Reef limestone is buried in the continental shelf and marine environment.Understanding the mechanisms governing filter cake formation in coral reef limestone strata is essential for various engineering activities in c...Reef limestone is buried in the continental shelf and marine environment.Understanding the mechanisms governing filter cake formation in coral reef limestone strata is essential for various engineering activities in coastal areas,including slurry pressure balanced(SPB)shield tunneling,which are currently not well understood.This study systematically investigates the slurry infiltration characteristics of different coral reef limestone types with inherent anisotropy,identified by growth line orientations,through a series of micro-infiltration column tests.Multiple slurry concentrations and pressures were used to analyze their effects on slurry infiltration dynamics and filter cake formation.Pre-and post-infiltration CT scanning was conducted to examine skeletal morphology and reconstruct the pore network structure of coral reef limestone samples.The results show that while increased slurry concentrations and pressures generally improve filter cake formation,excessive pressure can compromise filter cake integrity.By employing Dijkstra’s algorithm in a pore network model,the study identified primary seepage pathways,highlighting the significant role of near-vertical throat clusters in the infiltration process.A comprehensive analysis of pore structure and connectivity indices before and after infiltration revealed that the orientation of growth lines in coral reef limestone is the primary factor influencing macroscopic slurry infiltration behavior.These findings offer valuable insights for the design and execution of tunneling projects through coral reef limestone formations,especially in coastal regions.展开更多
To better understand the biological structure of bigeye tuna(Thunnus obesus),albacore tuna(Thunnus alalunga),and longtail tuna(Thunnus tonggol),computed tomography(CT)was used to scan their bodies,and the data are pro...To better understand the biological structure of bigeye tuna(Thunnus obesus),albacore tuna(Thunnus alalunga),and longtail tuna(Thunnus tonggol),computed tomography(CT)was used to scan their bodies,and the data are processed by Mimics software.The skeleton,swim bladder,and muscle of the three tuna species are reconstructed in three dimensions.The surface area and volume of the corresponding parts are measured.The results show that the surface areas of the skeleton of longtail tuna,bigeye tuna,albacore tuna accounted for 28.18%,37.34%,33.45%of their whole body surface areas respectively;the surface areas of swim bladder accounted for 0,2.06%,2.72% of their whole body surface area respectively;and the surface areas of muscle accounted for 71.82%,60.6%,63.83%of their whole body surface areas respectively.And the volumes of skeleton accounted for 28.18%,8.05%,3.84%,the volumes of swim bladder accounted for 0,3.44%,0.92%,and the volumes of muscle accounted for 94.84%,88.51%,95.24%of their body volumes respectively.The swim bladder of the longtail tuna has degenerated,while that of the bigeye tuna is conical,exhibiting the highest volume proportion among the three species.In contrast,the swim bladder of the albacore tuna is both flat and elongated,resembling an arc.Additionally,the surface area and the volume of the bigeye tuna’s swim bladder differ signifi-cantly from those of the albacore tuna.Regarding skeletal and muscular structures,the bigeye tuna has the highest skeletal volume proportion(8.05%),whereas the albacore tuna exhibits the highest muscle volume proportion(95.24%).These morphological differences are closely associated with their respective habitats.This study demonstrates the potential of CT technology in fish morphological research,providing a reliable,non-invasive method for analyzing internal structures,quantifying organ characteristics and improving the accuracy of acoustic stock assessment.展开更多
Due to the reservoir heterogeneity and the stress shadow effect, multiple hydraulic fractures within one fracturing segment cannot be initiated simultaneously and propagate evenly, which will cause a low effectiveness...Due to the reservoir heterogeneity and the stress shadow effect, multiple hydraulic fractures within one fracturing segment cannot be initiated simultaneously and propagate evenly, which will cause a low effectiveness of reservoir stimulation. Temporary plugging and diverting fracturing(TPDF) is considered to be a potential uniform-stimulation method for creating multiple fractures simultaneously in the oilfield. However, the multi-fracture propagation morphology during TPDF is not clear now. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively investigate the multi-fracture propagation morphology during TPDF through true tri-axial fracturing experiments and CT scanning. Critical parameters such as fracture spacing, number of perforation clusters, the viscosity of fracturing fluid, and the in-situ stress have been investigated. The fracture geometry before and after diversion have been quantitively analyzed based on the two-dimensional CT slices and three-dimensional reconstruction method. The main conclusions are as follows:(1) When injecting the high viscosity fluid or perforating at the location with low in-situ stress, multiple hydraulic fractures would simultaneously propagate. Otherwise, only one hydraulic fracture was created during the initial fracturing stage(IFS) for most tests.(2) The perforation cluster effectiveness(PCE) has increased from 26.62% during the IFS to 88.86% after using diverters.(3) The diverted fracture volume has no apparent correlation with the pressure peak and peak frequency during the diversion fracturing stage(DFS) but is positively correlated with water-work.(4) Four types of plugging behavior in shale could be controlled by adjusting the diverter recipe and diverter injection time, and the plugging behavior includes plugging the natural fracture in the wellbore, plugging the previous hydraulic fractures, plugging the fracture tip and plugging the bedding.展开更多
Hot water flooding is an effective way to develop heavy oil reservoirs.However,local channeling channels may form,possibly leading to a low thermal utilization efficiency and high water cut in the reservoir.The pore s...Hot water flooding is an effective way to develop heavy oil reservoirs.However,local channeling channels may form,possibly leading to a low thermal utilization efficiency and high water cut in the reservoir.The pore structure heterogeneity is an important factor in forming these channels.This study proposes a method that mixes quartz sand with different particle sizes to prepare weakly heterogeneous and strongly heterogeneous models through which hot water flooding experiments are conducted.During the experiments,computer tomography(CT)scanning identifies the pore structure and micro remaining oil saturation distribution to analyze the influence of the pore structure heterogeneity on the channeling channels.The oil saturation reduction and average pore size are divided into three levels to quantitatively describe the relationship between the channeling channel distribution and pore structure heterogeneity.The zone where oil saturation reduction exceeds 20%is defined as a channeling channel.The scanning area is divided into 180 equally sized zones based on the CT scanning images,and threedimensional(3D)distributions of the channeling channels are developed.Four micro remaining oil distribution patterns are proposed,and the morphology characteristics of micro remaining oil inside and outside the channeling channels are analyzed.The results show that hot water flooding is more balanced in the weakly heterogeneous model,and the oil saturation decreases by more than 20%in most zones without narrow channeling channels forming.In the strongly heterogeneous model,hot water flooding is unbalanced,and three narrow channeling channels of different lengths form.In the weakly heterogeneous model,the oil saturation reduction is greater in zones with larger pores.The distribution range of the average pore size is larger in the strongly heterogeneous model.The network remaining oil inside the channeling channels is less than outside the channeling channels,and the hot water converts the network remaining oil into cluster,film,and droplet remaining oil.展开更多
To investigate the macroscopic fatigue properties and the mesoscopic pore evolution characteristics of salt rock under cyclic loading,fatigue tests under different upper-limit stresses were carried out on salt rock,an...To investigate the macroscopic fatigue properties and the mesoscopic pore evolution characteristics of salt rock under cyclic loading,fatigue tests under different upper-limit stresses were carried out on salt rock,and the mesoscopic pore structures of salt rock before and after fatigue tests and under different cycle numbers were measured using CT scanning instrument.Based on the test results,the effects of the cycle number and the upper-limit stress on the evolution of cracks,pore morphology,pore number,pore volume,pore size,plane porosity,and volume porosity of salt rock were analyzed.The failure path of salt rock specimens under cyclic loading was analyzed using the distribution law of plane porosity.The damage variable of salt rock under cyclic loading was defined on basis of the variation of volume porosity with cycle number.In order to describe the fatigue deformation behavior of salt rock under cyclic loading,the nonlinear Burgers damage constitutive model was further established.The results show that the model established can better reflect the whole development process of fatigue deformation of salt rock under cyclic loading.展开更多
A close relationship exists between the pore network structure of microbial solidified soil and its macroscopic mechanical properties.The microbial solidified engineering residue and sand were scanned by computed tomo...A close relationship exists between the pore network structure of microbial solidified soil and its macroscopic mechanical properties.The microbial solidified engineering residue and sand were scanned by computed tomography(CT),and a three-dimensional model of the sample was established by digital image processing.A spatial pore network ball-stick model of the representative elementary volume(REV)was established,and the REV parameters of the sample were calculated.The pore radius,throat radius,pore coordination number,and throat length were normally distributed.The soil particle size was larger after solidification.The calcium carbonate content of the microbial solidified engineering residue’s consolidated layer decreased with the soil depth,the porosity increased,the pore and throat network developed,and the ultimate structure was relatively stable.The calcium carbonate content of the microbial solidified sand’s consolidated layer decreased and increased with the soil depth.The content reached the maximum,the hardness of the consolidated layer was the highest,and the development of the pore and throat network was optimum at a depth of 10–15 mm.展开更多
In this study,cylindrical sandstone samples were imaged by CT scanning technique,and the pore structure images of sandstone samples were analyzed and generated by combining with StyleGAN2-ADA generative adversarial ne...In this study,cylindrical sandstone samples were imaged by CT scanning technique,and the pore structure images of sandstone samples were analyzed and generated by combining with StyleGAN2-ADA generative adversarial network(GAN)model.Firstly,nine small column samples with a diameter of 4 mm were drilled from sandstone samples with a diameter of 2.5 cm,and their CT scanning results were preprocessed.Because the change between adjacent slices was little,using all slices directly may lead to the problem of pattern collapse in the process of model generation.In order to solve this problem,one slice was selected as training data every 30 slices,and the diversity of slices was verified by calculating the LPIPS values of these slices.The results showed that the strategy of selecting one slice every 30 slices could effectively improve the diversity of images generated by the model and avoid the phenomenon of pattern collapse.Through this process,a total of 295 discontinuous two-dimensional slices were generated for the generation and segmentation analysis of sandstone pore structures.This study can provide effective data support for accurate segmentation of porous medium structures,and simultaneously improves the stability and diversity of generative adversarial network under the condition of small samples.展开更多
The geometry of joints has a significant influence on the mechanical properties of rocks.To simplify the curved joint shapes in rocks,the joint shape is usually treated as straight lines or planes in most laboratory e...The geometry of joints has a significant influence on the mechanical properties of rocks.To simplify the curved joint shapes in rocks,the joint shape is usually treated as straight lines or planes in most laboratory experiments and numerical simulations.In this study,the computerized tomography (CT) scanning and photogrammetry were employed to obtain the internal and surface joint structures of a limestone sample,respectively.To describe the joint geometry,the edge detection algorithms and a three-dimensional (3D) matrix mapping method were applied to reconstruct CT-based and photogrammetry-based jointed rock models.For comparison tests,the numerical uniaxial compression tests were conducted on an intact rock sample and a sample with a joint simplified to a plane using the parallel computing method.The results indicate that the mechanical characteristics and failure process of jointed rocks are significantly affected by the geometry of joints.The presence of joints reduces the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS),elastic modulus,and released acoustic emission (AE) energy of rocks by 37%–67%,21%–24%,and 52%–90%,respectively.Compared to the simplified joint sample,the proposed photogrammetry-based numerical model makes the most of the limited geometry information of joints.The UCS,accumulative released AE energy,and elastic modulus of the photogrammetry-based sample were found to be very close to those of the CT-based sample.The UCS value of the simplified joint sample (i.e.38.5 MPa) is much lower than that of the CT-based sample (i.e.72.3 MPa).Additionally,the accumulative released AE energy observed in the simplified joint sample is 3.899 times lower than that observed in the CT-based sample.CT scanning provides a reliable means to visualize the joints in rocks,which can be used to verify the reliability of photogrammetry techniques.The application of the photogrammetry-based sample enables detailed analysis for estimating the mechanical properties of jointed rocks.展开更多
Objective: to analyze the clinical significance of low-dose thin-layer CT scanning in the treatment of small pulmonary nodules. Methods: the clinical data of 78 patients with micronodular pulmonary nodules admitted to...Objective: to analyze the clinical significance of low-dose thin-layer CT scanning in the treatment of small pulmonary nodules. Methods: the clinical data of 78 patients with micronodular pulmonary nodules admitted to our hospital from August 2019 to August 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The two treatments were compared and the radiation dose was scanned simultaneously. Results: Compared the detection rate of nodules in the process of low-dose thin-layer CT scanning with the way of conventional low-dose CT scanning, the difference between the two was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The current weight CT dose index (CTDlw) and the product of dose length (DLP) of low-dose thin-slice CT scan are much lower than those of conventional dose CT scan, and the difference between the two is statistically significant (P <0.05). Conclusion: the low-dose thin-layer CT scanning technology has very ideal diagnostic value for the diagnosis of small pulmonary nodules, and can very effectively reduce the scanning radiation dose.展开更多
Permafrost is an important part of the cryosphere,playing an integral role in the hydrologic cycle,ecology,and influencing human activity.Melting of ground ice can drastically change landscapes and associated thaw sub...Permafrost is an important part of the cryosphere,playing an integral role in the hydrologic cycle,ecology,and influencing human activity.Melting of ground ice can drastically change landscapes and associated thaw subsidence may induce instability of infrastructure.The terrain conditions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are complex,and the spatial distribution of ground ice is highly variable,so knowledge of its abundance and variability is required for impact assessments relating to the degradation of permafrost.This study examined 55 permafrost samples from warm,ice-rich permafrost region in Beiluhe Basin,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The samples were examined using Computed Tomography scanning,and the ice content and cryostructure were determined.The results indicated that:1)variation in volumetric ice content was considerable(0%-70%),with a mean value of 17%;2)seven cryostructures were identified,including crustal,vein,lenticular,ataxitic,reticulate and layered cryostructure;3)volumetric ice content varied by cryostructure,with the highest associated with layered and ataxitic cryostructures.Volumetric ice contents were lowest for samples with pore and lenticular cryostructures.This work provides detailed ground ice content and will be helpful for assessing thaw subsidence and infrastructure stability on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.展开更多
Soil-rock mixture(SRM),as a type of extremely heterogeneous geomaterial,is very common in nature and engineering.The fracture and damage of SRM often induce severe geological disasters.Hence,it is important to analyze...Soil-rock mixture(SRM),as a type of extremely heterogeneous geomaterial,is very common in nature and engineering.The fracture and damage of SRM often induce severe geological disasters.Hence,it is important to analyze the fracture evolution process of this material.In the present research,real-time computed tomography(CT)scanning was conducted on SRM and pure soil samples under uniaxial compressive experiments to investigate the influence of rocks on fracture evolution in SRM.The initiation of cracks,the original values of,and variations in,average density and heterogeneity in the soil matrix,the crack width evolution during loading,and the final failure modes were all studied.Cracks with a width greater than 0.1 mm will not arise until over 90%of ultimate stress is reached.In general,in SRM,areas where the initial average density of the soil matrix is smaller and the initial heterogeneity is greater,are much easier to crack,but the results for pure soil show the opposite effect.According to fracturing conditions shown in CT slices,fracturing and non-fracturing areas in the soil matrix were investigated.The average density of the soil matrix decreases in all areas under loading,except non-fracturing areas in SRM.For the whole sample,the increase in heterogeneity in the soil matrix of SRM is greater than that of pure soil;but for the fracturing areas,this increase in pure soil is greater.Besides,the average and standard deviations of crack width both follow logarithmic distributions with high correlation coefficients.展开更多
Objective: To explore prospectively the relationship between the state of perimesencephalic cistern and the degree of deformation of the midbrain on CT scanning and the outcome of the patients with acute craniocerebra...Objective: To explore prospectively the relationship between the state of perimesencephalic cistern and the degree of deformation of the midbrain on CT scanning and the outcome of the patients with acute craniocerebral injury.Methods: The CT scan features including the states of perimesencephalic cisterns, the deformations of the midbrain and the ratios of the occipitofrontal diameter and the transverse diameter of the midbrain of 132 cases were measured. The GOS of the patients 3 months after trauma were regarded as outcome.Results: The rate of unfavorable outcome ( dead, vegetative status, severe disability ) was significantly correlated with perimesencephalic cistern narrower than 1mm (P < 0.05), especially narrower than 0.5 mm (P < 0.005), deformed midbrain (P< 0.005) or abnormal ratio ( < 0.9 or >.1) of the occipitofrontal diameter and transverse diameter of the midbrain (P < 0.01). But the patient's perimesencephalic cistern wider than 1mm and the patients without deformed midbrain got favorable outcome (moderate disability/good recovery).Conclusions: The state of the compressedperimesencephalic cistern ( < 1 mm) and the deformation of the midbrain may significantly indicate unfavorable outcome of the patients with acute craniocerebral injury.展开更多
Clayey-silt natural gas hydrate reservoirs in the South China Sea exhibit loose and unconsolidated structures, heterogeneous pore structures, high clay mineral contents, and strong hydrophilicity. These characteristic...Clayey-silt natural gas hydrate reservoirs in the South China Sea exhibit loose and unconsolidated structures, heterogeneous pore structures, high clay mineral contents, and strong hydrophilicity. These characteristics complicate the gas-water two-phase flow process in porous media following hydrate decomposition, posing challenges for efficient development. This study examines the transport response of clayey-silt reservoir samples from the Shenhu area using gas-water two-phase flow experiments and CT scanning to explore changes in pore structure, gas-water distribution, and relative permeability under varying flow conditions. The results indicate that pore heterogeneity significantly influences flow characteristics. Gas preferentially displaces water in larger pores, forming fracture-like pores, which serve as preferential flow channels for gas migration. The preferential flow channels enhance gas-phase permeability up to 19 times that of the water phase when fluid pressures exceed total stresses. However,small pores retain liquid, leading to a high residual water saturation of 0.561. CT imaging reveals that these hydro-fractures improve gas permeability but also confine gas flow to specific channels. Pore network analysis shows that gas injection expands the pore-throat network, enhancing connectivity and forming fracture-like pores. Residual water remains trapped in smaller pores and throats, while structural changes, including new fractures, improve gas flow pathways and overall connectivity. Relative permeability curves demonstrate a narrow gas-water cocurrent-flow zone, a right-shifted iso-permeability point and high reservoir capillary pressure, indicating a strong "water-blocking" effect. The findings suggest that optimizing reservoir stimulation techniques to enhance fracture formation, reduce residual water saturation, and improve gas flow capacity is critical for efficient hydrate reservoir development.展开更多
Methane in-situ explosive fracturing technology produces shale debris particles within fracture channels,enabling a self-propping effect that enhances the fracture network conductivity and long-term stability.This stu...Methane in-situ explosive fracturing technology produces shale debris particles within fracture channels,enabling a self-propping effect that enhances the fracture network conductivity and long-term stability.This study employs X-ray computed tomography(CT)and digital volume correlation(DVC)to investigate the microstructural evolution and hydromechanical responses of shale self-propped fracture under varying confining pressures,highlighting the critical role of shale particles in maintaining fracture conductivity.Results indicate that the fracture aperture in the self-propped sample is significantly larger than in the unpropped sample throughout the loading process,with shale particles tending to crush rather than embedded into the matrix,thus maintaining flow pathways.As confining pressure increases,contact areas between fracture surfaces and particles expand,enhancing the system's stability and compressive resistance.Geometric analyses show flow paths becoming increasingly concentrated and branched under high stress.This resulted in a significant reduction in connectivity,restricting fracture permeability and amplifying the nonlinear gas flow behavior.This study introduces a permeability-strain recovery zone and a novel sensitivity parameter m,delineating stress sensitivity boundaries for permeability and normal strain,with m-value increasing with stress,revealing four characteristic regions.These findings offer theoretical support for optimizing fracturing techniques to enhance resource extraction efficiency.展开更多
By adding zeolite aggregate with good adsorption properties,different mix ratios of added zeolite pervious concrete(ZPC)were designed to compare the water purification effect of ordinary pervious concrete and water pu...By adding zeolite aggregate with good adsorption properties,different mix ratios of added zeolite pervious concrete(ZPC)were designed to compare the water purification effect of ordinary pervious concrete and water purification tests that were conducted.The pore characteristics of the pervious concrete were identified using three-dimensional reconstruction software and the relationship between pore structure and water purification performance was quantified by gray entropy correlation analysis.The results showed that the purification efficiency of zeolite-doped pervious concrete was 17.6%-22.3%higher than that of ordinary pervious concrete.The characteristic parameters of the pore structure of permeable concrete,i.e.planar porosity and tortuosity,were determined using three-dimensional reconstruction software.The correlation between the degree of tortuosity and the removal rate reached more than 0.90,indicating that the internal pore structure of pervious concrete has a good correlation with the water purification performance.展开更多
Objective:To study the correlation between CT dynamic enhanced scanning parameters and serum tumor markers before and after radiofrequency ablation in patients with lung cancer.Methods:60 patients with advanced non-sm...Objective:To study the correlation between CT dynamic enhanced scanning parameters and serum tumor markers before and after radiofrequency ablation in patients with lung cancer.Methods:60 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer who were treated in this hospital between January 2015 and January 2017 were divided into control group(n=30)and observation group(n=30)by random number table method.Control group received conventional intravenous chemotherapy,and observation group received intravenous chemotherapy combined with radiofrequency ablation.The differences in CT dynamic enhanced scanning parameter levels and serum tumor marker contents were compared between the two groups of patients before and after treatment.Pearson test was used to evaluate the correlation between CT dynamic enhanced scanning parameters and serum tumor marker contents in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Results:Before treatment,the differences in CT dynamic enhanced scanning parameter levels,non-organ-specific tumor marker contents and vascular tumor marker contents were not statistically significant between the two groups of patients(P>0.05).After treatment,CT dynamic enhanced scanning parameters PH and perfusion value levels of observation group were lower than those of control group(P<0.05);serum non-organ specific tumor markers CA125,CA153,CEA and CYFRA21-1 contents of observation group were lower than those of control group;serum vascular tumor markers VEGF,Ang-2,HIF-1 and MMP-9 contents were lower than those of control group(P<0.05).Pearson test showed that CT dynamic enhanced scanning parameters PH and perfusion value levels in patients with non-small cell lung cancer were positively correlated with serum non-organ specific tumor marker and vascular tumor marker contents.Conclusion:Adjuvant radiofrequency ablation can significantly reduce the tumor malignancy of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.展开更多
Pore network structure of ore body is a diffusion channel of leaching agent solution that exerts a significant influence on seepage.The ore body structure,pore distribution,pore and throat size,and pore network charac...Pore network structure of ore body is a diffusion channel of leaching agent solution that exerts a significant influence on seepage.The ore body structure,pore distribution,pore and throat size,and pore network characteristics of topsoil,weathered,and semiweathered layers of ionic rare earth ore in southern Jiangxi Province were explored in this study.The effect of leaching operation on the pore structure was investigated,and main factors affecting the seepage were analyzed.Results showed that the semiweathered layer presents a dense structure and a small number of unconnected pores.Pores of topsoil and weathered layers are mainly long and narrow column openings with some planar fractures.Even pore distribution and large size span were observed.Compared with the weathered layer,the topsoil layer demonstrates larger voids,smaller average pore volume and equivalent radius,and fewer coordination throats;however,the average equivalent radius of the throat in the topsoil layer is larger and largescale channels exist through ore body vertically.Hence,permeability of the topsoil layer is significantly higher than that of the weathered layer.Colloidal clay minerals migrate easily and the occurrence of silting in the small porosity blocks the throat and significantly decreases the permeability of the ore body in the leaching process.The equivalent radius of the throat is the key to the seepage.Reducing the migration of fine particles is an effective measure to protect the throat and shorten the leaching period.展开更多
Undisturbed soil core with many macropores and disturbed soil core with onlyone macropore (diameter is 10 mm) were probed by X-ray computed tomography (CT). The size, number,shape and continuity of macropores in the t...Undisturbed soil core with many macropores and disturbed soil core with onlyone macropore (diameter is 10 mm) were probed by X-ray computed tomography (CT). The size, number,shape and continuity of macropores in the transverse and vertical sectionsof soil were characterizedusing CT scanning images. The probability densities of macropores in the transverse section of soilcore exhibited a logarithmic P distribution. Results indicated that CT scanning was a promisingnondestructive method for characterizing macropores in soils.展开更多
This article focuses on the process of rock creep damage and micro-damage evolution properties of gray green mudstone under impacting disturbance load conditions for the first time using the real time computerized tom...This article focuses on the process of rock creep damage and micro-damage evolution properties of gray green mudstone under impacting disturbance load conditions for the first time using the real time computerized tomography （CT） testing technique. The results indicate that axial load comes into limit strength neighborhood, rock micro-crack links into larger crack, creep rate increases in a short time, larger plastic deformation happens; this is called disturbance accelerating creep stage. When rock is within limit strength neighborhood, there occurs creep micro-damage under smaller disturbance load. When disturbance load is larger, rock directly enters into disturbance accelerating creep stage, failure occurs instantaneously. On the basis of experimental research, the CT scanning method was used to describe the creep micro-damage of soft rock, also helpful in the prediction of roadways＇ service life and evaluation of geotechnical engineering stability.展开更多
文摘Reef limestone is buried in the continental shelf and marine environment.Understanding the mechanisms governing filter cake formation in coral reef limestone strata is essential for various engineering activities in coastal areas,including slurry pressure balanced(SPB)shield tunneling,which are currently not well understood.This study systematically investigates the slurry infiltration characteristics of different coral reef limestone types with inherent anisotropy,identified by growth line orientations,through a series of micro-infiltration column tests.Multiple slurry concentrations and pressures were used to analyze their effects on slurry infiltration dynamics and filter cake formation.Pre-and post-infiltration CT scanning was conducted to examine skeletal morphology and reconstruct the pore network structure of coral reef limestone samples.The results show that while increased slurry concentrations and pressures generally improve filter cake formation,excessive pressure can compromise filter cake integrity.By employing Dijkstra’s algorithm in a pore network model,the study identified primary seepage pathways,highlighting the significant role of near-vertical throat clusters in the infiltration process.A comprehensive analysis of pore structure and connectivity indices before and after infiltration revealed that the orientation of growth lines in coral reef limestone is the primary factor influencing macroscopic slurry infiltration behavior.These findings offer valuable insights for the design and execution of tunneling projects through coral reef limestone formations,especially in coastal regions.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Pro-gram(No.2023YFD2401301)the R&D Program of CNFC Overseas Fishery Co.,Ltd.(No.COFC-C-F-2024-004).
文摘To better understand the biological structure of bigeye tuna(Thunnus obesus),albacore tuna(Thunnus alalunga),and longtail tuna(Thunnus tonggol),computed tomography(CT)was used to scan their bodies,and the data are processed by Mimics software.The skeleton,swim bladder,and muscle of the three tuna species are reconstructed in three dimensions.The surface area and volume of the corresponding parts are measured.The results show that the surface areas of the skeleton of longtail tuna,bigeye tuna,albacore tuna accounted for 28.18%,37.34%,33.45%of their whole body surface areas respectively;the surface areas of swim bladder accounted for 0,2.06%,2.72% of their whole body surface area respectively;and the surface areas of muscle accounted for 71.82%,60.6%,63.83%of their whole body surface areas respectively.And the volumes of skeleton accounted for 28.18%,8.05%,3.84%,the volumes of swim bladder accounted for 0,3.44%,0.92%,and the volumes of muscle accounted for 94.84%,88.51%,95.24%of their body volumes respectively.The swim bladder of the longtail tuna has degenerated,while that of the bigeye tuna is conical,exhibiting the highest volume proportion among the three species.In contrast,the swim bladder of the albacore tuna is both flat and elongated,resembling an arc.Additionally,the surface area and the volume of the bigeye tuna’s swim bladder differ signifi-cantly from those of the albacore tuna.Regarding skeletal and muscular structures,the bigeye tuna has the highest skeletal volume proportion(8.05%),whereas the albacore tuna exhibits the highest muscle volume proportion(95.24%).These morphological differences are closely associated with their respective habitats.This study demonstrates the potential of CT technology in fish morphological research,providing a reliable,non-invasive method for analyzing internal structures,quantifying organ characteristics and improving the accuracy of acoustic stock assessment.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China fund (Project number: 52174045 and No. 52104011)Research Foundation of China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay (No. XQZX20210001)PetroChina Innovation Foundation (2020D50070207)。
文摘Due to the reservoir heterogeneity and the stress shadow effect, multiple hydraulic fractures within one fracturing segment cannot be initiated simultaneously and propagate evenly, which will cause a low effectiveness of reservoir stimulation. Temporary plugging and diverting fracturing(TPDF) is considered to be a potential uniform-stimulation method for creating multiple fractures simultaneously in the oilfield. However, the multi-fracture propagation morphology during TPDF is not clear now. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively investigate the multi-fracture propagation morphology during TPDF through true tri-axial fracturing experiments and CT scanning. Critical parameters such as fracture spacing, number of perforation clusters, the viscosity of fracturing fluid, and the in-situ stress have been investigated. The fracture geometry before and after diversion have been quantitively analyzed based on the two-dimensional CT slices and three-dimensional reconstruction method. The main conclusions are as follows:(1) When injecting the high viscosity fluid or perforating at the location with low in-situ stress, multiple hydraulic fractures would simultaneously propagate. Otherwise, only one hydraulic fracture was created during the initial fracturing stage(IFS) for most tests.(2) The perforation cluster effectiveness(PCE) has increased from 26.62% during the IFS to 88.86% after using diverters.(3) The diverted fracture volume has no apparent correlation with the pressure peak and peak frequency during the diversion fracturing stage(DFS) but is positively correlated with water-work.(4) Four types of plugging behavior in shale could be controlled by adjusting the diverter recipe and diverter injection time, and the plugging behavior includes plugging the natural fracture in the wellbore, plugging the previous hydraulic fractures, plugging the fracture tip and plugging the bedding.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2018YFA0702400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.52174050)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant No.ZR2020ME088)the National Natural Science Foundation of Qingdao (Grant No.23-2-1-227-zyyd-jch)。
文摘Hot water flooding is an effective way to develop heavy oil reservoirs.However,local channeling channels may form,possibly leading to a low thermal utilization efficiency and high water cut in the reservoir.The pore structure heterogeneity is an important factor in forming these channels.This study proposes a method that mixes quartz sand with different particle sizes to prepare weakly heterogeneous and strongly heterogeneous models through which hot water flooding experiments are conducted.During the experiments,computer tomography(CT)scanning identifies the pore structure and micro remaining oil saturation distribution to analyze the influence of the pore structure heterogeneity on the channeling channels.The oil saturation reduction and average pore size are divided into three levels to quantitatively describe the relationship between the channeling channel distribution and pore structure heterogeneity.The zone where oil saturation reduction exceeds 20%is defined as a channeling channel.The scanning area is divided into 180 equally sized zones based on the CT scanning images,and threedimensional(3D)distributions of the channeling channels are developed.Four micro remaining oil distribution patterns are proposed,and the morphology characteristics of micro remaining oil inside and outside the channeling channels are analyzed.The results show that hot water flooding is more balanced in the weakly heterogeneous model,and the oil saturation decreases by more than 20%in most zones without narrow channeling channels forming.In the strongly heterogeneous model,hot water flooding is unbalanced,and three narrow channeling channels of different lengths form.In the weakly heterogeneous model,the oil saturation reduction is greater in zones with larger pores.The distribution range of the average pore size is larger in the strongly heterogeneous model.The network remaining oil inside the channeling channels is less than outside the channeling channels,and the hot water converts the network remaining oil into cluster,film,and droplet remaining oil.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52178354).
文摘To investigate the macroscopic fatigue properties and the mesoscopic pore evolution characteristics of salt rock under cyclic loading,fatigue tests under different upper-limit stresses were carried out on salt rock,and the mesoscopic pore structures of salt rock before and after fatigue tests and under different cycle numbers were measured using CT scanning instrument.Based on the test results,the effects of the cycle number and the upper-limit stress on the evolution of cracks,pore morphology,pore number,pore volume,pore size,plane porosity,and volume porosity of salt rock were analyzed.The failure path of salt rock specimens under cyclic loading was analyzed using the distribution law of plane porosity.The damage variable of salt rock under cyclic loading was defined on basis of the variation of volume porosity with cycle number.In order to describe the fatigue deformation behavior of salt rock under cyclic loading,the nonlinear Burgers damage constitutive model was further established.The results show that the model established can better reflect the whole development process of fatigue deformation of salt rock under cyclic loading.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51580166).
文摘A close relationship exists between the pore network structure of microbial solidified soil and its macroscopic mechanical properties.The microbial solidified engineering residue and sand were scanned by computed tomography(CT),and a three-dimensional model of the sample was established by digital image processing.A spatial pore network ball-stick model of the representative elementary volume(REV)was established,and the REV parameters of the sample were calculated.The pore radius,throat radius,pore coordination number,and throat length were normally distributed.The soil particle size was larger after solidification.The calcium carbonate content of the microbial solidified engineering residue’s consolidated layer decreased with the soil depth,the porosity increased,the pore and throat network developed,and the ultimate structure was relatively stable.The calcium carbonate content of the microbial solidified sand’s consolidated layer decreased and increased with the soil depth.The content reached the maximum,the hardness of the consolidated layer was the highest,and the development of the pore and throat network was optimum at a depth of 10–15 mm.
文摘In this study,cylindrical sandstone samples were imaged by CT scanning technique,and the pore structure images of sandstone samples were analyzed and generated by combining with StyleGAN2-ADA generative adversarial network(GAN)model.Firstly,nine small column samples with a diameter of 4 mm were drilled from sandstone samples with a diameter of 2.5 cm,and their CT scanning results were preprocessed.Because the change between adjacent slices was little,using all slices directly may lead to the problem of pattern collapse in the process of model generation.In order to solve this problem,one slice was selected as training data every 30 slices,and the diversity of slices was verified by calculating the LPIPS values of these slices.The results showed that the strategy of selecting one slice every 30 slices could effectively improve the diversity of images generated by the model and avoid the phenomenon of pattern collapse.Through this process,a total of 295 discontinuous two-dimensional slices were generated for the generation and segmentation analysis of sandstone pore structures.This study can provide effective data support for accurate segmentation of porous medium structures,and simultaneously improves the stability and diversity of generative adversarial network under the condition of small samples.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42277150,41977219)Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project(Grant No.222102320271).
文摘The geometry of joints has a significant influence on the mechanical properties of rocks.To simplify the curved joint shapes in rocks,the joint shape is usually treated as straight lines or planes in most laboratory experiments and numerical simulations.In this study,the computerized tomography (CT) scanning and photogrammetry were employed to obtain the internal and surface joint structures of a limestone sample,respectively.To describe the joint geometry,the edge detection algorithms and a three-dimensional (3D) matrix mapping method were applied to reconstruct CT-based and photogrammetry-based jointed rock models.For comparison tests,the numerical uniaxial compression tests were conducted on an intact rock sample and a sample with a joint simplified to a plane using the parallel computing method.The results indicate that the mechanical characteristics and failure process of jointed rocks are significantly affected by the geometry of joints.The presence of joints reduces the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS),elastic modulus,and released acoustic emission (AE) energy of rocks by 37%–67%,21%–24%,and 52%–90%,respectively.Compared to the simplified joint sample,the proposed photogrammetry-based numerical model makes the most of the limited geometry information of joints.The UCS,accumulative released AE energy,and elastic modulus of the photogrammetry-based sample were found to be very close to those of the CT-based sample.The UCS value of the simplified joint sample (i.e.38.5 MPa) is much lower than that of the CT-based sample (i.e.72.3 MPa).Additionally,the accumulative released AE energy observed in the simplified joint sample is 3.899 times lower than that observed in the CT-based sample.CT scanning provides a reliable means to visualize the joints in rocks,which can be used to verify the reliability of photogrammetry techniques.The application of the photogrammetry-based sample enables detailed analysis for estimating the mechanical properties of jointed rocks.
文摘Objective: to analyze the clinical significance of low-dose thin-layer CT scanning in the treatment of small pulmonary nodules. Methods: the clinical data of 78 patients with micronodular pulmonary nodules admitted to our hospital from August 2019 to August 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The two treatments were compared and the radiation dose was scanned simultaneously. Results: Compared the detection rate of nodules in the process of low-dose thin-layer CT scanning with the way of conventional low-dose CT scanning, the difference between the two was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The current weight CT dose index (CTDlw) and the product of dose length (DLP) of low-dose thin-slice CT scan are much lower than those of conventional dose CT scan, and the difference between the two is statistically significant (P <0.05). Conclusion: the low-dose thin-layer CT scanning technology has very ideal diagnostic value for the diagnosis of small pulmonary nodules, and can very effectively reduce the scanning radiation dose.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development of China(2017YFA0603101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant 41971089)。
文摘Permafrost is an important part of the cryosphere,playing an integral role in the hydrologic cycle,ecology,and influencing human activity.Melting of ground ice can drastically change landscapes and associated thaw subsidence may induce instability of infrastructure.The terrain conditions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are complex,and the spatial distribution of ground ice is highly variable,so knowledge of its abundance and variability is required for impact assessments relating to the degradation of permafrost.This study examined 55 permafrost samples from warm,ice-rich permafrost region in Beiluhe Basin,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The samples were examined using Computed Tomography scanning,and the ice content and cryostructure were determined.The results indicated that:1)variation in volumetric ice content was considerable(0%-70%),with a mean value of 17%;2)seven cryostructures were identified,including crustal,vein,lenticular,ataxitic,reticulate and layered cryostructure;3)volumetric ice content varied by cryostructure,with the highest associated with layered and ataxitic cryostructures.Volumetric ice contents were lowest for samples with pore and lenticular cryostructures.This work provides detailed ground ice content and will be helpful for assessing thaw subsidence and infrastructure stability on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42090023,51734009 and 42002279)the Science Foundation of Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering,Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.KLSG201708)。
文摘Soil-rock mixture(SRM),as a type of extremely heterogeneous geomaterial,is very common in nature and engineering.The fracture and damage of SRM often induce severe geological disasters.Hence,it is important to analyze the fracture evolution process of this material.In the present research,real-time computed tomography(CT)scanning was conducted on SRM and pure soil samples under uniaxial compressive experiments to investigate the influence of rocks on fracture evolution in SRM.The initiation of cracks,the original values of,and variations in,average density and heterogeneity in the soil matrix,the crack width evolution during loading,and the final failure modes were all studied.Cracks with a width greater than 0.1 mm will not arise until over 90%of ultimate stress is reached.In general,in SRM,areas where the initial average density of the soil matrix is smaller and the initial heterogeneity is greater,are much easier to crack,but the results for pure soil show the opposite effect.According to fracturing conditions shown in CT slices,fracturing and non-fracturing areas in the soil matrix were investigated.The average density of the soil matrix decreases in all areas under loading,except non-fracturing areas in SRM.For the whole sample,the increase in heterogeneity in the soil matrix of SRM is greater than that of pure soil;but for the fracturing areas,this increase in pure soil is greater.Besides,the average and standard deviations of crack width both follow logarithmic distributions with high correlation coefficients.
文摘Objective: To explore prospectively the relationship between the state of perimesencephalic cistern and the degree of deformation of the midbrain on CT scanning and the outcome of the patients with acute craniocerebral injury.Methods: The CT scan features including the states of perimesencephalic cisterns, the deformations of the midbrain and the ratios of the occipitofrontal diameter and the transverse diameter of the midbrain of 132 cases were measured. The GOS of the patients 3 months after trauma were regarded as outcome.Results: The rate of unfavorable outcome ( dead, vegetative status, severe disability ) was significantly correlated with perimesencephalic cistern narrower than 1mm (P < 0.05), especially narrower than 0.5 mm (P < 0.005), deformed midbrain (P< 0.005) or abnormal ratio ( < 0.9 or >.1) of the occipitofrontal diameter and transverse diameter of the midbrain (P < 0.01). But the patient's perimesencephalic cistern wider than 1mm and the patients without deformed midbrain got favorable outcome (moderate disability/good recovery).Conclusions: The state of the compressedperimesencephalic cistern ( < 1 mm) and the deformation of the midbrain may significantly indicate unfavorable outcome of the patients with acute craniocerebral injury.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 42302143, 42172159)China Geological Survey Project (No. DD20211350)support from the G. Albert Shoemaker endowment
文摘Clayey-silt natural gas hydrate reservoirs in the South China Sea exhibit loose and unconsolidated structures, heterogeneous pore structures, high clay mineral contents, and strong hydrophilicity. These characteristics complicate the gas-water two-phase flow process in porous media following hydrate decomposition, posing challenges for efficient development. This study examines the transport response of clayey-silt reservoir samples from the Shenhu area using gas-water two-phase flow experiments and CT scanning to explore changes in pore structure, gas-water distribution, and relative permeability under varying flow conditions. The results indicate that pore heterogeneity significantly influences flow characteristics. Gas preferentially displaces water in larger pores, forming fracture-like pores, which serve as preferential flow channels for gas migration. The preferential flow channels enhance gas-phase permeability up to 19 times that of the water phase when fluid pressures exceed total stresses. However,small pores retain liquid, leading to a high residual water saturation of 0.561. CT imaging reveals that these hydro-fractures improve gas permeability but also confine gas flow to specific channels. Pore network analysis shows that gas injection expands the pore-throat network, enhancing connectivity and forming fracture-like pores. Residual water remains trapped in smaller pores and throats, while structural changes, including new fractures, improve gas flow pathways and overall connectivity. Relative permeability curves demonstrate a narrow gas-water cocurrent-flow zone, a right-shifted iso-permeability point and high reservoir capillary pressure, indicating a strong "water-blocking" effect. The findings suggest that optimizing reservoir stimulation techniques to enhance fracture formation, reduce residual water saturation, and improve gas flow capacity is critical for efficient hydrate reservoir development.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2020YFA0711800)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (No.51925404)+2 种基金the Graduate Innovation Program of China University of Mining and Technology (No.2023WLKXJ149)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.2023XSCX040)the Postgraduate Research Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (No.KYCX23_2864)。
文摘Methane in-situ explosive fracturing technology produces shale debris particles within fracture channels,enabling a self-propping effect that enhances the fracture network conductivity and long-term stability.This study employs X-ray computed tomography(CT)and digital volume correlation(DVC)to investigate the microstructural evolution and hydromechanical responses of shale self-propped fracture under varying confining pressures,highlighting the critical role of shale particles in maintaining fracture conductivity.Results indicate that the fracture aperture in the self-propped sample is significantly larger than in the unpropped sample throughout the loading process,with shale particles tending to crush rather than embedded into the matrix,thus maintaining flow pathways.As confining pressure increases,contact areas between fracture surfaces and particles expand,enhancing the system's stability and compressive resistance.Geometric analyses show flow paths becoming increasingly concentrated and branched under high stress.This resulted in a significant reduction in connectivity,restricting fracture permeability and amplifying the nonlinear gas flow behavior.This study introduces a permeability-strain recovery zone and a novel sensitivity parameter m,delineating stress sensitivity boundaries for permeability and normal strain,with m-value increasing with stress,revealing four characteristic regions.These findings offer theoretical support for optimizing fracturing techniques to enhance resource extraction efficiency.
基金Hunan Provincial Department of Water Resources:Research on Formula Optimization and Performance Evaluation System of Ecological Concrete for River Water Quality Purification Based on the Dual Carbon Goal(Project No.:XSKJ2024064-44)。
文摘By adding zeolite aggregate with good adsorption properties,different mix ratios of added zeolite pervious concrete(ZPC)were designed to compare the water purification effect of ordinary pervious concrete and water purification tests that were conducted.The pore characteristics of the pervious concrete were identified using three-dimensional reconstruction software and the relationship between pore structure and water purification performance was quantified by gray entropy correlation analysis.The results showed that the purification efficiency of zeolite-doped pervious concrete was 17.6%-22.3%higher than that of ordinary pervious concrete.The characteristic parameters of the pore structure of permeable concrete,i.e.planar porosity and tortuosity,were determined using three-dimensional reconstruction software.The correlation between the degree of tortuosity and the removal rate reached more than 0.90,indicating that the internal pore structure of pervious concrete has a good correlation with the water purification performance.
基金Health and Family Planning Commission of Zigong(No.2017wZCS09)
文摘Objective:To study the correlation between CT dynamic enhanced scanning parameters and serum tumor markers before and after radiofrequency ablation in patients with lung cancer.Methods:60 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer who were treated in this hospital between January 2015 and January 2017 were divided into control group(n=30)and observation group(n=30)by random number table method.Control group received conventional intravenous chemotherapy,and observation group received intravenous chemotherapy combined with radiofrequency ablation.The differences in CT dynamic enhanced scanning parameter levels and serum tumor marker contents were compared between the two groups of patients before and after treatment.Pearson test was used to evaluate the correlation between CT dynamic enhanced scanning parameters and serum tumor marker contents in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Results:Before treatment,the differences in CT dynamic enhanced scanning parameter levels,non-organ-specific tumor marker contents and vascular tumor marker contents were not statistically significant between the two groups of patients(P>0.05).After treatment,CT dynamic enhanced scanning parameters PH and perfusion value levels of observation group were lower than those of control group(P<0.05);serum non-organ specific tumor markers CA125,CA153,CEA and CYFRA21-1 contents of observation group were lower than those of control group;serum vascular tumor markers VEGF,Ang-2,HIF-1 and MMP-9 contents were lower than those of control group(P<0.05).Pearson test showed that CT dynamic enhanced scanning parameters PH and perfusion value levels in patients with non-small cell lung cancer were positively correlated with serum non-organ specific tumor marker and vascular tumor marker contents.Conclusion:Adjuvant radiofrequency ablation can significantly reduce the tumor malignancy of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51774153,92062110)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFC2901702)。
文摘Pore network structure of ore body is a diffusion channel of leaching agent solution that exerts a significant influence on seepage.The ore body structure,pore distribution,pore and throat size,and pore network characteristics of topsoil,weathered,and semiweathered layers of ionic rare earth ore in southern Jiangxi Province were explored in this study.The effect of leaching operation on the pore structure was investigated,and main factors affecting the seepage were analyzed.Results showed that the semiweathered layer presents a dense structure and a small number of unconnected pores.Pores of topsoil and weathered layers are mainly long and narrow column openings with some planar fractures.Even pore distribution and large size span were observed.Compared with the weathered layer,the topsoil layer demonstrates larger voids,smaller average pore volume and equivalent radius,and fewer coordination throats;however,the average equivalent radius of the throat in the topsoil layer is larger and largescale channels exist through ore body vertically.Hence,permeability of the topsoil layer is significantly higher than that of the weathered layer.Colloidal clay minerals migrate easily and the occurrence of silting in the small porosity blocks the throat and significantly decreases the permeability of the ore body in the leaching process.The equivalent radius of the throat is the key to the seepage.Reducing the migration of fine particles is an effective measure to protect the throat and shorten the leaching period.
基金Project supported by the National Key Basic Research Support Foundation (NKBRSF) of China (No. G1999011803) the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. K2CX2-404)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hohai
文摘Undisturbed soil core with many macropores and disturbed soil core with onlyone macropore (diameter is 10 mm) were probed by X-ray computed tomography (CT). The size, number,shape and continuity of macropores in the transverse and vertical sectionsof soil were characterizedusing CT scanning images. The probability densities of macropores in the transverse section of soilcore exhibited a logarithmic P distribution. Results indicated that CT scanning was a promisingnondestructive method for characterizing macropores in soils.
基金the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (No. 50474029).
文摘This article focuses on the process of rock creep damage and micro-damage evolution properties of gray green mudstone under impacting disturbance load conditions for the first time using the real time computerized tomography （CT） testing technique. The results indicate that axial load comes into limit strength neighborhood, rock micro-crack links into larger crack, creep rate increases in a short time, larger plastic deformation happens; this is called disturbance accelerating creep stage. When rock is within limit strength neighborhood, there occurs creep micro-damage under smaller disturbance load. When disturbance load is larger, rock directly enters into disturbance accelerating creep stage, failure occurs instantaneously. On the basis of experimental research, the CT scanning method was used to describe the creep micro-damage of soft rock, also helpful in the prediction of roadways＇ service life and evaluation of geotechnical engineering stability.
