by them cannot be taken into account, since it is renewable. The author showed that power plants on organic fuel and existing nuclear plants using depleted fuel with a coefficient less than unity fundamentally cannot compensate for the energy used during their construction. In the world, the concept of the LEC （Levelized Energy Cost） produced by any power plant is widely used to estimate economic efficiency. However, the formula for determining it, in the author＇s opinion, contains an inaccuracy, which is proposed to be eliminated. At present, there are different opinions on the role of RES （Renewable Energy Sources） in the production of electricity. A summary indicator is the share of renewable energy in the world＇s electricity generation. The determination of the actual share of RES and the forecast of its growth is of significant importance for the development of the world economy. The author shows the differences in the estimates and suggests an approach for establishing agreed estimates.展开更多
The variation in bedding thickness of the weak immediate floor has long been a challenge in the lllinois basin coal mines when it comes to floor stability. The vertical thickness of the immediate floor is not constant...The variation in bedding thickness of the weak immediate floor has long been a challenge in the lllinois basin coal mines when it comes to floor stability. The vertical thickness of the immediate floor is not constant throughout the mines and can vary over short horizontal distances. The biggest misconception from a design standpoint is to use the maximum or average thickness found from core logs taken from various locations on the mine property. The result of this practice is oversized pillars in the areas where the weak immediate floor has thinned vertically. This over-design leaves coal in situ which could have otherwise been extracted. This paper presents a plane strain numerical model to illustrate the effect of a change in bedding thickness of a weak immediate floor across one or two coal pillars. The floor bearing capacity of the variable floor below each pillar where then compared to the consistent floor. The results show that the varying bedding thickness of weak underclay has an impact on the bearing capacity of the floor. Geometrically with the decrease in bedding thickness for constant pillar width, the B/H ratio increases exponentially. The influence of varying bedding thickness on the floor bearing capacity is apparent at higher B/H ratios. The floor bearing capacity under a single pillar is in variable floor model if the average thickness remains constant. For single pillar, the average of the bedding thickness can be considered and for pillars in a panel, and a safety factor has been proposed to take into account this change in bedding thickness.展开更多
The strategy of choosing suitable plants should receive great performance in phytoremediation of surface water polluted by triazophos （O,O-diethyl-O-（1-phenyl- 1,2,4-triazol-3-base） sulfur phosphate, TAP）, which i...The strategy of choosing suitable plants should receive great performance in phytoremediation of surface water polluted by triazophos （O,O-diethyl-O-（1-phenyl- 1,2,4-triazol-3-base） sulfur phosphate, TAP）, which is an organophosphorus pesticide widespread applied for agriculture in China and moderately toxic to higher animal and fish. The tolerance, uptake, transformation and removal of TAP by twelve species of macrophytes were examined in a hydroponic system and a comprehensive score （CS） of five parameters （relative growth rate （RGR）, biomass, root/shoot ratio, removal capacity （RC）, and bio-concentration factor （BCF）） by factor analysis was employed to screen the potential macrophyte species for TAP phytoremediation. The results showed that Thalia dealbata, Cyperus alternifolius, Canna indica and Acorus calamus had higher RGR values, indicating these four species having stronger growth capacity under TAP stress. The higher RC loading in Iris pseudacorus and Cyperus rotundus were 42.11 and 24.63μg/（g fw.day）, respectively. The highest values of BCF occurred in A. calamus （1.17）, and TF occurred in Eichhornia crassipes （2.14）. Biomass and root/shoot ratio of plant showed significant positive correlation with first-order kinetic constant of TAP removal in the hydroponic system, indicating that plant biomass and root system play important roles in remediation of TAP. Five plant species including C. alternifolius, A. calamus, T. dealbata, C. indica and Typha orientalis, which owned higher CS, would be potential species for TAP phytoremediation of contaminated water bodies.展开更多
Compatible with the increasing public interest on climate change,countries have taken measures to combat climate change and support environmental sustainability.Considering this fact,this study investigates whether en...Compatible with the increasing public interest on climate change,countries have taken measures to combat climate change and support environmental sustainability.Considering this fact,this study investigates whether environmental measures,proxied by the environmental policy stringency(EPS)index,are efficient in achieving sustainability of environment in G7 countries as the leading economies;uses multiple environmental sustainability indicators,and applies quantile methods from 1991/Q1 to through 2020/Q4.The results show that(i)EPS curbs carbon dioxide emissions in France and the United States across all quantiles.Also,it has a declining effect in Germany and Italy at lower quantiles and in Canada at lower and higher quantiles;(ii)EPS declines ecological footprint in United States across all quantiles,while it curbs in Canada and Germany at lower quantiles as well as in Italy and United Kingdom at higher quantiles;(iii)EPS stimulates load capacity factor in France,United Kingdom,and United States across all quantiles and in Canada at higher quantiles;(iv)causal effect of EPS on the environment varies throughout quantiles;(v)the robustness of the results by quantile regression method is verified.Overall,the results reveal that the effect of EPS on environmental sustainability differentiates across environmental indicators,countries,and quantiles.In ensuring environmental quality,EPS is completely helpful in the United States,fully inefficient in Japan,and has a mixed effect in remaining G7 countries.展开更多
Among CSP technologies,the linear Fresnel reflector(LFR)can provide reliable carbon-neutral electricity for large-scale applications.In this study,the performance of a large solar LFR power plant under varying climati...Among CSP technologies,the linear Fresnel reflector(LFR)can provide reliable carbon-neutral electricity for large-scale applications.In this study,the performance of a large solar LFR power plant under varying climatic conditions and the dependency of the performance on major plant design specifications,such as solar multiple and full-load thermal storage hours,were examined.Next,artificial neural network(ANN)surrogate models were introduced to predict the annual capacity factor of 100 MWe power plants operating with LFR technology.Single-hidden-layer ANN models with different numbers of neurons in the hidden layer were used and the Levenberg–Marquardt training algorithm was adopted.To overcome overfitting,validation and Bayesian Regularization approaches were compared.As training and testing data,36 geographical sites with various combinations of design parameters were used.Through multi-objective optimization techniques,including the Multi-Objective Particle-Swarm Optimizer and Multi-Objective Grey Wolf Optimizer coupled with ANN surrogate modeling,this study navigates the trade-offs to identify Pareto-optimal solutions for large-scale LFR-based CSP integration based on the energy and cost criteria.The study also identified Site 4(S4)as a promising candidate for optimal balance between the capacity factor(51.05%)and specific cost(5246.71$/kW),showcasing the practical implications of the research for sustainable and efficient CSP plant implementation.展开更多
The main objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive picture of existing wave technologies being used for wave energy extraction.The overview will explain their potential and also the challenges wave techn...The main objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive picture of existing wave technologies being used for wave energy extraction.The overview will explain their potential and also the challenges wave technologies face.The article will also briefly discuss the benefits of combined offshore wind-wave projects,also known as hybrids.Key factors and impacts on relevant existing wave technologies will be outlined,including capacity factor and capture width.Finally the levelized cost of energy(LCOE)targets for the most promising technologies will be discussed.展开更多
Rise in environmental pollution is a critical problem faced by mankind today.Many interventions have been made to reduce the carbon emissions and other greenhouse gases.Interventions,such as the introduction of electr...Rise in environmental pollution is a critical problem faced by mankind today.Many interventions have been made to reduce the carbon emissions and other greenhouse gases.Interventions,such as the introduction of electric cars,and innovative techniques to harness energy from renewable sources have been implemented.Pakistan is also very focused on exploiting its renewable energy sources and many sources have been identified.Wind energy is considered to have a promising potential and numerous sites have been identified for installation of wind farms.In this paper,we have collected data for the sites with the capacity factor(key determinant of value of power plant)of 25%or above for 600 kW wind turbine and applied Multi-Criteria Decision Method to find the most suitable to least suitable site for the installation of wind farm with respect to different factors/criteria.Analytic Hierarchy Process is used to evaluate four potential sites based on the criteria of wind speed(m/s),wind power density(W/m^(2)),distance from grid station(km),capacity factor,transport cost and population density.Results show that the preference of site largely depends on the average annual wind speed and wind power density.Our study is helpful for government as they verify the findings of Pakistan Meteorological Department but with different approach.展开更多
ZrO2 nanopowders based stearic acid phase change materials （PCMS） were prepareo oy mgn-energy milling. The concept of heat capacity factor （HCF） was used to analyze the thermal properties of the materials. The hea...ZrO2 nanopowders based stearic acid phase change materials （PCMS） were prepareo oy mgn-energy milling. The concept of heat capacity factor （HCF） was used to analyze the thermal properties of the materials. The heat storage property of PCMs, containing the same content of stearic acid （23~ by mass） in the starting materials but synthesized by different technical processes, was investigated by using HCE It was found that there were vast influences of different dispersants on the heat capacity. The samples orelaared with chloroform provided the best heat storage ability in all samples tested.展开更多
文摘The intersection of economic development,energy dynamics,environmental policy,and environmental sustainability presents complex challenges for European Union(EU)countries.This study investigatedthe impact of environmental taxes,hydroelectricity consumption,economic globalization,and gross domestic product(GDP)on the load capacity factor(LCF)in the 10 EU member countries(including Austria,Finland,France,Germany,Italy,Poland,Portugal,Slovakia,Spain,and Sweden)using data from 1995 to 2020.To ensure the reliability and validity of the data,this study applied several advanced econometric tests,including the Pesaran and Yamagata slopeheterogeneitytest,Pesaran cross-sectional dependence(CSD)test,second-generation unit root test,and Westerlund cointegration test.The data showed important statistical issues such as slope heterogeneityacross panels,CSD,mixed-orderunit root structures,and long-run associations between variables.To address these issues,we applied an augmented mean group(AMG)model as the main regression approach,andusedthe pooled mean group-autoregressive distributed lag(PMG-ARDL)method to check the robustness.Specifically,the AMG results indicate that a 1.000%rise in hydroelectricity consumptionresults in a 0.048% rise in the LCF,while a 1.000% increase in environmental taxes leads toa 0.175% increase in the LCF.Contrary to this,a 1.000% increase in economic globalization results in a 0.370% decrease in the LCF,and a 1.000% increase in GDP leads toa 0.850% decrease in the LCF.Environmental taxes have a more beneficial impact on the environment,and GDP has the most detrimental effect.The findings provide empirical evidence on the role of environmental taxes,hydroelectricity consumption,economic globalization,and GDP in driving the LCF.Additionally,the findings provide valuable information to policy-makers,academicians,and stakeholders shaping energy and environmental policies in the 10 EU member countries.
基金Project(200550) supported by the Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of ChinaProject(05-0686) supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University
文摘Seismic bearing capacity factors of a strip footing placed on soil slope were determined with both associated and nonassociated flow rules. Quasi-static representation of earthquake effects using a seismic coefficient concept was adopted for seismic bearing capacity calculations. A multi-wedge translational failure mechanism was used to obtain the seismic bearing capacity factors for different seismic coefficients and various inclined angles. Employing the associated flow rule, numerical results were compared with the published solutions. For bearing capacity factors related to cohesion and equivalent surcharge load, the maximum difference approximates 0.1%. However, the difference of bearing capacity factor related to unit weight is larger. With the two flow rules, the seismic bearing capacity factors were presented in the form of design charts for practical use. The results show that seismic bearing capacity factors related to the cohesion, the equivalent surcharge load and the unit weight increase greatly as the dilatancy angle increases, and that the nonassociated flow rule has important influences on the seismic bearing capacity.
基金This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2003CB415002) and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2003033486) and the Natural Science Research Fund of University in Jiangsu (04KJB150149)
文摘Sixteen indole derivatives have been computed at B3LYP/6-31 IG^＊＊ level using density functional theory （DFF）. Based on linear solvation energy theory, the structural parameters were employed to present correlation between the parameters of chromatograph capacity factor （CCF） and molecular structural parameters. As a result, the correlation equation of the reversed phased high performance liquid chromatograph capacity factor to the intercept lgk＇w and slope S of CCF were obtained, from which the correlation coefficients of lgk＇w to the structural parameters are r^2 = 0.9596 and q^2 = 0.9262. While the correlation coefficients of the parameter S r^2 q^2 with structures are = 0.9750 and = 0.9252. Moreover, the effect of water as solvent on the present two models was also considered using SCRF method, and the result shows that the predicting capacity of correlation equation of lgkw＇ increases, while that of the model for S decreases slightly. Both two correlation equations achieved in this work are more advantageous than those using theoretical descriptors from molecular connectivity indices.
文摘The capacity factors （k＇） of fourteen types ofhalogenated thiophenols in different phases of methanol-water eluent were determined by reversed phased high-performance liquid chromatography （RP-HPLC） and the relationships between the logarithm of capacity factor lgK＇ and methanol ratio ψ were analyzed. A fair linear relationship is found between lgK＇ and ψ, and the correlation coefficients R2 of the constructed linear equations are all greater than 0.990. Relationship between the chromatographic data lgKw＇ when extrapolated to pure water and n-octanol/water partition coefficient lgKow obtained by the group contribution method has shown a good linear correlation with R2= 0.956. The structure parameters of fourteen halogenated thiophenols were calculated by using DFT, and the correlation equation of lgKw＇ and structure parameters was obtained by using SPSS, lgKw＇ = -0.409 ＋ 0.039a and R2 = 0.981, meaning that lgKw＇ is mainly determined by the polarizability α.
文摘Stimulating renewable energy consumption is a major focus of the Sustainable Development Goals in combating climate change and global warming.The International Energy Agency estimates that renewable energy consumption should be doubled to achieve the COP21 targets.In this context,the question is whether renewable energy types promote the improvement of ecological quality and economic growth.Most studies have investigated the influence of renewable energy on ecological pollution using carbon dioxide emissions or ecological footprint indicators,which only represent the pollution caused by human consumption patterns,and these indicators neglect the supply side.Motivated by this point,this study uses the LCF(Load Capacity Factor)as an environmental indicator and examines the causality relationship among different types of renewable energy,income,and environmental quality in the USA,while also incorporating employment and capital stock into the analysis.Through using the Fourier causality test with the wavelet-decomposed series,the study explores for the validity of the renewable energy-based growth hypothesis and answers to the question of whether there is a causal effect of renewable energy types on environmental quality.The results demonstrate that there is a bidirectional causality between total renewable energy,wood,biomass,and economic growth as well as between these renewable energy types and the LCF.
文摘This study analyzes the impact of biomass energy,financial development,and economic growth on environmental quality using the novel Fourier autoregressive distributed lag(ARDL)approach on annual data for the period 1965–2018 in the United States(USA).The study analyzes the impact of related variables on the load capacity factor(LCF)as well as on indicators of environmental degradation such as carbon dioxide emissions and ecological footprint.The LCF is one of the most comprehensive environmental indicators to date,encompassing both biocapacity and ecological footprint.In this regard,this study contributes to the environmental economics literature by examining,for the first time,the impact of biomass energy on the LCF.The results of the cointegration test show that there is only a long-run relationship between the LCF and the independent variables.According to the Fourier ARDL results,biomass energy improves the environmental quality,while financial development has no effect on the LCF.Moreover,the increase in per capita income reduces the LCF.Furthermore,since the income elasticity is larger in the long run than in the short-run,the environmental Kuznets curve is validated.Therefore,the United States government should encourage the use of biomass and investment in this form of energy.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Organic modifiers were effective both to extend the migration time window and to improve the separation of very hydrophobic compounds in MEKC. An iteration method was used to determine the migration time of micelles. The quantitative relationship between the capacity factor k' and the concentration of organic modifiers was derived, which was investigated experimentally. The linear solvation energy relationships (LSER) methodology was applied to MEKC, and good linear relationships between lnk' and solvatochromic parameters of 15 solutes were obtained in the presence of organic modifier in different concentrations, which indicated a new access in MEKC to predict k' from the structural parameters of solutes. The effect of column temperature T on k' was also investigated.
文摘Hydropower is critical to South and Southeast Asia’s energy security,yet climate change threatens its sustainability through altered hydrological cycles.This study assesses the impacts of climate change on hydropower capacity factors across 12 countries(86% of regional installed capacity)from 2020 to 2100.Using an ensemble of 60 climate-hydrological models(5 GCMs,4 GHMs,3 RCPs),we evaluate shifts in precipitation,glacier melt,and extreme events on seasonal and annual hydropower performance.The objectives are to 1)quantify regional and sub-regional capacity factor trends,2)identify drivers of variability,and 3)propose adaptive strategies for resilient energy systems.Results indicate a regional mean decline in hydropower capacity factors by 4.8%(2020-2059)and up to 5.4%(2060-2099)under high-emission scenarios.The Indian Subcontinent faces severe reductions(6.9% by 2100)due to drier winters and monsoon shifts,while Mainland Southeast Asia declines by 5.9%.Conversely,Himalayan regions(Nepal,Bhutan)show transient declines(-2.4% by 2059)followed by recovery post-2060 as glacial melt temporarily offsets precipitation deficits.Maritime Southeast Asia exhibits mixed trends,with capacity factors rebounding under high warming.To mitigate risks,we recommend integrating hydropower with floating solar photovoltaics,optimizing reservoir operations via AI-driven forecasting,and strengthening transboundary water-energy governance.These strategies can enhance grid resilience,offset seasonal variability,and support decarbonization goals.Policymakers must prioritize regionspecific adaptations,particularly in climate-vulnerable zones like the Indian Subcontinent,to ensure energy security amid escalating hydrological uncertainties.
文摘The use of supercritical-fluid chromatography for determining partial molar volumes of ethyl esters of cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and cis -4,7,10,13,16,19- docosa-hexaenoic acid (DHA) in supercritical carbon dioxide is presented and discussed. Partial molar volumes of EPA and DHA esters are obtained from the variation of the retention properties with the density of mobile phase at 313.15 K, 323.15 K, 333.15 K and in the pressure range from 9 MPa to 21 MPa.
基金Project supported by the Laboratory of Material Cycling in Pedosphere, Academia Sinica.
文摘The transformation and availability of various forms of Zn applied into a cinnamon soil and a carbonate meadow soil as well as the effects of fertilizer-P on them were studied by using the field experiment method and chemically sequential extraction procedure. Zn added into the soils was found to be rapidly transformed into the various forms. In the cinnamon soil, the amount of Zn transformed into the carbonate bound form was the highest, and the carbonate bound form was proven by the analyses of intensity factor and capacity factor to be the primary available Zn pool.But in the carbonate meadow soil, the Zn transformed was relatively homogeneously distributed in the various forms though the amount of Zn transformed into the Mn-oxide bound form was relatively high, and the organically bound, Mn-oxide bound and amorphous Fe-oxide.bound forms were found to be the main available Zn pool. Fertilizer-P took part in the regulation and control of available Zn in the soils to a certain degree. In the carbonate meadow soil, application of P fertilizer probably aggravated Zn deficiency at low Zn rate, while it was favorable to the storage of available Zn in the case of high Zn rate.
文摘In nature there are situations where in foundation had to be placed over loose soil deposits. In such cases, deep foundations are recommended which increases cost of the structure. Black cotton soils, because of its high swelling and shrinkage characteristics, have been a challenge to geotechnical engineers, increasing the strength of Clayey soil which is formed introducing randomly distributed fibers results in comparatively more homogeneous soil mixture and is one of the popular methods of soil stabilization. In the present study, model footing resting on BC soil reinforced with optimum percentage of treated and untreated coir fiber underlain by loose soil deposit was conducted to study its influence on bearing capacity and settlement. Loose soil deposit has been simulated by compacting sawdust in prefabricated steel tank. BC soil reinforced with optimum percentage of treated and untreated coir fibers has been compacted over loose sawdust and load settlement characteristics were determined at various D/B ratio of 1,2, 3 and for different sized model footings. The results indicated that settlement of model footings is significantly small at lower D/B = 1 and 2 ratios. Bearing capacity of BC soil is also found to be significantly affected by fiber reinforcement.
文摘1-year hourly wind speed data from two Burundian stations, namely Bujumbura and Muyinga, have been processed in this work to bring an efficient help for the planning and installation of wind energy conversion systems (WECS) at those localities. Mean seasonal and diurnal variations of wind direction and wind shear exponent have been derived. Two-parameter Weibull probability density functions (PDFs) fitting the observed monthly and annual wind speed relative frequency distributions have been implemented. As shown through three complementary statistical tests, the fitting technique was very satisfactory. A wind resource analysis at 10 m above ground level (AGL) has led to a mean power density at Bujumbura which is almost thirteen fold higher than at Muyinga. The use of the empirical power law to extrapolate wind characteristics at heights from 150 to 350 m AGL has shown that energy potential of hilltops around Muyinga was only suitable for small, individual scale wind energy applications. At the opposite, wind energy potential of ridge-tops and hilltops around Bujumbura has been found suitable for medium and large scale electricity production. For that locality and at those heights, energy outputs and capacity factors (CF or C<sub>f</sub>) have been computed for ten selected wind turbines (WTs), together with costs of electricity (COE) using the present value of cost (PVC) method. Amongst those WTs, YDF-1500-87 and S95-2.1 MW have emerged as the best options for installation owing to their highest CF and lowest COE. Moreover, an analysis of those two quantities at monthly basis for YDF-1500-87 WT has led to its best performance in the dry season. Compared to the average present COE of household hydroelectricity consumption, results of this study have evidenced economical feasibility and benefit of WECS setting in selected Burundian sites in order to supplement traditional electricity sources.
文摘The paper considers some issues related to the evaluation of power plants using renewable energy sources： energy efficiency, economic efficiency, the share of renewable energy in the world＇s electricity generation. At one time in the world there was a myth that more energy is expended on the construction of wind and photoelectric power stations, than they produce for the service life. Adherents of this myth are still found in Russia. In response to this myth, numerous studies have been carried out for the manufacturers of wind turbines and photovoltaic modules. It was proved that these power plants spent energy on them are produced within a period of less than a year and the energy consumed by them cannot be taken into account, since it is renewable. The author showed that power plants on organic fuel and existing nuclear plants using depleted fuel with a coefficient less than unity fundamentally cannot compensate for the energy used during their construction. In the world, the concept of the LEC （Levelized Energy Cost） produced by any power plant is widely used to estimate economic efficiency. However, the formula for determining it, in the author＇s opinion, contains an inaccuracy, which is proposed to be eliminated. At present, there are different opinions on the role of RES （Renewable Energy Sources） in the production of electricity. A summary indicator is the share of renewable energy in the world＇s electricity generation. The determination of the actual share of RES and the forecast of its growth is of significant importance for the development of the world economy. The author shows the differences in the estimates and suggests an approach for establishing agreed estimates.
文摘The variation in bedding thickness of the weak immediate floor has long been a challenge in the lllinois basin coal mines when it comes to floor stability. The vertical thickness of the immediate floor is not constant throughout the mines and can vary over short horizontal distances. The biggest misconception from a design standpoint is to use the maximum or average thickness found from core logs taken from various locations on the mine property. The result of this practice is oversized pillars in the areas where the weak immediate floor has thinned vertically. This over-design leaves coal in situ which could have otherwise been extracted. This paper presents a plane strain numerical model to illustrate the effect of a change in bedding thickness of a weak immediate floor across one or two coal pillars. The floor bearing capacity of the variable floor below each pillar where then compared to the consistent floor. The results show that the varying bedding thickness of weak underclay has an impact on the bearing capacity of the floor. Geometrically with the decrease in bedding thickness for constant pillar width, the B/H ratio increases exponentially. The influence of varying bedding thickness on the floor bearing capacity is apparent at higher B/H ratios. The floor bearing capacity under a single pillar is in variable floor model if the average thickness remains constant. For single pillar, the average of the bedding thickness can be considered and for pillars in a panel, and a safety factor has been proposed to take into account this change in bedding thickness.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20877093, 51278355)
文摘The strategy of choosing suitable plants should receive great performance in phytoremediation of surface water polluted by triazophos （O,O-diethyl-O-（1-phenyl- 1,2,4-triazol-3-base） sulfur phosphate, TAP）, which is an organophosphorus pesticide widespread applied for agriculture in China and moderately toxic to higher animal and fish. The tolerance, uptake, transformation and removal of TAP by twelve species of macrophytes were examined in a hydroponic system and a comprehensive score （CS） of five parameters （relative growth rate （RGR）, biomass, root/shoot ratio, removal capacity （RC）, and bio-concentration factor （BCF）） by factor analysis was employed to screen the potential macrophyte species for TAP phytoremediation. The results showed that Thalia dealbata, Cyperus alternifolius, Canna indica and Acorus calamus had higher RGR values, indicating these four species having stronger growth capacity under TAP stress. The higher RC loading in Iris pseudacorus and Cyperus rotundus were 42.11 and 24.63μg/（g fw.day）, respectively. The highest values of BCF occurred in A. calamus （1.17）, and TF occurred in Eichhornia crassipes （2.14）. Biomass and root/shoot ratio of plant showed significant positive correlation with first-order kinetic constant of TAP removal in the hydroponic system, indicating that plant biomass and root system play important roles in remediation of TAP. Five plant species including C. alternifolius, A. calamus, T. dealbata, C. indica and Typha orientalis, which owned higher CS, would be potential species for TAP phytoremediation of contaminated water bodies.
文摘Compatible with the increasing public interest on climate change,countries have taken measures to combat climate change and support environmental sustainability.Considering this fact,this study investigates whether environmental measures,proxied by the environmental policy stringency(EPS)index,are efficient in achieving sustainability of environment in G7 countries as the leading economies;uses multiple environmental sustainability indicators,and applies quantile methods from 1991/Q1 to through 2020/Q4.The results show that(i)EPS curbs carbon dioxide emissions in France and the United States across all quantiles.Also,it has a declining effect in Germany and Italy at lower quantiles and in Canada at lower and higher quantiles;(ii)EPS declines ecological footprint in United States across all quantiles,while it curbs in Canada and Germany at lower quantiles as well as in Italy and United Kingdom at higher quantiles;(iii)EPS stimulates load capacity factor in France,United Kingdom,and United States across all quantiles and in Canada at higher quantiles;(iv)causal effect of EPS on the environment varies throughout quantiles;(v)the robustness of the results by quantile regression method is verified.Overall,the results reveal that the effect of EPS on environmental sustainability differentiates across environmental indicators,countries,and quantiles.In ensuring environmental quality,EPS is completely helpful in the United States,fully inefficient in Japan,and has a mixed effect in remaining G7 countries.
文摘Among CSP technologies,the linear Fresnel reflector(LFR)can provide reliable carbon-neutral electricity for large-scale applications.In this study,the performance of a large solar LFR power plant under varying climatic conditions and the dependency of the performance on major plant design specifications,such as solar multiple and full-load thermal storage hours,were examined.Next,artificial neural network(ANN)surrogate models were introduced to predict the annual capacity factor of 100 MWe power plants operating with LFR technology.Single-hidden-layer ANN models with different numbers of neurons in the hidden layer were used and the Levenberg–Marquardt training algorithm was adopted.To overcome overfitting,validation and Bayesian Regularization approaches were compared.As training and testing data,36 geographical sites with various combinations of design parameters were used.Through multi-objective optimization techniques,including the Multi-Objective Particle-Swarm Optimizer and Multi-Objective Grey Wolf Optimizer coupled with ANN surrogate modeling,this study navigates the trade-offs to identify Pareto-optimal solutions for large-scale LFR-based CSP integration based on the energy and cost criteria.The study also identified Site 4(S4)as a promising candidate for optimal balance between the capacity factor(51.05%)and specific cost(5246.71$/kW),showcasing the practical implications of the research for sustainable and efficient CSP plant implementation.
基金This work was carried out in the framework of the research project REMARC(Renewable Energy extraction in MARine environment and its Coastal impact),supported by the Romanian Executive Agency for Higher Education,Research,Development and Innovation Funding-UEFISCDI,grant number PN-III-P4-IDPCE-2016-0017.
文摘The main objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive picture of existing wave technologies being used for wave energy extraction.The overview will explain their potential and also the challenges wave technologies face.The article will also briefly discuss the benefits of combined offshore wind-wave projects,also known as hybrids.Key factors and impacts on relevant existing wave technologies will be outlined,including capacity factor and capture width.Finally the levelized cost of energy(LCOE)targets for the most promising technologies will be discussed.
文摘Rise in environmental pollution is a critical problem faced by mankind today.Many interventions have been made to reduce the carbon emissions and other greenhouse gases.Interventions,such as the introduction of electric cars,and innovative techniques to harness energy from renewable sources have been implemented.Pakistan is also very focused on exploiting its renewable energy sources and many sources have been identified.Wind energy is considered to have a promising potential and numerous sites have been identified for installation of wind farms.In this paper,we have collected data for the sites with the capacity factor(key determinant of value of power plant)of 25%or above for 600 kW wind turbine and applied Multi-Criteria Decision Method to find the most suitable to least suitable site for the installation of wind farm with respect to different factors/criteria.Analytic Hierarchy Process is used to evaluate four potential sites based on the criteria of wind speed(m/s),wind power density(W/m^(2)),distance from grid station(km),capacity factor,transport cost and population density.Results show that the preference of site largely depends on the average annual wind speed and wind power density.Our study is helpful for government as they verify the findings of Pakistan Meteorological Department but with different approach.
文摘ZrO2 nanopowders based stearic acid phase change materials （PCMS） were prepareo oy mgn-energy milling. The concept of heat capacity factor （HCF） was used to analyze the thermal properties of the materials. The heat storage property of PCMs, containing the same content of stearic acid （23~ by mass） in the starting materials but synthesized by different technical processes, was investigated by using HCE It was found that there were vast influences of different dispersants on the heat capacity. The samples orelaared with chloroform provided the best heat storage ability in all samples tested.
