CXL (Compute Express Link) technology is a relatively new high-speed interconnect standard that was developed to enable faster communication between CPUs, GPUs, and other high-performance components in data center sys...CXL (Compute Express Link) technology is a relatively new high-speed interconnect standard that was developed to enable faster communication between CPUs, GPUs, and other high-performance components in data center systems. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive technical overview of CXL technology, including its features, advantages, and potential applications in the modern data center environment. CXL Technology Research: CXL technology is based on Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) and its extensions. CXL 1.0 is a switch-based interconnect architecture that operates on PCIe Gen5 electrical signaling, achieving data speeds of up to 32 Giga transfers per second (GT/s) per lane. CXL technology provides hardware-based support for cache coherency and memory semantics. CXL technology architecture consists of three main components: 1) CXL Devices: Devices that are compatible with the CXL interface can include processors, accelerators such as Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), and Smart Storage Devices;2) CXL Switch: The switch enables communication between devices that support CXL. The switch can be external or embedded, allowing for more complex topologies;3) CXL Memory: CXL memory devices support the CXL protocol for the efficient sharing of System memory.展开更多
Background:Corneal cross-linking(CXL)using ultraviolet light-A(UV-A)and riboflavin is a technique developed in the 1990’s to treat corneal ectatic disorders such as keratoconus.It soon became the new gold standard in...Background:Corneal cross-linking(CXL)using ultraviolet light-A(UV-A)and riboflavin is a technique developed in the 1990’s to treat corneal ectatic disorders such as keratoconus.It soon became the new gold standard in multiple countries around the world to halt the progression of this disorder,with good long-term outcomes in keratometry reading and visual acuity.The original Dresden treatment protocol was also later on used to stabilize iatrogenic corneal ectasia appearing after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)and photorefractive keratectomy(PRK).CXL efficiently strengthened the cornea but was also shown to kill most of the keratocytes within the corneal stroma,later on repopulated by those cells.Review:Ultraviolet-light has long been known for its microbicidal effect,and thus CXL postulated to be able to sterilize the cornea from infectious pathogens.This cytotoxic effect led to the first clinical trials using CXL to treat advanced infectious melting corneal keratitis.Patients treated with this technique showed,in the majority of cases,a stabilization of the melting process and were able to avoid emergentàchaud keratoplasty.Following those primary favorable results,CXL was used to treat beginning bacterial keratitis as a first-line treatment without any adjunctive antibiotics with positive results for most patients.In order to distinguish the use of CXL for infectious keratitis treatment from its use for corneal ectatic disorders,a new term was proposed at the 9th CXL congress in Dublin to rename its use in infections as photoactivated chromophore for infectious keratitis-corneal collagen cross-linking(PACK-CXL).Conclusion:PACK-CXL is now more frequently used to treat infections from various infectious origins.The original Dresden protocol is still used for this purpose.Careful modifications of this protocol could improve the efficiency of this technique in specific clinical situations regarding certain types of pathogens.展开更多
Corneal collagen crosslinking(CXL)has revolutionized the treatment of keratoconus in the past decade.In order to evaluate the 3-month effects of CXL on corneal fibroblasts,a longitudinal study at the tissue and cellul...Corneal collagen crosslinking(CXL)has revolutionized the treatment of keratoconus in the past decade.In order to evaluate the 3-month effects of CXL on corneal fibroblasts,a longitudinal study at the tissue and cellular level was carried out with a total of 16 rabbits that underwent CXL,deepithelialization(DEP),or non-treatment(control)and kept for 1 to 3 months.The duration of corneal stromal remodeling after CXL was determined by examining the differentiation,apoptosis,and number changes of keratocytes in tissue sections from animals 1,2,or 3 months post-treatment.Upon the finish of tissue remodeling,separate rabbits were used to extract keratocytes and set up cell culture for vimentin immunofluorescence staining.The same cell culture was used for(1)migration measurement through the wound-healing assay;(2)elastic modulus measurement by atomic force microscope(AFM);(3)the proliferation,apoptosis,cytoskeleton andα-SMA expression tests through EdU(5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine)assay,TUNEL(TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling)assay,phalloidin andα-SMA(alpha-smooth muscle actin)immunofluorescence analysis,respectively.Results showed that the migratory activity,elastic modulus,andα-SMA expression of the corneal fibroblasts increased after CXL treatment,while apoptosis,proliferation,and morphology of F-actin cytoskeleton of the fibroblasts had no significant change after 3 months.In contrast,measured cellular parameters(migratory,elastic moduli,α-SMA expression,apoptosis,proliferation,and morphology of F-actin cytoskeleton of fibroblasts)did not change significantly after DEP.In conclusion,the dynamic changes of keratocytes were nearly stable 3 months after CXL treatment.CXL has an impact on corneal fibroblasts,including migration,elastic modulus andα-SMA expression,while epithelialization may not alter the biological behavior of cells significantly.展开更多
Corneal collagen-crosslinking(CXL)has been widely investigated in the adult population.There is still little available in the literature,however,on the effects of CXL in children.A review of the literature on CXL in t...Corneal collagen-crosslinking(CXL)has been widely investigated in the adult population.There is still little available in the literature,however,on the effects of CXL in children.A review of the literature on CXL in the pediatric population is presented here,with a particular emphasis on the refractive effects.Although several studies demonstrate promising results,most studies have small sample sizes with relatively short follow-up periods.Further investigation on the effects of CXL in the pediatric population is required to better understand long-term effects.展开更多
文摘CXL (Compute Express Link) technology is a relatively new high-speed interconnect standard that was developed to enable faster communication between CPUs, GPUs, and other high-performance components in data center systems. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive technical overview of CXL technology, including its features, advantages, and potential applications in the modern data center environment. CXL Technology Research: CXL technology is based on Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) and its extensions. CXL 1.0 is a switch-based interconnect architecture that operates on PCIe Gen5 electrical signaling, achieving data speeds of up to 32 Giga transfers per second (GT/s) per lane. CXL technology provides hardware-based support for cache coherency and memory semantics. CXL technology architecture consists of three main components: 1) CXL Devices: Devices that are compatible with the CXL interface can include processors, accelerators such as Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), and Smart Storage Devices;2) CXL Switch: The switch enables communication between devices that support CXL. The switch can be external or embedded, allowing for more complex topologies;3) CXL Memory: CXL memory devices support the CXL protocol for the efficient sharing of System memory.
文摘Background:Corneal cross-linking(CXL)using ultraviolet light-A(UV-A)and riboflavin is a technique developed in the 1990’s to treat corneal ectatic disorders such as keratoconus.It soon became the new gold standard in multiple countries around the world to halt the progression of this disorder,with good long-term outcomes in keratometry reading and visual acuity.The original Dresden treatment protocol was also later on used to stabilize iatrogenic corneal ectasia appearing after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis(LASIK)and photorefractive keratectomy(PRK).CXL efficiently strengthened the cornea but was also shown to kill most of the keratocytes within the corneal stroma,later on repopulated by those cells.Review:Ultraviolet-light has long been known for its microbicidal effect,and thus CXL postulated to be able to sterilize the cornea from infectious pathogens.This cytotoxic effect led to the first clinical trials using CXL to treat advanced infectious melting corneal keratitis.Patients treated with this technique showed,in the majority of cases,a stabilization of the melting process and were able to avoid emergentàchaud keratoplasty.Following those primary favorable results,CXL was used to treat beginning bacterial keratitis as a first-line treatment without any adjunctive antibiotics with positive results for most patients.In order to distinguish the use of CXL for infectious keratitis treatment from its use for corneal ectatic disorders,a new term was proposed at the 9th CXL congress in Dublin to rename its use in infections as photoactivated chromophore for infectious keratitis-corneal collagen cross-linking(PACK-CXL).Conclusion:PACK-CXL is now more frequently used to treat infections from various infectious origins.The original Dresden protocol is still used for this purpose.Careful modifications of this protocol could improve the efficiency of this technique in specific clinical situations regarding certain types of pathogens.
基金supported by the National natural science foundation of China(Nos.31370952,31470914).
文摘Corneal collagen crosslinking(CXL)has revolutionized the treatment of keratoconus in the past decade.In order to evaluate the 3-month effects of CXL on corneal fibroblasts,a longitudinal study at the tissue and cellular level was carried out with a total of 16 rabbits that underwent CXL,deepithelialization(DEP),or non-treatment(control)and kept for 1 to 3 months.The duration of corneal stromal remodeling after CXL was determined by examining the differentiation,apoptosis,and number changes of keratocytes in tissue sections from animals 1,2,or 3 months post-treatment.Upon the finish of tissue remodeling,separate rabbits were used to extract keratocytes and set up cell culture for vimentin immunofluorescence staining.The same cell culture was used for(1)migration measurement through the wound-healing assay;(2)elastic modulus measurement by atomic force microscope(AFM);(3)the proliferation,apoptosis,cytoskeleton andα-SMA expression tests through EdU(5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine)assay,TUNEL(TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling)assay,phalloidin andα-SMA(alpha-smooth muscle actin)immunofluorescence analysis,respectively.Results showed that the migratory activity,elastic modulus,andα-SMA expression of the corneal fibroblasts increased after CXL treatment,while apoptosis,proliferation,and morphology of F-actin cytoskeleton of the fibroblasts had no significant change after 3 months.In contrast,measured cellular parameters(migratory,elastic moduli,α-SMA expression,apoptosis,proliferation,and morphology of F-actin cytoskeleton of fibroblasts)did not change significantly after DEP.In conclusion,the dynamic changes of keratocytes were nearly stable 3 months after CXL treatment.CXL has an impact on corneal fibroblasts,including migration,elastic modulus andα-SMA expression,while epithelialization may not alter the biological behavior of cells significantly.
文摘Corneal collagen-crosslinking(CXL)has been widely investigated in the adult population.There is still little available in the literature,however,on the effects of CXL in children.A review of the literature on CXL in the pediatric population is presented here,with a particular emphasis on the refractive effects.Although several studies demonstrate promising results,most studies have small sample sizes with relatively short follow-up periods.Further investigation on the effects of CXL in the pediatric population is required to better understand long-term effects.
