Multiple myeloma(MM) is a hematologic malignancy of monoclonal plasma cells which remains incurable despite recent advances in therapies. The presence of cancer stem cells(CSCs) has been demonstrated in many solid and...Multiple myeloma(MM) is a hematologic malignancy of monoclonal plasma cells which remains incurable despite recent advances in therapies. The presence of cancer stem cells(CSCs) has been demonstrated in many solid and hematologic tumors, so the idea of CSCs has been proposed for MM, even if MM CSCs have not been define yet. The existence of myeloma CSCs with clonotypic B and clonotypic non B cells was postulated by many groups. This review aims to focus on these distinct clonotypic subpopulations and on their ability to develop and sustain MM. The bone marrow microenvironment provides to MM CSCs self-renewal, survival and drug resistance thanks to the presence of normal and cancer stem cell niches. The niches and CSCs interact each other through adhesion molecules and the interplay between ligands and receptors activate stemness signaling(Hedgehog, Wnt and Notch pathways). MM CSCs are also supposed to be responsible for drug resistance that happens in three steps from the initial cancer cell homing microenvironment-mediated to development of microenvironment-independent drug resistance. In this review, we will underline all these aspects of MM CSCs.展开更多
Chemotherapy is an effortless and frequently used approach in cancer therapy.However,in most cases,it can only prolong life expectancy and does not guarantee a complete cure.Furthermore,chemotherapy is associated with...Chemotherapy is an effortless and frequently used approach in cancer therapy.However,in most cases,it can only prolong life expectancy and does not guarantee a complete cure.Furthermore,chemotherapy is associated with severe adverse effects,one of the major complications of effective cancer therapy.In addition,newly published research outputs show that cancer stem cells are involved in cancer disease progression,drug resistance,metastasis,and recurrence and that they are functional in the trans-differentiation capacity of cancer stem cells to cancer cells in response to treatments.Novel strategies are therefore required for better management of cancer therapy.The prime approach would be to synthesize and develop novel drugs that need extensive resources,time,and endurance to be brought into therapeutic use.The subsequent approach would be to screen the anti-cancer activity of avail-able non-cancerous drugs.This concept of repurposing non-cancer drugs as an alternative to current cancer therapy has become popular in recent years because using existing anticancer drugs has several adverse effects.Micronutrients have also been investigated for cancer ther-apy due to their significant anti-cancer effects with negligible or no side effects and availabil-ity in food sources.In this paper,we discuss an ideal hypothesis for screening available non-cancerous drugs with anticancer activity,with a focus on cancer stem cells and their clinical application for cancer treatment.Further,drug repurposing and the combination of micronu-trients that can target both cancers and cancer stem cells may result in a better therapeutic approach leading to maximum tumor growth control.展开更多
基金Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro,AIRC 5×1000 Molecular Clinical Oncology Special Program,Milan,IT,No.9965by the European Commission’s Seventh Framework Programme(EU FPT7)under grant agreement No.278706(OVERMy R)by MIUR PRIN 2010NECHBX
文摘Multiple myeloma(MM) is a hematologic malignancy of monoclonal plasma cells which remains incurable despite recent advances in therapies. The presence of cancer stem cells(CSCs) has been demonstrated in many solid and hematologic tumors, so the idea of CSCs has been proposed for MM, even if MM CSCs have not been define yet. The existence of myeloma CSCs with clonotypic B and clonotypic non B cells was postulated by many groups. This review aims to focus on these distinct clonotypic subpopulations and on their ability to develop and sustain MM. The bone marrow microenvironment provides to MM CSCs self-renewal, survival and drug resistance thanks to the presence of normal and cancer stem cell niches. The niches and CSCs interact each other through adhesion molecules and the interplay between ligands and receptors activate stemness signaling(Hedgehog, Wnt and Notch pathways). MM CSCs are also supposed to be responsible for drug resistance that happens in three steps from the initial cancer cell homing microenvironment-mediated to development of microenvironment-independent drug resistance. In this review, we will underline all these aspects of MM CSCs.
文摘目的:基于癌干细胞的耐药特性联合单细胞培养方法识别肝癌干细胞所在的克隆亚群.方法:以BEL-7404细胞系为研究对象,裸鼠体内移植瘤形成实验,并予阿霉素(adriamycin,ADM)8 mg/kg干预,待肿瘤直径为1.5 cm时取移植瘤细胞做原代培养,并在裸鼠体内连续传代4代,并将第4代移植瘤细胞命名为"BEL-7404-ADM-P4",根据成瘤时间检测肝癌干细胞富集情况.联合单细胞培养,取BEL-7404及BEL-7404-ADM-P4所形成的克隆根据克隆形态分为全克隆、部分克隆、旁克隆,检测BEL-7404及BEL-7404-ADM-P4单克隆中全克隆、部分克隆、旁克隆的癌干特性,即增殖能力、克隆形成率及悬浮球形成率;取其全克隆、部分克隆、旁克隆做hoechst33342染色,并在共聚焦显微镜下观察其染色情况;根据BEL-7404及BEL-7404-ADM-P4单克隆中全克隆、部分克隆、旁克隆的增殖能力、克隆形成率及悬浮球形成率以及hoechst33342染色情况识别癌干细胞所在的克隆亚群.结果:裸鼠体内低剂量阿霉素干预,在体内连续成瘤传代过程中,裸鼠皮下移植瘤成瘤率均为100%,且成瘤时间从第一代到第四代均有所缩短,以此达到了肝癌干细胞的初步富集;增殖能力:全克隆增殖速度最快,细胞量最大,部分克隆次之,旁克隆增殖速度最慢,并于第10天开始出现细胞皱缩死亡;克隆形成率:BEL-7404-ADM-P4-H高于BEL-7404及BEL-7404-ADM-P4-M,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);悬浮球形成率:仅BEL-7404-H及BEL-7404-ADM-P4-H可形成悬浮球,其余细胞系不形成悬浮球,而BEL-7404-H及BEL-7404-ADM-P4-H悬浮球形成率比较,无统计学意义(P>0.05);BEL-7404及BEL-7404-ADM-P4单克隆中全克隆、部分克隆、旁克隆hoechst33342染色情况:BEL-7404及BEL-7404-A D M-P4单克隆中全克隆都有极少数不染和低染的细胞存在,但部分克隆、旁克隆全染,且BEL-7404单克隆中全克隆、部分克隆、旁克隆hoechst33342荧光强度均强于BEL-7404-ADM-P4单克隆中全克隆、部分克隆、旁克隆.结论:基于癌干细胞的耐药特性联合单细胞培养方法所形成的克隆亚群中,全克隆含有更高比例的肝癌干细胞.
基金funding by the Indian Council of Medical Research(ICMR)(No.5/9/1108/2013-Nut)project grants,Department of Biotechnology(No.6242-P24/RGCB1PMD/DBT/ARJN/2015)ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition Intramural project(No.15-BS05)+1 种基金ICMR-Department of Health Research(No.5/9/1327/2020-Nut)Indian Council of Medical Research(ICMR)(No.3/1/3/PDF(24)/2021-HRD-4).
文摘Chemotherapy is an effortless and frequently used approach in cancer therapy.However,in most cases,it can only prolong life expectancy and does not guarantee a complete cure.Furthermore,chemotherapy is associated with severe adverse effects,one of the major complications of effective cancer therapy.In addition,newly published research outputs show that cancer stem cells are involved in cancer disease progression,drug resistance,metastasis,and recurrence and that they are functional in the trans-differentiation capacity of cancer stem cells to cancer cells in response to treatments.Novel strategies are therefore required for better management of cancer therapy.The prime approach would be to synthesize and develop novel drugs that need extensive resources,time,and endurance to be brought into therapeutic use.The subsequent approach would be to screen the anti-cancer activity of avail-able non-cancerous drugs.This concept of repurposing non-cancer drugs as an alternative to current cancer therapy has become popular in recent years because using existing anticancer drugs has several adverse effects.Micronutrients have also been investigated for cancer ther-apy due to their significant anti-cancer effects with negligible or no side effects and availabil-ity in food sources.In this paper,we discuss an ideal hypothesis for screening available non-cancerous drugs with anticancer activity,with a focus on cancer stem cells and their clinical application for cancer treatment.Further,drug repurposing and the combination of micronu-trients that can target both cancers and cancer stem cells may result in a better therapeutic approach leading to maximum tumor growth control.
