To comprehensively utilize the valuable geological map,exploration profile,borehole,and geochemical logging data and the knowledge on the formation of the Jinshan Ag-Au deposit for forecasting the exploration targets ...To comprehensively utilize the valuable geological map,exploration profile,borehole,and geochemical logging data and the knowledge on the formation of the Jinshan Ag-Au deposit for forecasting the exploration targets of concealed ore bodies,three-dimensional Mineral Prospectivity Modeling(MPM)of the deposit has been conducted using the weights-of-evidence(WofE)method.Conditional independence between evidence layers was tested,and the outline results using the prediction-volume(P-V)and Student's t-statistic methods for delineating favorable mineralization areas from continuous posterior probability map were critically compared.Four exploration targets delineated ultimately by the Student's t-statistic method for the discovery of minable ore bodies in each of the target areas were discussed in detail.The main conclusions include:(1)three-dimensional modeling of a deposit using multi-source reconnaissance data is useful for MPM in interpreting their relationships with known ore bodies;(2)WofE modeling can be used as a straightforward tool for integrating deposit model and reconnaissance data in MPM;(3)the Student's t-statistic method is more applicable in binarizing the continuous prospectivity map for exploration targeting than the PV approach;and(4)two target areas within high potential to find undiscovered ore bodies were diagnosed to guide future near-mine exploration activities of the Jinshan deposit.展开更多
Currently,there are a limited number of dynamic models available for braided composite plates with large overall motions,despite the incorporation of three-dimensional(3D)braided composites into rotating blade compone...Currently,there are a limited number of dynamic models available for braided composite plates with large overall motions,despite the incorporation of three-dimensional(3D)braided composites into rotating blade components.In this paper,a dynamic model of 3D 4-directional braided composite thin plates considering braiding directions is established.Based on Kirchhoff's plate assumptions,the displacement variables of the plate are expressed.By incorporating the braiding directions into the constitutive equation of the braided composites,the dynamic model of the plate considering braiding directions is obtained.The effects of the speeds,braiding directions,and braided angles on the responses of the plate with fixed-axis rotation and translational motion,respectively,are investigated.This paper presents a dynamic theory for calculating the deformation of 3D braided composite structures undergoing both translational and rotational motions.It also provides a simulation method for investigating the dynamic behavior of non-isotropic material plates in various applications.展开更多
The development of digital twins for geotechnical structures necessitates the real-time updates of threedimensional(3D)virtual models(e.g.numerical finite element method(FEM)model)to accurately predict time-varying ge...The development of digital twins for geotechnical structures necessitates the real-time updates of threedimensional(3D)virtual models(e.g.numerical finite element method(FEM)model)to accurately predict time-varying geotechnical responses(e.g.consolidation settlement)in a 3D spatial domain.However,traditional 3D numerical model updating approaches are computationally prohibitive and therefore difficult to update the 3D responses in real time.To address these challenges,this study proposes a novel machine learning framework called sparse dictionary learning(T-3D-SDL)for real-time updating of time-varying 3D geotechnical responses.In T-3D-SDL,a concerned dataset(e.g.time-varying 3D settlement)is approximated as a linear superposition of dictionary atoms generated from 3D random FEM analyses.Field monitoring data are then used to identify non-trivial atoms and estimate their weights within a Bayesian framework for model updating and prediction.The proposed approach enables the real-time update of temporally varying settlements with a high 3D spatial resolution and quantified uncertainty as field monitoring data evolve.The proposed approach is illustrated using an embankment construction project.The results show that the proposed approach effectively improves settlement predictions along temporal and 3D spatial dimensions,with minimal latency(e.g.within minutes),as monitoring data appear.In addition,the proposed approach requires only a reasonably small number of 3D FEM model evaluations,avoids the use of widely adopted yet often criticized surrogate models,and effectively addresses the limitations(e.g.computational inefficiency)of existing 3D model updating approaches.展开更多
Satellite Component Layout Optimization(SCLO) is crucial in satellite system design.This paper proposes a novel Satellite Three-Dimensional Component Assignment and Layout Optimization(3D-SCALO) problem tailored to en...Satellite Component Layout Optimization(SCLO) is crucial in satellite system design.This paper proposes a novel Satellite Three-Dimensional Component Assignment and Layout Optimization(3D-SCALO) problem tailored to engineering requirements, aiming to optimize satellite heat dissipation while considering constraints on static stability, 3D geometric relationships between components, and special component positions. The 3D-SCALO problem is a challenging bilevel combinatorial optimization task, involving the optimization of discrete component assignment variables in the outer layer and continuous component position variables in the inner layer,with both influencing each other. To address this issue, first, a Mixed Integer Programming(MIP) model is proposed, which reformulates the original bilevel problem into a single-level optimization problem, enabling the exploration of a more comprehensive optimization space while avoiding iterative nested optimization. Then, to model the 3D geometric relationships between components within the MIP framework, a linearized 3D Phi-function method is proposed, which handles non-overlapping and safety distance constraints between cuboid components in an explicit and effective way. Subsequently, the Finite-Rectangle Method(FRM) is proposed to manage 3D geometric constraints for complex-shaped components by approximating them with a finite set of cuboids, extending the applicability of the geometric modeling approach. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed MIP model are demonstrated through two numerical examples"and a real-world engineering case, which confirms its suitability for complex-shaped components and real engineering applications.展开更多
Hypoxia is a typical feature of the tumor microenvironment,one of the most critical factors affecting cell behavior and tumor progression.However,the lack of tumor models able to precisely emulate natural brain tumor ...Hypoxia is a typical feature of the tumor microenvironment,one of the most critical factors affecting cell behavior and tumor progression.However,the lack of tumor models able to precisely emulate natural brain tumor tissue has impeded the study of the effects of hypoxia on the progression and growth of tumor cells.This study reports a three-dimensional(3D)brain tumor model obtained by encapsulating U87MG(U87)cells in a hydrogel containing type I collagen.It also documents the effect of various oxygen concentrations(1%,7%,and 21%)in the culture environment on U87 cell morphology,proliferation,viability,cell cycle,apoptosis rate,and migration.Finally,it compares two-dimensional(2D)and 3D cultures.For comparison purposes,cells cultured in flat culture dishes were used as the control(2D model).Cells cultured in the 3D model proliferated more slowly but had a higher apoptosis rate and proportion of cells in the resting phase(G0 phase)/gap I phase(G1 phase)than those cultured in the 2D model.Besides,the two models yielded significantly different cell morphologies.Finally,hypoxia(e.g.,1%O2)affected cell morphology,slowed cell growth,reduced cell viability,and increased the apoptosis rate in the 3D model.These results indicate that the constructed 3D model is effective for investigating the effects of biological and chemical factors on cell morphology and function,and can be more representative of the tumor microenvironment than 2D culture systems.The developed 3D glioblastoma tumor model is equally applicable to other studies in pharmacology and pathology.展开更多
With drilling and seismic data of Transtensional(strike-slip)Fault System in the Ziyang area of the central Sichuan Basin,SW China plane-section integrated structural interpretation,3-D fault framework model building,...With drilling and seismic data of Transtensional(strike-slip)Fault System in the Ziyang area of the central Sichuan Basin,SW China plane-section integrated structural interpretation,3-D fault framework model building,fault throw analyzing,and balanced profile restoration,it is pointed out that the transtensional fault system in the Ziyang 3-D seismic survey consists of the northeast-trending F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones dominated by extensional deformation,as well as 3 sets of northwest-trending en echelon normal faults experienced dextral shear deformation.Among them,the F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones cut through the Neoproterozoic to Lower Triassic Jialingjiang Formation,presenting a 3-D structure of an“S”-shaped ribbon.And before Permian and during the Early Triassic,the F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones underwent at least two periods of structural superimposition.Besides,the 3 sets of northwest-trending en echelon normal faults are composed of small normal faults arranged in pairs,with opposite dip directions and partially left-stepped arrangement.And before Permian,they had formed almost,restricting the eastward growth and propagation of the F_(I)19 fault zone.The F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones communicate multiple sets of source rocks and reservoirs from deep to shallow,and the timing of fault activity matches well with oil and gas generation peaks.If there were favorable Cambrian-Triassic sedimentary facies and reservoirs developing on the local anticlinal belts of both sides of the F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones,the major reservoirs in this area are expected to achieve breakthroughs in oil and gas exploration.展开更多
Objective:To highlight the role of hyper accuracy three-dimensional(3D)reconstruction in facilitating surgical planning and guiding selective clamping during robot-assisted partial nephrectomy(RAPN).Methods:A transper...Objective:To highlight the role of hyper accuracy three-dimensional(3D)reconstruction in facilitating surgical planning and guiding selective clamping during robot-assisted partial nephrectomy(RAPN).Methods:A transperitoneal RAPN was performed in a 62-year-old male patient presenting with a 4 cm right anterior interpolar renal mass(R.E.N.A.L nephrometry score 7A).An abnormal vasculature was observed,with a single renal vein and two right renal arteries originating superiorly to the vein and anterior,when dividing in their segmental branches.According to the hyper accuracy 3D(HA3D^(®))rainbow model(MEDICS Srl,Turin,Italy),one branch belonging to one of the segmental arteries was feeding the tumor.This allowed for an accurate prediction of the area vascularized by each arterial branch.The 3D model was included in the intraoperative console view during the whole procedure,using the TilePro feature.A step-by-step explanation of the procedure is provided in the video attached to the present article.Results:The operative time was 90 min with a warm ischemia time on selective clamping of 13 min.Estimated blood loss was 180 mL.No intraoperative complication was encountered and no drain was placed at the end of the procedure.The patient was discharged on postoperative Day 2,without any early postoperative complications.The final pathology report showed a pathological tumor stage 1 clear cell renal cell carcinoma with negative surgical margins.Conclusion:The present study and the attached video illustrate the value of 3D rainbow model during the planning and execution of a RAPN with selective clamping.It shows how the surgeon can rely on this model to be more efficient by avoiding unnecessary surgical steps,and to safely adopt a“selective”clamping strategy that can translate in minimal functional impact.展开更多
BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors.The three-dimensional quality structure model is a quality assessment theory that includes three dimensions:Structure,process,and results.AIM To ...BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors.The three-dimensional quality structure model is a quality assessment theory that includes three dimensions:Structure,process,and results.AIM To investigate the effects of nursing interventions with three-dimensional quality assessment on the efficacy and disease management ability of patients undergoing esophageal cancer surgery.METHODS In this prospective study,the control group received routine nursing,and the intervention group additionally received a three-dimensional quality assessment intervention based on the above routine care.Self-efficacy and patient disease management abilities were evaluated using the General Self-Efficacy Scale(GSES)and Exercise of Self-Care Agency scale,respectively.IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows,version 17.0,was used for the data processing.RESULTS This study recruited 112 patients who were assigned to the control and experi-mental groups(n=56 per group).Before the intervention,there was no significant difference in GSES scores between the two groups(P>0.05).After the inter-vention,the GSES scores of both groups increased,with the experimental group showing higher values(P<0.05).At the time of discharge and three months after discharge,the scores for positive attitudes,self-stress reduction,and total score of health promotion in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The implementation of a three-dimensional quality structure model for postoperative patients with esophageal cancer can effectively improve their self-management ability and self-efficacy of postoperative patients.展开更多
Background As information technology has advanced and been popularized,open pit mining has rapidly developed toward integration and digitization.The three-dimensional reconstruction technology has been successfully ap...Background As information technology has advanced and been popularized,open pit mining has rapidly developed toward integration and digitization.The three-dimensional reconstruction technology has been successfully applied to geological reconstruction and modeling of surface scenes in open pit mines.However,an integrated modeling method for surface and underground mine sites has not been reported.Methods In this study,we propose an integrated modeling method for open pit mines that fuses a real scene on the surface with an underground geological model.Based on oblique photography,a real-scene model was established on the surface.Based on the surface-stitching method proposed,the upper and lower surfaces and sides of the model were constructed in stages to construct a complete underground three-dimensional geological model,and the aboveground and underground models were registered together to build an integrated open pit mine model.Results The oblique photography method used reconstructed a surface model of an open pit mine using a real scene.The surface-stitching algorithm proposed was compared with the ball-pivoting and Poisson algorithms,and the integrity of the reconstructed model was markedly superior to that of the other two reconstruction methods.In addition,the surface-stitching algorithm was applied to the reconstruction of different formation models and showed good stability and reconstruction efficiency.Finally,the aboveground and underground models were accurately fitted after registration to form an integrated model.Conclusions The proposed method can efficiently establish an integrated open pit model.Based on the integrated model,an open pit auxiliary planning system was designed and realized.It supports the functions of mining planning and output calculation,assists users in mining planning and operation management,and improves production efficiency and management levels.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to explore the applications of three-dimensional (3D) technology, including virtual reality, augmented reality (AR), and 3D printing system, in the field of medicine, particularly in renal i...Objective:This study aimed to explore the applications of three-dimensional (3D) technology, including virtual reality, augmented reality (AR), and 3D printing system, in the field of medicine, particularly in renal interventions for cancer treatment.Methods:A specialized software transforms 2D medical images into precise 3D digital models, facilitating improved anatomical understanding and surgical planning. Patient-specific 3D printed anatomical models are utilized for preoperative planning, intraoperative guidance, and surgical education. AR technology enables the overlay of digital perceptions onto real-world surgical environments.Results:Patient-specific 3D printed anatomical models have multiple applications, such as preoperative planning, intraoperative guidance, trainee education, and patient counseling. Virtual reality involves substituting the real world with a computer-generated 3D environment, while AR overlays digitally created perceptions onto the existing reality. The advances in 3D modeling technology have sparked considerable interest in their application to partial nephrectomy in the realm of renal cancer. 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, constructs 3D objects based on computer-aided design or digital 3D models. Utilizing 3D-printed preoperative renal models provides benefits for surgical planning, offering a more reliable assessment of the tumor's relationship with vital anatomical structures and enabling better preparation for procedures. AR technology allows surgeons to visualize patient-specific renal anatomical structures and their spatial relationships with surrounding organs by projecting CT/MRI images onto a live laparoscopic video. Incorporating patient-specific 3D digital models into healthcare enhances best practice, resulting in improved patient care, increased patient satisfaction, and cost saving for the healthcare system.展开更多
The current method for inspecting microholes in printed circuit boards(PCBs)involves preparing slices followed by optical microscope measurements.However,this approach suffers from low detection efficiency,poor reliab...The current method for inspecting microholes in printed circuit boards(PCBs)involves preparing slices followed by optical microscope measurements.However,this approach suffers from low detection efficiency,poor reliability,and insufficient measurement stability.Micro-CT enables the observation of the internal structures of the sample without the need for slicing,thereby presenting a promising new method for assessing the quality of microholes in PCBs.This study integrates computer vision technology with computed tomography(CT)to propose a method for detecting microhole wall roughness using a U-Net model and image processing algorithms.This study established an unplated copper PCB CT image dataset and trained an improved U-Net model.Validation of the test set demonstrated that the improved model effectively segmented microholes in the PCB CT images.Subsequently,the roughness of the holes’walls was assessed using a customized image-processing algorithm.Comparative analysis between CT detection based on various edge detection algorithms and slice detection revealed that CT detection employing the Canny algorithm closely approximates slice detection,yielding range and average errors of 2.92 and 1.64μm,respectively.Hence,the detection method proposed in this paper offers a novel approach for nondestructive testing of hole wall roughness in the PCB industry.展开更多
Background: As the population age structure gradually ages, more and more elderly people were found to have pulmonary nodules during physical examinations. Most elderly people had underlying diseases such as heart, lu...Background: As the population age structure gradually ages, more and more elderly people were found to have pulmonary nodules during physical examinations. Most elderly people had underlying diseases such as heart, lung, brain and blood vessels and cannot tolerate surgery. Computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous core needle biopsy (CNB) was the first choice for pathological diagnosis and subsequent targeted drugs, immune drugs or ablation treatment. CT-guided percutaneous CNB requires clinicians with rich CNB experience to ensure high CNB accuracy, but it was easy to cause complications such as pneumothorax and hemorrhage. Three-dimensional (3D) printing coplanar template (PCT) combined with CT-guided percutaneous pulmonary CNB biopsy has been used in clinical practice, but there was no prospective, randomized controlled study. Methods: Elderly patients with lung nodules admitted to the Department of Oncology of our hospital from January 2019 to January 2023 were selected. A total of 225 elderly patients were screened, and 30 patients were included after screening. They were randomly divided into experimental group (Group A: 30 cases) and control group (Group B: 30 cases). Group A was given 3D-PCT combined with CT-guided percutaneous pulmonary CNB biopsy, Group B underwent CT-guided percutaneous pulmonary CNB. The primary outcome measure of this study was the accuracy of diagnostic CNB, and the secondary outcome measures were CNB time, number of CNB needles, number of pathological tissues and complications. Results: The diagnostic accuracy of group A and group B was 96.67% and 76.67%, respectively (P = 0.026). There were statistical differences between group A and group B in average CNB time (P = 0.001), number of CNB (1 vs more than 1, P = 0.029), and pathological tissue obtained by CNB (3 vs 1, P = 0.040). There was no statistical difference in the incidence of pneumothorax and hemorrhage between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: 3D-PCT combined with CT-guided percutaneous CNB can improve the puncture accuracy of elderly patients, shorten the puncture time, reduce the number of punctures, and increase the amount of puncture pathological tissue, without increasing pneumothorax and hemorrhage complications. We look forward to verifying this in a phase III randomized controlled clinical study. .展开更多
To address the problem that the display effect of hydrologic test data was not intuitive,the three-dimensional modeling technology of a hydrologic test reach based on GIS technology was proposed.The reach of of the Ye...To address the problem that the display effect of hydrologic test data was not intuitive,the three-dimensional modeling technology of a hydrologic test reach based on GIS technology was proposed.The reach of of the Yellow River around Lanzhou hydrological station was selected to study three-dimensional modeling.The elevation data of river was processed through three-dimensional model constructing,water surface modeling and three-dimensional animation demonstration by using ArcGIS Pro software.Based on the historical highest flood level data of the test reach on September 15,1981,the real scene restoration was carried out based on the three-dimensional model,and the hydrological factors such as water depth and channel storage were analyzed.The three-dimensional modeling based on GIS technology can directly and realistically reflect the changes of topography and water surface of the test reach,and improve the application of hydrologic test results in flood control.展开更多
A new three-dimensional semi-implicit finite-volume ocean model has been developed for simulating the coastal ocean circulation, which is based on the staggered C-unstructured non-orthogonal grid in the hor- izontal d...A new three-dimensional semi-implicit finite-volume ocean model has been developed for simulating the coastal ocean circulation, which is based on the staggered C-unstructured non-orthogonal grid in the hor- izontal direction and z-level grid in the vertical direction. The three-dimensional model is discretized by the semi-implicit finite-volume method, in that the free-surface and the vertical diffusion are semi-implicit, thereby removing stability limitations associated with the surface gravity wave and vertical diffusion terms. The remaining terms in the momentum equations are discretized explicitly by an integral method. The partial cell method is used for resolving topography, which enables the model to better represent irregular topography. The model has been tested against analytical cases for wind and tidal oscillation circulation, and is applied to simulating the tidal flow in the Bohal Sea. The results are in good agreement both with the analytical solutions and measurement results.展开更多
The objective of this work is to model the microstructure of asphalt mixture and build virtual test for asphalt mixture by using Particle Flow Code in three dimensions(PFC^(3D))based on three-dimensional discrete elem...The objective of this work is to model the microstructure of asphalt mixture and build virtual test for asphalt mixture by using Particle Flow Code in three dimensions(PFC^(3D))based on three-dimensional discrete element method.A randomly generating algorithm was proposed to capture the three-dimensional irregular shape of coarse aggregate.And then,modeling algorithm and method for graded aggregates were built.Based on the combination of modeling of coarse aggregates,asphalt mastic and air voids,three-dimensional virtual sample of asphalt mixture was modeled by using PFC^(3D).Virtual tests for penetration test of aggregate and uniaxial creep test of asphalt mixture were built and conducted by using PFC^(3D).By comparison of the testing results between virtual tests and actual laboratory tests,the validity of the microstructure modeling and virtual test built in this study was verified.Additionally,compared with laboratory test,the virtual test is easier to conduct and has less variability.It is proved that microstructure modeling and virtual test based on three-dimensional discrete element method is a promising way to conduct research of asphalt mixture.展开更多
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional(3D)modelling technology translates the patient-specific anatomical information derived from two-dimensional radiological images into virtual or physical 3D models,which more closely resemb...BACKGROUND Three-dimensional(3D)modelling technology translates the patient-specific anatomical information derived from two-dimensional radiological images into virtual or physical 3D models,which more closely resemble the complex environment encountered during surgery.It has been successfully applied to surgical planning and navigation,as well as surgical training and patient education in several surgical specialties,but its uptake lags behind in colorectal surgery.Rectal cancer surgery poses specific challenges due to the complex anatomy of the pelvis,which is difficult to comprehend and visualise.AIM To review the current and emerging applications of the 3D models,both virtual and physical,in rectal cancer surgery。METHODS Medline/PubMed,Embase and Scopus databases were searched using the keywords“rectal surgery”,“colorectal surgery”,“three-dimensional”,“3D”,“modelling”,“3D printing”,“surgical planning”,“surgical navigation”,“surgical education”,“patient education”to identify the eligible full-text studies published in English between 2001 and 2020.Reference list from each article was manually reviewed to identify additional relevant papers.The conference abstracts,animal and cadaveric studies and studies describing 3D pelvimetry or radiotherapy planning were excluded.Data were extracted from the retrieved manuscripts and summarised in a descriptive way.The manuscript was prepared and revised in accordance with PRISMA 2009 checklist.RESULTS Sixteen studies,including 9 feasibility studies,were included in the systematic review.The studies were classified into four categories:feasibility of the use of 3D modelling technology in rectal cancer surgery,preoperative planning and intraoperative navigation,surgical education and surgical device design.Thirteen studies used virtual models,one 3D printed model and 2 both types of models.The construction of virtual and physical models depicting the normal pelvic anatomy and rectal cancer,was shown to be feasible.Within the clinical context,3D models were used to identify vascular anomalies,for surgical planning and navigation in lateral pelvic wall lymph node dissection and in management of recurrent rectal cancer.Both physical and virtual 3D models were found to be valuable in surgical education,with a preference for 3D printed models.The main limitations of the current technology identified in the studies were related to the restrictions of the segmentation process and the lack of 3D printing materials that could mimic the soft and deformable tissues.CONCLUSION 3D modelling technology has potential to be utilised in multiple aspects of rectal cancer surgery,however,it is still at the experimental stage of application in this setting.展开更多
Dehydration of the subducting slab favors the melting of the surrounding mantle. Water content and melt evolution atop a spontaneously retreating subducting slab are reported in a three- dimensional （3-D） model. We ...Dehydration of the subducting slab favors the melting of the surrounding mantle. Water content and melt evolution atop a spontaneously retreating subducting slab are reported in a three- dimensional （3-D） model. We find that fluids, including water and melts in the rocks, vary substantially along the trench, which cannot be found in two-dimensional （2-D） models. Their maxima along the subducting slab are mainly located at about 50 to 70 and 120 to 140 kin. Volumetric melt production rate changes spatially and episodically atop the slab, which may reflect the intensity and variations of volcanoes.展开更多
This research studies the process of 3D reconstruction and dynamic concision based on 2D medical digital images using virtual reality modelling language (VRML) and JavaScript language, with a focus on how to realize t...This research studies the process of 3D reconstruction and dynamic concision based on 2D medical digital images using virtual reality modelling language (VRML) and JavaScript language, with a focus on how to realize the dynamic concision of 3D medical model with script node and sensor node in VRML. The 3D reconstruction and concision of body internal organs can be built with such high quality that they are better than those obtained from the traditional methods. With the function of dynamic concision, the VRML browser can offer better windows for man-computer interaction in real-time environment than ever before. 3D reconstruction and dynamic concision with VRML can be used to meet the requirement for the medical observation of 3D reconstruction and have a promising prospect in the fields of medical imaging.展开更多
Summary: A three-dimensional (3D) graphic model of a single-chain Fv (scFv) which was derived from an anti-human placental acidic isoferritin (PAF) monoclonal antibody (MAb) was construct- ed by a homologous protein...Summary: A three-dimensional (3D) graphic model of a single-chain Fv (scFv) which was derived from an anti-human placental acidic isoferritin (PAF) monoclonal antibody (MAb) was construct- ed by a homologous protein-predicting computer algorithm on Silicon graphic computer station. The structure, surface static electricity and hydrophobicity of scFv were investigated. Computer graphic modelling indicated that all regions of scFv including the linker, variable regions of the heavy (VH) and light (VL) chains were suitable. The VH region and the VL region were involved in composing the 'hydrophobic pocket'. The linker was drifted away VH and VL regions. The complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of VH and VL regions surrounded the 'hydrophobic pocket'. This study provides a theory basis for improving antibody affinity, investigating antibody structure and analyzing the functions of VH and VL regions in antibody activity.展开更多
Purpose: To evaluate the quality of three-dimensional (3D) CT angiography images of the abdominal viscera with small focal spot, low tube voltage, and iterative model reconstruction technique (IMR). Materials and Meth...Purpose: To evaluate the quality of three-dimensional (3D) CT angiography images of the abdominal viscera with small focal spot, low tube voltage, and iterative model reconstruction technique (IMR). Materials and Methods: Seven patients with suspected disease of the pancreatobiliary system had undergone CT with high-quality CTA protocol in the present study. There were 5 men and 2 women, ranging in age from 52 to 80 years (mean: 64 years). Results: Depiction of abdominal small artery, small portal vein was possible in all cases. In two cases that we were able to compare, it was superior to standard CTA in small vascular depiction in CTA made clearly in high quality protocol. Conclusions: Although the use of small focal spot, low tube voltage, and IMR can produce higher-quality images of abdominal vessels than standard CTA, this improvement is not significant at elevated radiation doses.展开更多
基金financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Nos.2022YFF0801201,2021YFC2900300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41872245,U1911202)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2020A1515010666)。
文摘To comprehensively utilize the valuable geological map,exploration profile,borehole,and geochemical logging data and the knowledge on the formation of the Jinshan Ag-Au deposit for forecasting the exploration targets of concealed ore bodies,three-dimensional Mineral Prospectivity Modeling(MPM)of the deposit has been conducted using the weights-of-evidence(WofE)method.Conditional independence between evidence layers was tested,and the outline results using the prediction-volume(P-V)and Student's t-statistic methods for delineating favorable mineralization areas from continuous posterior probability map were critically compared.Four exploration targets delineated ultimately by the Student's t-statistic method for the discovery of minable ore bodies in each of the target areas were discussed in detail.The main conclusions include:(1)three-dimensional modeling of a deposit using multi-source reconnaissance data is useful for MPM in interpreting their relationships with known ore bodies;(2)WofE modeling can be used as a straightforward tool for integrating deposit model and reconnaissance data in MPM;(3)the Student's t-statistic method is more applicable in binarizing the continuous prospectivity map for exploration targeting than the PV approach;and(4)two target areas within high potential to find undiscovered ore bodies were diagnosed to guide future near-mine exploration activities of the Jinshan deposit.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12372071 and 12372070)the Aeronautical Science Fund of China(No.2022Z055052001)the Foundation of China Scholarship Council(No.202306830079)。
文摘Currently,there are a limited number of dynamic models available for braided composite plates with large overall motions,despite the incorporation of three-dimensional(3D)braided composites into rotating blade components.In this paper,a dynamic model of 3D 4-directional braided composite thin plates considering braiding directions is established.Based on Kirchhoff's plate assumptions,the displacement variables of the plate are expressed.By incorporating the braiding directions into the constitutive equation of the braided composites,the dynamic model of the plate considering braiding directions is obtained.The effects of the speeds,braiding directions,and braided angles on the responses of the plate with fixed-axis rotation and translational motion,respectively,are investigated.This paper presents a dynamic theory for calculating the deformation of 3D braided composite structures undergoing both translational and rotational motions.It also provides a simulation method for investigating the dynamic behavior of non-isotropic material plates in various applications.
基金supported by a grant from the Research Grant Council of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(Project No.11207724).
文摘The development of digital twins for geotechnical structures necessitates the real-time updates of threedimensional(3D)virtual models(e.g.numerical finite element method(FEM)model)to accurately predict time-varying geotechnical responses(e.g.consolidation settlement)in a 3D spatial domain.However,traditional 3D numerical model updating approaches are computationally prohibitive and therefore difficult to update the 3D responses in real time.To address these challenges,this study proposes a novel machine learning framework called sparse dictionary learning(T-3D-SDL)for real-time updating of time-varying 3D geotechnical responses.In T-3D-SDL,a concerned dataset(e.g.time-varying 3D settlement)is approximated as a linear superposition of dictionary atoms generated from 3D random FEM analyses.Field monitoring data are then used to identify non-trivial atoms and estimate their weights within a Bayesian framework for model updating and prediction.The proposed approach enables the real-time update of temporally varying settlements with a high 3D spatial resolution and quantified uncertainty as field monitoring data evolve.The proposed approach is illustrated using an embankment construction project.The results show that the proposed approach effectively improves settlement predictions along temporal and 3D spatial dimensions,with minimal latency(e.g.within minutes),as monitoring data appear.In addition,the proposed approach requires only a reasonably small number of 3D FEM model evaluations,avoids the use of widely adopted yet often criticized surrogate models,and effectively addresses the limitations(e.g.computational inefficiency)of existing 3D model updating approaches.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.92371206)the Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province,China(No.CX2023063).
文摘Satellite Component Layout Optimization(SCLO) is crucial in satellite system design.This paper proposes a novel Satellite Three-Dimensional Component Assignment and Layout Optimization(3D-SCALO) problem tailored to engineering requirements, aiming to optimize satellite heat dissipation while considering constraints on static stability, 3D geometric relationships between components, and special component positions. The 3D-SCALO problem is a challenging bilevel combinatorial optimization task, involving the optimization of discrete component assignment variables in the outer layer and continuous component position variables in the inner layer,with both influencing each other. To address this issue, first, a Mixed Integer Programming(MIP) model is proposed, which reformulates the original bilevel problem into a single-level optimization problem, enabling the exploration of a more comprehensive optimization space while avoiding iterative nested optimization. Then, to model the 3D geometric relationships between components within the MIP framework, a linearized 3D Phi-function method is proposed, which handles non-overlapping and safety distance constraints between cuboid components in an explicit and effective way. Subsequently, the Finite-Rectangle Method(FRM) is proposed to manage 3D geometric constraints for complex-shaped components by approximating them with a finite set of cuboids, extending the applicability of the geometric modeling approach. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed MIP model are demonstrated through two numerical examples"and a real-world engineering case, which confirms its suitability for complex-shaped components and real engineering applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52275291)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe Program for Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province,China (No. 2023-CX-TD-17)
文摘Hypoxia is a typical feature of the tumor microenvironment,one of the most critical factors affecting cell behavior and tumor progression.However,the lack of tumor models able to precisely emulate natural brain tumor tissue has impeded the study of the effects of hypoxia on the progression and growth of tumor cells.This study reports a three-dimensional(3D)brain tumor model obtained by encapsulating U87MG(U87)cells in a hydrogel containing type I collagen.It also documents the effect of various oxygen concentrations(1%,7%,and 21%)in the culture environment on U87 cell morphology,proliferation,viability,cell cycle,apoptosis rate,and migration.Finally,it compares two-dimensional(2D)and 3D cultures.For comparison purposes,cells cultured in flat culture dishes were used as the control(2D model).Cells cultured in the 3D model proliferated more slowly but had a higher apoptosis rate and proportion of cells in the resting phase(G0 phase)/gap I phase(G1 phase)than those cultured in the 2D model.Besides,the two models yielded significantly different cell morphologies.Finally,hypoxia(e.g.,1%O2)affected cell morphology,slowed cell growth,reduced cell viability,and increased the apoptosis rate in the 3D model.These results indicate that the constructed 3D model is effective for investigating the effects of biological and chemical factors on cell morphology and function,and can be more representative of the tumor microenvironment than 2D culture systems.The developed 3D glioblastoma tumor model is equally applicable to other studies in pharmacology and pathology.
基金Supported by the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(42330810).
文摘With drilling and seismic data of Transtensional(strike-slip)Fault System in the Ziyang area of the central Sichuan Basin,SW China plane-section integrated structural interpretation,3-D fault framework model building,fault throw analyzing,and balanced profile restoration,it is pointed out that the transtensional fault system in the Ziyang 3-D seismic survey consists of the northeast-trending F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones dominated by extensional deformation,as well as 3 sets of northwest-trending en echelon normal faults experienced dextral shear deformation.Among them,the F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones cut through the Neoproterozoic to Lower Triassic Jialingjiang Formation,presenting a 3-D structure of an“S”-shaped ribbon.And before Permian and during the Early Triassic,the F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones underwent at least two periods of structural superimposition.Besides,the 3 sets of northwest-trending en echelon normal faults are composed of small normal faults arranged in pairs,with opposite dip directions and partially left-stepped arrangement.And before Permian,they had formed almost,restricting the eastward growth and propagation of the F_(I)19 fault zone.The F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones communicate multiple sets of source rocks and reservoirs from deep to shallow,and the timing of fault activity matches well with oil and gas generation peaks.If there were favorable Cambrian-Triassic sedimentary facies and reservoirs developing on the local anticlinal belts of both sides of the F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones,the major reservoirs in this area are expected to achieve breakthroughs in oil and gas exploration.
文摘Objective:To highlight the role of hyper accuracy three-dimensional(3D)reconstruction in facilitating surgical planning and guiding selective clamping during robot-assisted partial nephrectomy(RAPN).Methods:A transperitoneal RAPN was performed in a 62-year-old male patient presenting with a 4 cm right anterior interpolar renal mass(R.E.N.A.L nephrometry score 7A).An abnormal vasculature was observed,with a single renal vein and two right renal arteries originating superiorly to the vein and anterior,when dividing in their segmental branches.According to the hyper accuracy 3D(HA3D^(®))rainbow model(MEDICS Srl,Turin,Italy),one branch belonging to one of the segmental arteries was feeding the tumor.This allowed for an accurate prediction of the area vascularized by each arterial branch.The 3D model was included in the intraoperative console view during the whole procedure,using the TilePro feature.A step-by-step explanation of the procedure is provided in the video attached to the present article.Results:The operative time was 90 min with a warm ischemia time on selective clamping of 13 min.Estimated blood loss was 180 mL.No intraoperative complication was encountered and no drain was placed at the end of the procedure.The patient was discharged on postoperative Day 2,without any early postoperative complications.The final pathology report showed a pathological tumor stage 1 clear cell renal cell carcinoma with negative surgical margins.Conclusion:The present study and the attached video illustrate the value of 3D rainbow model during the planning and execution of a RAPN with selective clamping.It shows how the surgeon can rely on this model to be more efficient by avoiding unnecessary surgical steps,and to safely adopt a“selective”clamping strategy that can translate in minimal functional impact.
文摘BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors.The three-dimensional quality structure model is a quality assessment theory that includes three dimensions:Structure,process,and results.AIM To investigate the effects of nursing interventions with three-dimensional quality assessment on the efficacy and disease management ability of patients undergoing esophageal cancer surgery.METHODS In this prospective study,the control group received routine nursing,and the intervention group additionally received a three-dimensional quality assessment intervention based on the above routine care.Self-efficacy and patient disease management abilities were evaluated using the General Self-Efficacy Scale(GSES)and Exercise of Self-Care Agency scale,respectively.IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows,version 17.0,was used for the data processing.RESULTS This study recruited 112 patients who were assigned to the control and experi-mental groups(n=56 per group).Before the intervention,there was no significant difference in GSES scores between the two groups(P>0.05).After the inter-vention,the GSES scores of both groups increased,with the experimental group showing higher values(P<0.05).At the time of discharge and three months after discharge,the scores for positive attitudes,self-stress reduction,and total score of health promotion in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The implementation of a three-dimensional quality structure model for postoperative patients with esophageal cancer can effectively improve their self-management ability and self-efficacy of postoperative patients.
基金Supported by Liaoning Province Science and Technology Research Project(2021JH1/10400011)National Natural Science Foundation of China(61971118).
文摘Background As information technology has advanced and been popularized,open pit mining has rapidly developed toward integration and digitization.The three-dimensional reconstruction technology has been successfully applied to geological reconstruction and modeling of surface scenes in open pit mines.However,an integrated modeling method for surface and underground mine sites has not been reported.Methods In this study,we propose an integrated modeling method for open pit mines that fuses a real scene on the surface with an underground geological model.Based on oblique photography,a real-scene model was established on the surface.Based on the surface-stitching method proposed,the upper and lower surfaces and sides of the model were constructed in stages to construct a complete underground three-dimensional geological model,and the aboveground and underground models were registered together to build an integrated open pit mine model.Results The oblique photography method used reconstructed a surface model of an open pit mine using a real scene.The surface-stitching algorithm proposed was compared with the ball-pivoting and Poisson algorithms,and the integrity of the reconstructed model was markedly superior to that of the other two reconstruction methods.In addition,the surface-stitching algorithm was applied to the reconstruction of different formation models and showed good stability and reconstruction efficiency.Finally,the aboveground and underground models were accurately fitted after registration to form an integrated model.Conclusions The proposed method can efficiently establish an integrated open pit model.Based on the integrated model,an open pit auxiliary planning system was designed and realized.It supports the functions of mining planning and output calculation,assists users in mining planning and operation management,and improves production efficiency and management levels.
文摘Objective:This study aimed to explore the applications of three-dimensional (3D) technology, including virtual reality, augmented reality (AR), and 3D printing system, in the field of medicine, particularly in renal interventions for cancer treatment.Methods:A specialized software transforms 2D medical images into precise 3D digital models, facilitating improved anatomical understanding and surgical planning. Patient-specific 3D printed anatomical models are utilized for preoperative planning, intraoperative guidance, and surgical education. AR technology enables the overlay of digital perceptions onto real-world surgical environments.Results:Patient-specific 3D printed anatomical models have multiple applications, such as preoperative planning, intraoperative guidance, trainee education, and patient counseling. Virtual reality involves substituting the real world with a computer-generated 3D environment, while AR overlays digitally created perceptions onto the existing reality. The advances in 3D modeling technology have sparked considerable interest in their application to partial nephrectomy in the realm of renal cancer. 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, constructs 3D objects based on computer-aided design or digital 3D models. Utilizing 3D-printed preoperative renal models provides benefits for surgical planning, offering a more reliable assessment of the tumor's relationship with vital anatomical structures and enabling better preparation for procedures. AR technology allows surgeons to visualize patient-specific renal anatomical structures and their spatial relationships with surrounding organs by projecting CT/MRI images onto a live laparoscopic video. Incorporating patient-specific 3D digital models into healthcare enhances best practice, resulting in improved patient care, increased patient satisfaction, and cost saving for the healthcare system.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52122510 and 52375415).
文摘The current method for inspecting microholes in printed circuit boards(PCBs)involves preparing slices followed by optical microscope measurements.However,this approach suffers from low detection efficiency,poor reliability,and insufficient measurement stability.Micro-CT enables the observation of the internal structures of the sample without the need for slicing,thereby presenting a promising new method for assessing the quality of microholes in PCBs.This study integrates computer vision technology with computed tomography(CT)to propose a method for detecting microhole wall roughness using a U-Net model and image processing algorithms.This study established an unplated copper PCB CT image dataset and trained an improved U-Net model.Validation of the test set demonstrated that the improved model effectively segmented microholes in the PCB CT images.Subsequently,the roughness of the holes’walls was assessed using a customized image-processing algorithm.Comparative analysis between CT detection based on various edge detection algorithms and slice detection revealed that CT detection employing the Canny algorithm closely approximates slice detection,yielding range and average errors of 2.92 and 1.64μm,respectively.Hence,the detection method proposed in this paper offers a novel approach for nondestructive testing of hole wall roughness in the PCB industry.
文摘Background: As the population age structure gradually ages, more and more elderly people were found to have pulmonary nodules during physical examinations. Most elderly people had underlying diseases such as heart, lung, brain and blood vessels and cannot tolerate surgery. Computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous core needle biopsy (CNB) was the first choice for pathological diagnosis and subsequent targeted drugs, immune drugs or ablation treatment. CT-guided percutaneous CNB requires clinicians with rich CNB experience to ensure high CNB accuracy, but it was easy to cause complications such as pneumothorax and hemorrhage. Three-dimensional (3D) printing coplanar template (PCT) combined with CT-guided percutaneous pulmonary CNB biopsy has been used in clinical practice, but there was no prospective, randomized controlled study. Methods: Elderly patients with lung nodules admitted to the Department of Oncology of our hospital from January 2019 to January 2023 were selected. A total of 225 elderly patients were screened, and 30 patients were included after screening. They were randomly divided into experimental group (Group A: 30 cases) and control group (Group B: 30 cases). Group A was given 3D-PCT combined with CT-guided percutaneous pulmonary CNB biopsy, Group B underwent CT-guided percutaneous pulmonary CNB. The primary outcome measure of this study was the accuracy of diagnostic CNB, and the secondary outcome measures were CNB time, number of CNB needles, number of pathological tissues and complications. Results: The diagnostic accuracy of group A and group B was 96.67% and 76.67%, respectively (P = 0.026). There were statistical differences between group A and group B in average CNB time (P = 0.001), number of CNB (1 vs more than 1, P = 0.029), and pathological tissue obtained by CNB (3 vs 1, P = 0.040). There was no statistical difference in the incidence of pneumothorax and hemorrhage between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: 3D-PCT combined with CT-guided percutaneous CNB can improve the puncture accuracy of elderly patients, shorten the puncture time, reduce the number of punctures, and increase the amount of puncture pathological tissue, without increasing pneumothorax and hemorrhage complications. We look forward to verifying this in a phase III randomized controlled clinical study. .
文摘To address the problem that the display effect of hydrologic test data was not intuitive,the three-dimensional modeling technology of a hydrologic test reach based on GIS technology was proposed.The reach of of the Yellow River around Lanzhou hydrological station was selected to study three-dimensional modeling.The elevation data of river was processed through three-dimensional model constructing,water surface modeling and three-dimensional animation demonstration by using ArcGIS Pro software.Based on the historical highest flood level data of the test reach on September 15,1981,the real scene restoration was carried out based on the three-dimensional model,and the hydrological factors such as water depth and channel storage were analyzed.The three-dimensional modeling based on GIS technology can directly and realistically reflect the changes of topography and water surface of the test reach,and improve the application of hydrologic test results in flood control.
基金The Major State Basic Research Program of China under contract No. 2012CB417002the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 50909065 and 51109039
文摘A new three-dimensional semi-implicit finite-volume ocean model has been developed for simulating the coastal ocean circulation, which is based on the staggered C-unstructured non-orthogonal grid in the hor- izontal direction and z-level grid in the vertical direction. The three-dimensional model is discretized by the semi-implicit finite-volume method, in that the free-surface and the vertical diffusion are semi-implicit, thereby removing stability limitations associated with the surface gravity wave and vertical diffusion terms. The remaining terms in the momentum equations are discretized explicitly by an integral method. The partial cell method is used for resolving topography, which enables the model to better represent irregular topography. The model has been tested against analytical cases for wind and tidal oscillation circulation, and is applied to simulating the tidal flow in the Bohal Sea. The results are in good agreement both with the analytical solutions and measurement results.
基金Project(51378006) supported by National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(141076) supported by Huoyingdong Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China+1 种基金Project(2242015R30027) supported by Excellent Young Teacher Program of Southeast University,ChinaProject(BK20140109) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China
文摘The objective of this work is to model the microstructure of asphalt mixture and build virtual test for asphalt mixture by using Particle Flow Code in three dimensions(PFC^(3D))based on three-dimensional discrete element method.A randomly generating algorithm was proposed to capture the three-dimensional irregular shape of coarse aggregate.And then,modeling algorithm and method for graded aggregates were built.Based on the combination of modeling of coarse aggregates,asphalt mastic and air voids,three-dimensional virtual sample of asphalt mixture was modeled by using PFC^(3D).Virtual tests for penetration test of aggregate and uniaxial creep test of asphalt mixture were built and conducted by using PFC^(3D).By comparison of the testing results between virtual tests and actual laboratory tests,the validity of the microstructure modeling and virtual test built in this study was verified.Additionally,compared with laboratory test,the virtual test is easier to conduct and has less variability.It is proved that microstructure modeling and virtual test based on three-dimensional discrete element method is a promising way to conduct research of asphalt mixture.
文摘BACKGROUND Three-dimensional(3D)modelling technology translates the patient-specific anatomical information derived from two-dimensional radiological images into virtual or physical 3D models,which more closely resemble the complex environment encountered during surgery.It has been successfully applied to surgical planning and navigation,as well as surgical training and patient education in several surgical specialties,but its uptake lags behind in colorectal surgery.Rectal cancer surgery poses specific challenges due to the complex anatomy of the pelvis,which is difficult to comprehend and visualise.AIM To review the current and emerging applications of the 3D models,both virtual and physical,in rectal cancer surgery。METHODS Medline/PubMed,Embase and Scopus databases were searched using the keywords“rectal surgery”,“colorectal surgery”,“three-dimensional”,“3D”,“modelling”,“3D printing”,“surgical planning”,“surgical navigation”,“surgical education”,“patient education”to identify the eligible full-text studies published in English between 2001 and 2020.Reference list from each article was manually reviewed to identify additional relevant papers.The conference abstracts,animal and cadaveric studies and studies describing 3D pelvimetry or radiotherapy planning were excluded.Data were extracted from the retrieved manuscripts and summarised in a descriptive way.The manuscript was prepared and revised in accordance with PRISMA 2009 checklist.RESULTS Sixteen studies,including 9 feasibility studies,were included in the systematic review.The studies were classified into four categories:feasibility of the use of 3D modelling technology in rectal cancer surgery,preoperative planning and intraoperative navigation,surgical education and surgical device design.Thirteen studies used virtual models,one 3D printed model and 2 both types of models.The construction of virtual and physical models depicting the normal pelvic anatomy and rectal cancer,was shown to be feasible.Within the clinical context,3D models were used to identify vascular anomalies,for surgical planning and navigation in lateral pelvic wall lymph node dissection and in management of recurrent rectal cancer.Both physical and virtual 3D models were found to be valuable in surgical education,with a preference for 3D printed models.The main limitations of the current technology identified in the studies were related to the restrictions of the segmentation process and the lack of 3D printing materials that could mimic the soft and deformable tissues.CONCLUSION 3D modelling technology has potential to be utilised in multiple aspects of rectal cancer surgery,however,it is still at the experimental stage of application in this setting.
基金supported by the SNF (Nos. 200021-116381/1,200020-126832/1)
文摘Dehydration of the subducting slab favors the melting of the surrounding mantle. Water content and melt evolution atop a spontaneously retreating subducting slab are reported in a three- dimensional （3-D） model. We find that fluids, including water and melts in the rocks, vary substantially along the trench, which cannot be found in two-dimensional （2-D） models. Their maxima along the subducting slab are mainly located at about 50 to 70 and 120 to 140 kin. Volumetric melt production rate changes spatially and episodically atop the slab, which may reflect the intensity and variations of volcanoes.
基金Postdoctoral Fund of China (No. 2003034518), Fund of Health Bureau of Zhejiang Province (No. 2004B042), China
文摘This research studies the process of 3D reconstruction and dynamic concision based on 2D medical digital images using virtual reality modelling language (VRML) and JavaScript language, with a focus on how to realize the dynamic concision of 3D medical model with script node and sensor node in VRML. The 3D reconstruction and concision of body internal organs can be built with such high quality that they are better than those obtained from the traditional methods. With the function of dynamic concision, the VRML browser can offer better windows for man-computer interaction in real-time environment than ever before. 3D reconstruction and dynamic concision with VRML can be used to meet the requirement for the medical observation of 3D reconstruction and have a promising prospect in the fields of medical imaging.
文摘Summary: A three-dimensional (3D) graphic model of a single-chain Fv (scFv) which was derived from an anti-human placental acidic isoferritin (PAF) monoclonal antibody (MAb) was construct- ed by a homologous protein-predicting computer algorithm on Silicon graphic computer station. The structure, surface static electricity and hydrophobicity of scFv were investigated. Computer graphic modelling indicated that all regions of scFv including the linker, variable regions of the heavy (VH) and light (VL) chains were suitable. The VH region and the VL region were involved in composing the 'hydrophobic pocket'. The linker was drifted away VH and VL regions. The complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of VH and VL regions surrounded the 'hydrophobic pocket'. This study provides a theory basis for improving antibody affinity, investigating antibody structure and analyzing the functions of VH and VL regions in antibody activity.
文摘Purpose: To evaluate the quality of three-dimensional (3D) CT angiography images of the abdominal viscera with small focal spot, low tube voltage, and iterative model reconstruction technique (IMR). Materials and Methods: Seven patients with suspected disease of the pancreatobiliary system had undergone CT with high-quality CTA protocol in the present study. There were 5 men and 2 women, ranging in age from 52 to 80 years (mean: 64 years). Results: Depiction of abdominal small artery, small portal vein was possible in all cases. In two cases that we were able to compare, it was superior to standard CTA in small vascular depiction in CTA made clearly in high quality protocol. Conclusions: Although the use of small focal spot, low tube voltage, and IMR can produce higher-quality images of abdominal vessels than standard CTA, this improvement is not significant at elevated radiation doses.
