The bark of Pteroceltis tatarinowii is a raw material for manufacturing Xuan Paper. The effects of Ca2+ concentrations on the accumulation of mineral elements in the bark, leaf and root of Pteroceltis tatarinowii were...The bark of Pteroceltis tatarinowii is a raw material for manufacturing Xuan Paper. The effects of Ca2+ concentrations on the accumulation of mineral elements in the bark, leaf and root of Pteroceltis tatarinowii were studied under controlled condi-tions. The types of Hoagland nutrient solution with three Ca2+ concentrations levels (200, 400 and 600 靏g-1) and a control (without Ca2+) were designed to culture Pteroceltis tatarinowii. After 6 months, contents of seven mineral elements including Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu and Na in the root, leaf and bark were analyzed. The results indicated that Ca accumulations content in the root, leaf and bark had positively relation with Ca2+ concentrations (200, 400, 600 靏g-1), and the order of the Ca content in the three components was root】leaf】bark. Ca content in the root treated with 600 靏g-1 Ca2+ concentrations was 5.5 times as high as that of the control, and about 1.4 times as high as that of the root treated in 200 and 400 靏/g Ca2+ concentrations respectively. On the contrary, K and Mg contents in the root, leaf and bark were negatively related to Ca2+ concentrations, especially in the bark, and their accumulation trend followed the order of leaf】root】bark. K content in the bark treated with 600 靏g-1 Ca2+ con-centrations was 39.3% of that of the control, and was 79.0% and 91.8% of that of the bark treated with 200 靏g-1 and 400靏g-1 Ca2+ concentrations respectively; Mg content in the bark treated with 600 靏g-1 Ca2+ concentrations was 23.4% of that of the control, and was 27.1% and 35.4% of that of the bark treated with 200 and 400 靏g-1 Ca2+ concentrations respectively. Com-pared with the control, the general tendency of Mn, Zn and Cu content decreased with increasing of Ca2+ concentrations and their contents were in the order: root】leaf】bark. Based on the results of this study, the experiment has been useful for providing academic bases in improving the bark quality of Pteroceltis tatarinowii on non-limestone soil.展开更多
Objective The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether the folliculo stellate cells (FSC) respond to angiotensin(Ang)Ⅱ by increasing intracellular free Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ]i),and where the origi...Objective The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether the folliculo stellate cells (FSC) respond to angiotensin(Ang)Ⅱ by increasing intracellular free Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ]i),and where the origin of Ca 2+ mobilization is if that has occurred.Methods Pituitary cells in primary culture were prepared from male Wister rats(250g) by a conventional method and cultured in MEM supplemented with 4% normal rat serum.After 2 days in culutre,cells were loaded with 1 μmol/L fura PE3/AM for 1 h and subjected to a Ca 2+ imaging experiment with Quanti Cell 700 system.Excitation wavelengths of 340 and 380 nm were selected by means of a computer controlled filterwheel.Results The [Ca 2+ ]i of FSC in the rat anterior pituitary was elevated by Ang Ⅱ.The elevation of [Ca 2+ ]i of FSC induced by 0.1,1.0,10 and 100 nmol/L Ang Ⅱ was (56.33±6.18)( ±s ),(117.07±36.07),(175.59±40.01) and (216.02±11.52) nmol/L,respectively.The increase of [Ca 2+ ]i of FSC induced by 100 nmol/L Ang Ⅱ was not influenced by the medium without Ca 2+ (0Ca),but significantly suppressed by thapsigargin(TG),an inhibitor of ATPase.The rate of responsive FSC to Ang Ⅱ (100 nmol/L) was 61.84% which was obviously higher than that of pituitary endocrine cells(43.49%).Conclusion The present experiment demonstrates that the FSC in the rat anterior pituitary responds to Ang Ⅱ by increasing [Ca 2+ ]i,which raises the possibility that Ang Ⅱ released from either lactotrophs or gonadotrophs affects FSC through paracrine mechanism.The elevation of [Ca 2+ ]i induced by Ang Ⅱ presents a dosage dependent relation, and is possibly because of the release of Ca 2+ from an intracellular Ca 2+ pool(s).Fashions of Ca 2+ release are relative to the concentration of Ang Ⅱ.The results indicate that Ang Ⅱ functions as a paracrine factor among pituitary cells including FSC.展开更多
Objective To study on the mechanism of growth inhibiting and apoptosis inducing effect of total alkaloid in the CSEO(Capparis spinosa L.essential oil,CSEO)on human hepatocarcinoma cell Line HepG-2.Methods The growth i...Objective To study on the mechanism of growth inhibiting and apoptosis inducing effect of total alkaloid in the CSEO(Capparis spinosa L.essential oil,CSEO)on human hepatocarcinoma cell Line HepG-2.Methods The growth inhibiting effect of the CSEO on human hepatocarcinoma cell Line HepG-2 was measured by MTT method.Morphological observation of the HepG-2 cells was completed by fluorescence microscope.The changing of mitochondrion membrane potential induced by CSEO was observed by staining with Rhodamine123.Effect of the CSEO on intracellular Ca2+level of the HepG-2 cells was measured by laser confocal microscope.Results The CESO has obvious growth inhibiting effect on the HepG-2 and seems to be dose-dependent,and its IC50 is 127.5μg·mL-1.The characteristic apoptosis morpha of HepG-2 cells has been observed,and the apoptosis percentage increase to 44.447%in the 300μg·mL-1 dosage group.In addition,the progress of cells cycle of G1 period has been blocked,and the cellular proportion in S and G2 period is decreased in the 75μg·mL-1 and 150μg·mL-1 dosage groups by the function of CSEO for 48 h.The mitochondria membrane potential(Δψm)effected by CESO is decreased,while the curve moves toward left.In addition,the intracellular Ca2+level is increased by the function of CESO in the middle and high dose groups.Conclusions The CESO has obviously growth inhibiting and apoptosis inducing effect on human hepatocarcinoma cell Line HepG-2 by the mechanism of decreasing the mitochondria membrane potential and increasing the intracellular Ca2+level.展开更多
Objective To discuss on mechanism of the killing and apoptosis inducing effect induced by total alkaloid in the CSS(Capparis spinosa L.saponin,CSS)on human hepatocarcinoma cell Line HepG-2.Methods The killing effect o...Objective To discuss on mechanism of the killing and apoptosis inducing effect induced by total alkaloid in the CSS(Capparis spinosa L.saponin,CSS)on human hepatocarcinoma cell Line HepG-2.Methods The killing effect of the CSS on human hepatocarcinoma cell Line HepG-2 was observed by MTT method.Morphological observation of the HepG-2 cells was completed by fluorescence microscope.This test was signed to observe the changes of the cell cycle of HepG-2 cells affected by the CSS by PI single-staining,and to observe if there were typical apoptosis peaks.The apoptosis inducing effect and changing of mitochondria membrane potential of the CSS on the HepG-2 cells were studied by flow cytometry.The effect of intracellular Ca2+level of CSS on the HepG-2 cells was measured by laser confocal microscope.Results CSS has growth inhibiting on the HepG-2 and seems to be enhanced with the increasing concentration of CSS,and its IC50 value was 46.16μg·mL-1.The HepG-2 cells are characteristic apoptosis morphologic changed,and the apoptosis percentage is increased to 66.652%in the 50μg·mL-1 dosage group.The cells cycle has been changed obviously that the progresses of cells cycle of G1 period and G2 period in high dosage group have been blocked,and the cellular proportion in G2 period is decreased by the function of CSS for 24 h.The mitochondria membrane potential of HepG-2 cells induced by CSS is decreased in various degrees.In addition,the intracellular Ca2+level is increased by the function of CSS in the middle and high dose groups.Conclusions The CSS has obviously killing and apoptosis inducing effect on human hepatocarcinoma cell Line HepG-2 by the mechanism of decreasing the mitochondria membrane potential and increasing the intracellular Ca2+level.展开更多
At present,standard discharge has been adopted in the treatment of shale gas drilling wastewater and the electro-flocculation pretreatment has a good application prospect due to its high efficiency,cleanness,low dosag...At present,standard discharge has been adopted in the treatment of shale gas drilling wastewater and the electro-flocculation pretreatment has a good application prospect due to its high efficiency,cleanness,low dosage,etc.To improve its adaptability to drilling wastewater treatment,we conducted experiments to investigate the effects of current densities and reaction time on hardness,turbidity and organic matter removal,and the mechanism of electro-flocculation was further explored and a comparative analysis was made with chemical coagulation and ultrafiltration.The following findings were achieved.(1)The drilling wastewater is rich in dissolved salts,among which the hardness ions are mainly Ca^(2+),and the Ca^(2+) concentration varies little at the reaction time of 10 min,but decreases significantly with the increase of reaction time.(2)During the electro-flocculation process,the harness ions are usually removed with suspended matters,and their removal trend is different.Lower current densities and longer reaction time will be good for higher hardness removal rates,while higher current densities can help decrease the turbidity quickly before the reaction time of 10 min(3)The pH value of the wastewater is negatively correlated with the concentration of Ca^(2+) and iron ions.The TOC decreases with the increase of reaction time,and the larger the current density,the greater the decrease of TOC.A linear correlation is found between △TOC and △Cl^(-) and △Turbidity.Compared with chemical coagulation and ultrafiltration,electro-flocculation presents significant removal effects of hardness and turbidity.When the current density is 8 mA/cm^(2)and the reaction time is 20 min,the removal rates of Ca^(2+),turbidity and TOC are 53.4%,98.3%,and 62.7%,respectively.Especially for those macromolecular substances with conjugated double bonds,electro-flocculation has an obvious effect and has other advantages like no chemical dosing,no membrane pollution and short reaction time,and so on.展开更多
This paper presents a bioelectrochemical model for the activation of action potentials on sarcolemma and variation of Ca2+ concentration in sarcomeres of skeletal muscle fibers.The control mechanism of muscle contract...This paper presents a bioelectrochemical model for the activation of action potentials on sarcolemma and variation of Ca2+ concentration in sarcomeres of skeletal muscle fibers.The control mechanism of muscle contraction generated by collective motion of molecular motors is elucidated from the perspective of variable-frequency regulation,and action potential with variable frequency is proposed as the control signal to directly regulate Ca2+ concentration and indirectly control isometric tension.Furthermore,the transfer function between stimulation frequency and Ca2+ concentration is deduced,and the frequency domain properties of muscle contraction are analyzed.Moreover the conception of "electro-muscular time constant" is defined to denote the minimum delay time from electric stimulation to muscle contraction.Finally,the experimental research aiming at the relation between tension and stimulation frequency of action potential is implemented to verify the proposed variable-frequency control mechanism,whose effectiveness is proved by good consistence between experimental and theoretical results.展开更多
The mechanism of peroxynitrite (ONOO -)induced [Ca 2+ ] i increase in single MN9D cell (Dopaminergic neuroblastoma cell line) was studied by using Fura2 microfluorometric technique. The results show that ONOO - caused...The mechanism of peroxynitrite (ONOO -)induced [Ca 2+ ] i increase in single MN9D cell (Dopaminergic neuroblastoma cell line) was studied by using Fura2 microfluorometric technique. The results show that ONOO - caused a rapid increase of [Ca 2+ ] i when ONOO - was puffed to the cell. Removing Ca 2+ from the bath or using calcium channel antagonist (CdCl 2, Nifedipine) greatly inhibited the [Ca 2+ ] i increase induced by ONOO -, suggesting that the opening of LCa 2+ channel makes a great contribution to the [Ca 2+ ]\-i increase. The effect of sulfhydryl reductive agent (DTT) on ONOO -induced [Ca 2+ ]\-i increase suggests that ONOO -activating LCa 2+ channel is partly related to its oxidative speciality.展开更多
Using fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester(AM)fluorescence imaging and patch clamp techniques,we found that endothelin-1(ET-1)significantly elevated the intracellular calcium level([Ca2+]i)in a dose-dependent manner and activat...Using fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester(AM)fluorescence imaging and patch clamp techniques,we found that endothelin-1(ET-1)significantly elevated the intracellular calcium level([Ca2+]i)in a dose-dependent manner and activated the L-type Ca2+channel in cardiomyocytes isolated from rats.The effect of ET-1 on[Ca2+]i elevation was abolished in the presence of the ETA receptor blocker BQ123,but was not affected by the ETB receptor blocker BQ788.ET-1-induced an increase in[Ca2+]i,which was inhibited 46.7%by pretreatment with a high concentration of ryanodine(10μmol/L),a blocker of the ryanodine receptor.The ET-1-induced[Ca2+]i increase was also inhibited by the inhibitors of protein kinase A(PKA),protein kinase C(PKC)and angiotensin type 1 receptor(AT1 receptor).We found that ET-1 induced an enhancement of the amplitude of the whole cell L-type Ca2+channel current and an increase of open-state probability(NPo)of an L-type single Ca2+channel.BQ123 completely blocked the ET-1-induced increase in calcium channel open-state probability.In this study we demonstrated that ET-1 regulates calcium overload through a series of mechanisms that include L-type Ca2+channel activation and Ca2+-induced Ca2+release(CICR).ETA receptors,PKC,PKA and AT1 receptors may also contribute to this pathway.展开更多
基金This paper is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39970608).
文摘The bark of Pteroceltis tatarinowii is a raw material for manufacturing Xuan Paper. The effects of Ca2+ concentrations on the accumulation of mineral elements in the bark, leaf and root of Pteroceltis tatarinowii were studied under controlled condi-tions. The types of Hoagland nutrient solution with three Ca2+ concentrations levels (200, 400 and 600 靏g-1) and a control (without Ca2+) were designed to culture Pteroceltis tatarinowii. After 6 months, contents of seven mineral elements including Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu and Na in the root, leaf and bark were analyzed. The results indicated that Ca accumulations content in the root, leaf and bark had positively relation with Ca2+ concentrations (200, 400, 600 靏g-1), and the order of the Ca content in the three components was root】leaf】bark. Ca content in the root treated with 600 靏g-1 Ca2+ concentrations was 5.5 times as high as that of the control, and about 1.4 times as high as that of the root treated in 200 and 400 靏/g Ca2+ concentrations respectively. On the contrary, K and Mg contents in the root, leaf and bark were negatively related to Ca2+ concentrations, especially in the bark, and their accumulation trend followed the order of leaf】root】bark. K content in the bark treated with 600 靏g-1 Ca2+ con-centrations was 39.3% of that of the control, and was 79.0% and 91.8% of that of the bark treated with 200 靏g-1 and 400靏g-1 Ca2+ concentrations respectively; Mg content in the bark treated with 600 靏g-1 Ca2+ concentrations was 23.4% of that of the control, and was 27.1% and 35.4% of that of the bark treated with 200 and 400 靏g-1 Ca2+ concentrations respectively. Com-pared with the control, the general tendency of Mn, Zn and Cu content decreased with increasing of Ca2+ concentrations and their contents were in the order: root】leaf】bark. Based on the results of this study, the experiment has been useful for providing academic bases in improving the bark quality of Pteroceltis tatarinowii on non-limestone soil.
基金Present address:Departm ent of PhysiologyMedical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University+1 种基金Xi'an 710 0 6 1China
文摘Objective The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether the folliculo stellate cells (FSC) respond to angiotensin(Ang)Ⅱ by increasing intracellular free Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ]i),and where the origin of Ca 2+ mobilization is if that has occurred.Methods Pituitary cells in primary culture were prepared from male Wister rats(250g) by a conventional method and cultured in MEM supplemented with 4% normal rat serum.After 2 days in culutre,cells were loaded with 1 μmol/L fura PE3/AM for 1 h and subjected to a Ca 2+ imaging experiment with Quanti Cell 700 system.Excitation wavelengths of 340 and 380 nm were selected by means of a computer controlled filterwheel.Results The [Ca 2+ ]i of FSC in the rat anterior pituitary was elevated by Ang Ⅱ.The elevation of [Ca 2+ ]i of FSC induced by 0.1,1.0,10 and 100 nmol/L Ang Ⅱ was (56.33±6.18)( ±s ),(117.07±36.07),(175.59±40.01) and (216.02±11.52) nmol/L,respectively.The increase of [Ca 2+ ]i of FSC induced by 100 nmol/L Ang Ⅱ was not influenced by the medium without Ca 2+ (0Ca),but significantly suppressed by thapsigargin(TG),an inhibitor of ATPase.The rate of responsive FSC to Ang Ⅱ (100 nmol/L) was 61.84% which was obviously higher than that of pituitary endocrine cells(43.49%).Conclusion The present experiment demonstrates that the FSC in the rat anterior pituitary responds to Ang Ⅱ by increasing [Ca 2+ ]i,which raises the possibility that Ang Ⅱ released from either lactotrophs or gonadotrophs affects FSC through paracrine mechanism.The elevation of [Ca 2+ ]i induced by Ang Ⅱ presents a dosage dependent relation, and is possibly because of the release of Ca 2+ from an intracellular Ca 2+ pool(s).Fashions of Ca 2+ release are relative to the concentration of Ang Ⅱ.The results indicate that Ang Ⅱ functions as a paracrine factor among pituitary cells including FSC.
文摘Objective To study on the mechanism of growth inhibiting and apoptosis inducing effect of total alkaloid in the CSEO(Capparis spinosa L.essential oil,CSEO)on human hepatocarcinoma cell Line HepG-2.Methods The growth inhibiting effect of the CSEO on human hepatocarcinoma cell Line HepG-2 was measured by MTT method.Morphological observation of the HepG-2 cells was completed by fluorescence microscope.The changing of mitochondrion membrane potential induced by CSEO was observed by staining with Rhodamine123.Effect of the CSEO on intracellular Ca2+level of the HepG-2 cells was measured by laser confocal microscope.Results The CESO has obvious growth inhibiting effect on the HepG-2 and seems to be dose-dependent,and its IC50 is 127.5μg·mL-1.The characteristic apoptosis morpha of HepG-2 cells has been observed,and the apoptosis percentage increase to 44.447%in the 300μg·mL-1 dosage group.In addition,the progress of cells cycle of G1 period has been blocked,and the cellular proportion in S and G2 period is decreased in the 75μg·mL-1 and 150μg·mL-1 dosage groups by the function of CSEO for 48 h.The mitochondria membrane potential(Δψm)effected by CESO is decreased,while the curve moves toward left.In addition,the intracellular Ca2+level is increased by the function of CESO in the middle and high dose groups.Conclusions The CESO has obviously growth inhibiting and apoptosis inducing effect on human hepatocarcinoma cell Line HepG-2 by the mechanism of decreasing the mitochondria membrane potential and increasing the intracellular Ca2+level.
文摘Objective To discuss on mechanism of the killing and apoptosis inducing effect induced by total alkaloid in the CSS(Capparis spinosa L.saponin,CSS)on human hepatocarcinoma cell Line HepG-2.Methods The killing effect of the CSS on human hepatocarcinoma cell Line HepG-2 was observed by MTT method.Morphological observation of the HepG-2 cells was completed by fluorescence microscope.This test was signed to observe the changes of the cell cycle of HepG-2 cells affected by the CSS by PI single-staining,and to observe if there were typical apoptosis peaks.The apoptosis inducing effect and changing of mitochondria membrane potential of the CSS on the HepG-2 cells were studied by flow cytometry.The effect of intracellular Ca2+level of CSS on the HepG-2 cells was measured by laser confocal microscope.Results CSS has growth inhibiting on the HepG-2 and seems to be enhanced with the increasing concentration of CSS,and its IC50 value was 46.16μg·mL-1.The HepG-2 cells are characteristic apoptosis morphologic changed,and the apoptosis percentage is increased to 66.652%in the 50μg·mL-1 dosage group.The cells cycle has been changed obviously that the progresses of cells cycle of G1 period and G2 period in high dosage group have been blocked,and the cellular proportion in G2 period is decreased by the function of CSS for 24 h.The mitochondria membrane potential of HepG-2 cells induced by CSS is decreased in various degrees.In addition,the intracellular Ca2+level is increased by the function of CSS in the middle and high dose groups.Conclusions The CSS has obviously killing and apoptosis inducing effect on human hepatocarcinoma cell Line HepG-2 by the mechanism of decreasing the mitochondria membrane potential and increasing the intracellular Ca2+level.
基金supported by a sub-project under The National Major Science and Technology Project,China“Waste Treatment and Utilization Technology”(No.:2016ZX05040-003)a sub-project under The CNPC Major Science and Technology Project,China“Research and Demonstration Application of Key Technology for Waste Treatment and Utilization in Shale Gas Development”(No.:2016E-1202).
文摘At present,standard discharge has been adopted in the treatment of shale gas drilling wastewater and the electro-flocculation pretreatment has a good application prospect due to its high efficiency,cleanness,low dosage,etc.To improve its adaptability to drilling wastewater treatment,we conducted experiments to investigate the effects of current densities and reaction time on hardness,turbidity and organic matter removal,and the mechanism of electro-flocculation was further explored and a comparative analysis was made with chemical coagulation and ultrafiltration.The following findings were achieved.(1)The drilling wastewater is rich in dissolved salts,among which the hardness ions are mainly Ca^(2+),and the Ca^(2+) concentration varies little at the reaction time of 10 min,but decreases significantly with the increase of reaction time.(2)During the electro-flocculation process,the harness ions are usually removed with suspended matters,and their removal trend is different.Lower current densities and longer reaction time will be good for higher hardness removal rates,while higher current densities can help decrease the turbidity quickly before the reaction time of 10 min(3)The pH value of the wastewater is negatively correlated with the concentration of Ca^(2+) and iron ions.The TOC decreases with the increase of reaction time,and the larger the current density,the greater the decrease of TOC.A linear correlation is found between △TOC and △Cl^(-) and △Turbidity.Compared with chemical coagulation and ultrafiltration,electro-flocculation presents significant removal effects of hardness and turbidity.When the current density is 8 mA/cm^(2)and the reaction time is 20 min,the removal rates of Ca^(2+),turbidity and TOC are 53.4%,98.3%,and 62.7%,respectively.Especially for those macromolecular substances with conjugated double bonds,electro-flocculation has an obvious effect and has other advantages like no chemical dosing,no membrane pollution and short reaction time,and so on.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61075101)the Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of MSV,China (Grant No. MSV-2010-01)+1 种基金the Medical and Technology Intercrossing Research Foundation (Grant No. YG2010ZD101)the Science and Technology Intercrossing Research Foundation of Shanghai Jiaotong University
文摘This paper presents a bioelectrochemical model for the activation of action potentials on sarcolemma and variation of Ca2+ concentration in sarcomeres of skeletal muscle fibers.The control mechanism of muscle contraction generated by collective motion of molecular motors is elucidated from the perspective of variable-frequency regulation,and action potential with variable frequency is proposed as the control signal to directly regulate Ca2+ concentration and indirectly control isometric tension.Furthermore,the transfer function between stimulation frequency and Ca2+ concentration is deduced,and the frequency domain properties of muscle contraction are analyzed.Moreover the conception of "electro-muscular time constant" is defined to denote the minimum delay time from electric stimulation to muscle contraction.Finally,the experimental research aiming at the relation between tension and stimulation frequency of action potential is implemented to verify the proposed variable-frequency control mechanism,whose effectiveness is proved by good consistence between experimental and theoretical results.
文摘The mechanism of peroxynitrite (ONOO -)induced [Ca 2+ ] i increase in single MN9D cell (Dopaminergic neuroblastoma cell line) was studied by using Fura2 microfluorometric technique. The results show that ONOO - caused a rapid increase of [Ca 2+ ] i when ONOO - was puffed to the cell. Removing Ca 2+ from the bath or using calcium channel antagonist (CdCl 2, Nifedipine) greatly inhibited the [Ca 2+ ] i increase induced by ONOO -, suggesting that the opening of LCa 2+ channel makes a great contribution to the [Ca 2+ ]\-i increase. The effect of sulfhydryl reductive agent (DTT) on ONOO -induced [Ca 2+ ]\-i increase suggests that ONOO -activating LCa 2+ channel is partly related to its oxidative speciality.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.200830870910).
文摘Using fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester(AM)fluorescence imaging and patch clamp techniques,we found that endothelin-1(ET-1)significantly elevated the intracellular calcium level([Ca2+]i)in a dose-dependent manner and activated the L-type Ca2+channel in cardiomyocytes isolated from rats.The effect of ET-1 on[Ca2+]i elevation was abolished in the presence of the ETA receptor blocker BQ123,but was not affected by the ETB receptor blocker BQ788.ET-1-induced an increase in[Ca2+]i,which was inhibited 46.7%by pretreatment with a high concentration of ryanodine(10μmol/L),a blocker of the ryanodine receptor.The ET-1-induced[Ca2+]i increase was also inhibited by the inhibitors of protein kinase A(PKA),protein kinase C(PKC)and angiotensin type 1 receptor(AT1 receptor).We found that ET-1 induced an enhancement of the amplitude of the whole cell L-type Ca2+channel current and an increase of open-state probability(NPo)of an L-type single Ca2+channel.BQ123 completely blocked the ET-1-induced increase in calcium channel open-state probability.In this study we demonstrated that ET-1 regulates calcium overload through a series of mechanisms that include L-type Ca2+channel activation and Ca2+-induced Ca2+release(CICR).ETA receptors,PKC,PKA and AT1 receptors may also contribute to this pathway.
