采用热力学和动力学方法研究了轴承钢GCr15凝固过程中溶质元素偏析、钛夹杂析出规律及影响钛夹杂长大的因素。研究表明:1)GCr15钢在凝固过程中Ti(C_(x)N_(1-x))先于TiN在凝固前沿的固液两相区析出,降低钢液初始Ti、N含量均能推迟Ti(C_(x...采用热力学和动力学方法研究了轴承钢GCr15凝固过程中溶质元素偏析、钛夹杂析出规律及影响钛夹杂长大的因素。研究表明:1)GCr15钢在凝固过程中Ti(C_(x)N_(1-x))先于TiN在凝固前沿的固液两相区析出,降低钢液初始Ti、N含量均能推迟Ti(C_(x)N_(1-x))在凝固前沿的析出。Ti(C_(x)N_(1-x))夹杂中的x值随w(Ti)_(0)下降而下降,但随w(N)_(0)下降而升高。2)凝固冷却速率对GCr15钢中Ti、N元素的凝固偏析影响不大,但对钛夹杂的长大影响显著。随着钢液初始Ti、N含量下降,钛夹杂凝固析出推迟,尺寸变小。采用70 t EAF→EBT→LF→RH→IC(模铸)工艺生产轴承钢GCr15大钢锭,从30 t GCr15钢锭经热锻/轧成的Ф75 mm圆棒上取样,w(T.O)、w(Ti)和w(N)分别为0.0007%、0.0010%、0.0019%。光学显微镜下检测到的钛夹杂是呈土红色的碳氮化钛夹杂;扫描电镜下观察到钢中钛夹杂形状不规则,钛夹杂最大尺寸17.4μm,平均尺寸为9.2μm,这与大吨位模铸锭冷却速率小有关。对大钢锭模铸而言,严格控制各工序钢水增Ti量和增N量,降低钢液中Ti、N含量,推迟钛夹杂在凝固过程中的析出是控制盾构机主轴承圆柱滚子用轴承钢GCr15产品钛夹杂尺寸的有效措施。展开更多
The electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)is considered a promising technology for converting atmospheric CO_(2)into valuable chemicals.It is a significant way to mitigate the shortage of fossil energy and...The electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)is considered a promising technology for converting atmospheric CO_(2)into valuable chemicals.It is a significant way to mitigate the shortage of fossil energy and store excessive renewable electricity in fuels to maintain carbon neutrality.Considering the substantially reduced cost of clean electricity,C1 molecule unitization has emerged as a competitive strategy for room-temperature electrolysis.However,the practical implementation of CO_(2)RR has been hindered by low desired product selectivity,high overpotential,and undesirable hydrogen evolution reactions(HER).Consequently,it is imperative to execute a timely assessment of advanced strategies in CO_(2)RR,with emphasis on catalytic design strategies,understanding of structure–activity relationships,and deactivation of catalysts.In this context,it is imperative to investigate the intrinsic active sites and reaction mechanisms.This review focuses on the design of novel catalysts and their active sites via operando techniques.The combination of advanced characterization techniques and theoretical calculations provides a high-throughput way to obtain a deeper understanding of the reaction mechanism.Furthermore,optimization of the interplay between the catalyst surface and reaction intermediate disturbs the linear correlation between the adsorption energies of the intermediates,resulting in a convoluted cascade system.The appropriate strategies for CO_(2)RR,challenges,and future approaches are projected in this review to stimulate major innovations.Moreover,the plausible research directions are discussed for producing C_(1)chemicals via electrochemical CO_(2)RR at room temperature.展开更多
文摘采用热力学和动力学方法研究了轴承钢GCr15凝固过程中溶质元素偏析、钛夹杂析出规律及影响钛夹杂长大的因素。研究表明:1)GCr15钢在凝固过程中Ti(C_(x)N_(1-x))先于TiN在凝固前沿的固液两相区析出,降低钢液初始Ti、N含量均能推迟Ti(C_(x)N_(1-x))在凝固前沿的析出。Ti(C_(x)N_(1-x))夹杂中的x值随w(Ti)_(0)下降而下降,但随w(N)_(0)下降而升高。2)凝固冷却速率对GCr15钢中Ti、N元素的凝固偏析影响不大,但对钛夹杂的长大影响显著。随着钢液初始Ti、N含量下降,钛夹杂凝固析出推迟,尺寸变小。采用70 t EAF→EBT→LF→RH→IC(模铸)工艺生产轴承钢GCr15大钢锭,从30 t GCr15钢锭经热锻/轧成的Ф75 mm圆棒上取样,w(T.O)、w(Ti)和w(N)分别为0.0007%、0.0010%、0.0019%。光学显微镜下检测到的钛夹杂是呈土红色的碳氮化钛夹杂;扫描电镜下观察到钢中钛夹杂形状不规则,钛夹杂最大尺寸17.4μm,平均尺寸为9.2μm,这与大吨位模铸锭冷却速率小有关。对大钢锭模铸而言,严格控制各工序钢水增Ti量和增N量,降低钢液中Ti、N含量,推迟钛夹杂在凝固过程中的析出是控制盾构机主轴承圆柱滚子用轴承钢GCr15产品钛夹杂尺寸的有效措施。
基金funded by a National Research Council of Science&Technology grant from the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT),Republic of Korea(No.CAP21012-100)the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP)under the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE),Republic of Korea(No.20224C10300010)。
文摘The electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)is considered a promising technology for converting atmospheric CO_(2)into valuable chemicals.It is a significant way to mitigate the shortage of fossil energy and store excessive renewable electricity in fuels to maintain carbon neutrality.Considering the substantially reduced cost of clean electricity,C1 molecule unitization has emerged as a competitive strategy for room-temperature electrolysis.However,the practical implementation of CO_(2)RR has been hindered by low desired product selectivity,high overpotential,and undesirable hydrogen evolution reactions(HER).Consequently,it is imperative to execute a timely assessment of advanced strategies in CO_(2)RR,with emphasis on catalytic design strategies,understanding of structure–activity relationships,and deactivation of catalysts.In this context,it is imperative to investigate the intrinsic active sites and reaction mechanisms.This review focuses on the design of novel catalysts and their active sites via operando techniques.The combination of advanced characterization techniques and theoretical calculations provides a high-throughput way to obtain a deeper understanding of the reaction mechanism.Furthermore,optimization of the interplay between the catalyst surface and reaction intermediate disturbs the linear correlation between the adsorption energies of the intermediates,resulting in a convoluted cascade system.The appropriate strategies for CO_(2)RR,challenges,and future approaches are projected in this review to stimulate major innovations.Moreover,the plausible research directions are discussed for producing C_(1)chemicals via electrochemical CO_(2)RR at room temperature.
