After the Second World War of the past century in Italy extended plantations were carried out. In Southern Italy the Calabrian pine （Pinus laricio Poiret） has been the most used species, for its ability to take root...After the Second World War of the past century in Italy extended plantations were carried out. In Southern Italy the Calabrian pine （Pinus laricio Poiret） has been the most used species, for its ability to take root in many difficult conditions. Currently the extension of this vegetation is about 36,000 hectares, in great part established in Calabria. They have reduced hydrogeological risks, they have carried out an important social role and have improved the landscape and the environment of huge hill and mountain territories. After the realization of these stands, no forest management has been made in order to define purposes and silvicultural operations. All stands are currently vulnerable in order to abiotic （fire, breakages） and biotic （Traumatocampa （--- Thaumetopoea） pityocampa （Denis ＆ Schiff.） and Heterobasidion annosum （Fr.） Bref.） agents. For the future, the silvicultural management of these stands will not be able to avoid planning choices, in order to improve the structural stability and the bioecological functionality and to consider the recent opportunities offered from the agroenergetic field.展开更多
A unique composite record from the Mediterranean area exposed on land and spanning the entire time interval of the Calabrian Stage is presented.The record is composed of the Vrica-Crotone section(Calabria,southern Ita...A unique composite record from the Mediterranean area exposed on land and spanning the entire time interval of the Calabrian Stage is presented.The record is composed of the Vrica-Crotone section(Calabria,southern Italy)and the Montalbano Jonico section(Basilicata,southern Italy).The Vrica-Crotone section contains the proposed Global Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP)of the Calabrian Stage and extends from Marine Isotope Stage(MIS)65 to 37 for its Calabrian portion.The Montalbano Jonico section extends from MIS 37 to 17-16.Its upper portion contains MIS 19,which is known to occur close to the Matuyama/Brunhes reversal,and may represent a suitable horizon for the definition of the GSSP of the‘Ionian’Stage.Both sections are astronomically tuned,thus providing accurate ages for the bioevents.New biostratigraphic results and radiometric data on volcaniclastic layer V3 of the Montalbano Jonico section are presented together with an updated tuning of the section.展开更多
The Calabrian Arc subduction-rollback system hosts seismogenic faults capable of generating earthquakes exceeding magnitude 7.Since earthquakes are the result of long-term geodynamic processes,documenting seismic acti...The Calabrian Arc subduction-rollback system hosts seismogenic faults capable of generating earthquakes exceeding magnitude 7.Since earthquakes are the result of long-term geodynamic processes,documenting seismic activity during a sufficiently long time interval is of fundamental importance for hazard scenarios.Instrumental and historical data provide critical information on seismogenesis,but they cover time periods shorter than the recurrence times of large earthquakes,especially in areas with low deformation rates such as Calabria.If onshore paleoseismological studies are fundamental to compile earthquake catalogs,they are sometime affected by the relatively poor continuity of sedimentation in the subaerial environment.In this study we applied the paleoseismological approach to the submarine environment to reconstruct the record of high-energy sedimentary events triggered by seismic activity.We analyzed three gravity cores collected in disconnected sedimentary basins to reconstruct resedimentation processes during the Holocene,integrating inland information for a better assessment of tectonic activity and seismogenesis.Multiproxy analyses of the sedimentary record constrained by radiometric dating allowed reconstructing event stratigraphy and linking resedimented deposits to specific earthquakes.Onshore and offshore data allow to identify large-magnitude earthquakes in the central Calabrian Arc subduction system during the Holocene,with inferred epicenters located either along normal faults onshore and/or related to the slab dynamics.The turbidite record reveals 20 major events during the last 10 ka,with sources including crustal faults in Calabria(i.e.Lakes,Rossano and Cittanova faults).Analyses of sediment samples and high-resolution seismic reflection images allowed identification of different types of resedimented deposits during the last 30–50 ka.The basin-wide occurrence of three megaturbidites/homogenites suggests they are related to megatsunamis sourced by far field earthquakes along the Hellenic Arc.Megaturbidites with a more limited spatial extent are interpreted as subduction-type events in the Calabrian Arc,while thinner seismo-turbidites record the activity of crustal structures including faults onshore.Results suggest a recurrence time of 2–3 ka for major Calabrian Arc events that needs to be considered for a reliable hazard assessment in the Mediterranean region.展开更多
The Calabrian Stage is now formally defined by the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP)at Vrica,Calabria,Italy.This GSSP had previously defined the base of the Pleistocene Series.The Calabrian becomes th...The Calabrian Stage is now formally defined by the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP)at Vrica,Calabria,Italy.This GSSP had previously defined the base of the Pleistocene Series.The Calabrian becomes the second stage of the Pleistocene Series and Quaternary System,following the Gelasian.The GSSP occurs at the base of the marine claystone conformably overlying sapropelic bed‘e’within Segment B in the Vrica section.This lithological level represents the primary marker for the recognition of the boundary,and is assigned an astronomical age of 1.80 Ma on the basis of sapropel calibration.It coincides with the transition from Marine Isotope Stage 65 to 64,and the underlying sapropel bed‘e’is assigned to the Mediterranean Precession-Related Sapropel layer 176.Secondary markers include calcareous plankton bioevents of widely distributed taxa.The boundary falls between the highest occurrence of Discoaster brouweri(below)and the lowest common occurrence of left-coiling Neogloboquadrina pachyderma(above),and below the lowest occurrences of medium-sized Gephyrocapsa(including G.oceanica)and Globigerinoides tenellus.The top of the Olduvai Subchron is identified c.8 m above the GSSP.Ratification of the Calabrian Stage effectively completes the Lower Pleistocene Subseries.展开更多
文摘After the Second World War of the past century in Italy extended plantations were carried out. In Southern Italy the Calabrian pine （Pinus laricio Poiret） has been the most used species, for its ability to take root in many difficult conditions. Currently the extension of this vegetation is about 36,000 hectares, in great part established in Calabria. They have reduced hydrogeological risks, they have carried out an important social role and have improved the landscape and the environment of huge hill and mountain territories. After the realization of these stands, no forest management has been made in order to define purposes and silvicultural operations. All stands are currently vulnerable in order to abiotic （fire, breakages） and biotic （Traumatocampa （--- Thaumetopoea） pityocampa （Denis ＆ Schiff.） and Heterobasidion annosum （Fr.） Bref.） agents. For the future, the silvicultural management of these stands will not be able to avoid planning choices, in order to improve the structural stability and the bioecological functionality and to consider the recent opportunities offered from the agroenergetic field.
文摘A unique composite record from the Mediterranean area exposed on land and spanning the entire time interval of the Calabrian Stage is presented.The record is composed of the Vrica-Crotone section(Calabria,southern Italy)and the Montalbano Jonico section(Basilicata,southern Italy).The Vrica-Crotone section contains the proposed Global Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP)of the Calabrian Stage and extends from Marine Isotope Stage(MIS)65 to 37 for its Calabrian portion.The Montalbano Jonico section extends from MIS 37 to 17-16.Its upper portion contains MIS 19,which is known to occur close to the Matuyama/Brunhes reversal,and may represent a suitable horizon for the definition of the GSSP of the‘Ionian’Stage.Both sections are astronomically tuned,thus providing accurate ages for the bioevents.New biostratigraphic results and radiometric data on volcaniclastic layer V3 of the Montalbano Jonico section are presented together with an updated tuning of the section.
文摘The Calabrian Arc subduction-rollback system hosts seismogenic faults capable of generating earthquakes exceeding magnitude 7.Since earthquakes are the result of long-term geodynamic processes,documenting seismic activity during a sufficiently long time interval is of fundamental importance for hazard scenarios.Instrumental and historical data provide critical information on seismogenesis,but they cover time periods shorter than the recurrence times of large earthquakes,especially in areas with low deformation rates such as Calabria.If onshore paleoseismological studies are fundamental to compile earthquake catalogs,they are sometime affected by the relatively poor continuity of sedimentation in the subaerial environment.In this study we applied the paleoseismological approach to the submarine environment to reconstruct the record of high-energy sedimentary events triggered by seismic activity.We analyzed three gravity cores collected in disconnected sedimentary basins to reconstruct resedimentation processes during the Holocene,integrating inland information for a better assessment of tectonic activity and seismogenesis.Multiproxy analyses of the sedimentary record constrained by radiometric dating allowed reconstructing event stratigraphy and linking resedimented deposits to specific earthquakes.Onshore and offshore data allow to identify large-magnitude earthquakes in the central Calabrian Arc subduction system during the Holocene,with inferred epicenters located either along normal faults onshore and/or related to the slab dynamics.The turbidite record reveals 20 major events during the last 10 ka,with sources including crustal faults in Calabria(i.e.Lakes,Rossano and Cittanova faults).Analyses of sediment samples and high-resolution seismic reflection images allowed identification of different types of resedimented deposits during the last 30–50 ka.The basin-wide occurrence of three megaturbidites/homogenites suggests they are related to megatsunamis sourced by far field earthquakes along the Hellenic Arc.Megaturbidites with a more limited spatial extent are interpreted as subduction-type events in the Calabrian Arc,while thinner seismo-turbidites record the activity of crustal structures including faults onshore.Results suggest a recurrence time of 2–3 ka for major Calabrian Arc events that needs to be considered for a reliable hazard assessment in the Mediterranean region.
文摘The Calabrian Stage is now formally defined by the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP)at Vrica,Calabria,Italy.This GSSP had previously defined the base of the Pleistocene Series.The Calabrian becomes the second stage of the Pleistocene Series and Quaternary System,following the Gelasian.The GSSP occurs at the base of the marine claystone conformably overlying sapropelic bed‘e’within Segment B in the Vrica section.This lithological level represents the primary marker for the recognition of the boundary,and is assigned an astronomical age of 1.80 Ma on the basis of sapropel calibration.It coincides with the transition from Marine Isotope Stage 65 to 64,and the underlying sapropel bed‘e’is assigned to the Mediterranean Precession-Related Sapropel layer 176.Secondary markers include calcareous plankton bioevents of widely distributed taxa.The boundary falls between the highest occurrence of Discoaster brouweri(below)and the lowest common occurrence of left-coiling Neogloboquadrina pachyderma(above),and below the lowest occurrences of medium-sized Gephyrocapsa(including G.oceanica)and Globigerinoides tenellus.The top of the Olduvai Subchron is identified c.8 m above the GSSP.Ratification of the Calabrian Stage effectively completes the Lower Pleistocene Subseries.
