The stiffness properties of variable stiffness(VS) composite plates can be controlled by manipulating the variation in the fiber angle, thereby significantly improving their buckling properties. Nonlinear fiber paths ...The stiffness properties of variable stiffness(VS) composite plates can be controlled by manipulating the variation in the fiber angle, thereby significantly improving their buckling properties. Nonlinear fiber paths have attracted attention in the field of composites due to their large design space. The major challenge in adopting nonlinear fiber paths is obtaining a fiber path function within the design space that is easily computable and efficiently yields the highest buckling load of a VS plate. In this investigation, an innovative nonlinear function was proposed to describe the fiber orientation by integrating a center fiber angle into the conventional linear function. The parameters of the nonlinear function can directly represent the fiber angles at a fixed position. This novel approach has promising potential for improving the optimal efficiency of fiber paths because the linear and nonlinear functions are simplified with two identical path parameters. Furthermore, a multilevel optimization method was developed by combining finite element analysis(FEA) with an adaptive radial basis function(RBF) surrogate model, and it was found that the number of FEA cases could be reduced by iteratively inheriting training points. The integration of this nonlinear function with a surrogate model is a significant advancement in the structural optimization of composites. Subsequently, the optimal linear and nonlinear fiber paths were computed to maximize the buckling load of VS plates. The FEA results show that the computational efficiency was greatly improved by the proposed nonlinear function and optimization method. The buckling resistance could be enhanced by the nonlinear fiber path, and the reinforcement mechanism was the redistribution and reduction of in-plane compressive stress.展开更多
基于实部与虚部组合(CRI)迭代方法,提出了一种不平衡CRI (LCRI)迭代方法,用于求解复对称半正定线性系统。理论上利用谱理论分析了LCRI方法的收敛性,并给出了拟最优参数的表达式,数值上进一步验证了新方法的高效性。Based on the combina...基于实部与虚部组合(CRI)迭代方法,提出了一种不平衡CRI (LCRI)迭代方法,用于求解复对称半正定线性系统。理论上利用谱理论分析了LCRI方法的收敛性,并给出了拟最优参数的表达式,数值上进一步验证了新方法的高效性。Based on the combination of real and imaginary parts (CRI) iteration method, a lopsided CRI (LCRI) iteration method is proposed for solving complex symmetric positive semi-definite linear systems. By using the spectral theory, we not only analyze the convergence property of the LCRI method, but also obtain the quasi-optimal parameter expression. The efficiency of the new method is further verified numerically.展开更多
Nickel-based superalloys are indispensable for high-temperature engineering applications,yet their additive manufacturing(AM)is plagued by significant cracking defects.This review investigates crack failure mechanisms...Nickel-based superalloys are indispensable for high-temperature engineering applications,yet their additive manufacturing(AM)is plagued by significant cracking defects.This review investigates crack failure mechanisms in AM nickel-based superalloys,emphasizing methodologies to evaluate crack sensitivity and compositional design strategies to mitigate defects.Key crack types—solidification,liquation,solid-state,stress corrosion,fatigue,and creep-fatigue cracks—are analyzed,with focus on formation mechanisms driven by thermal gradients,solute segregation,and microstructural heterogeneities.Evaluation frameworks such as the Rappaz-Drezet-Gremaud(RDG)criterion,Solidification Cracking Index(SCI),and Strain Age Cracking(SAC)index are reviewed for predicting crack susceptibility through integration of thermodynamic parameters,solidification kinetics,and mechanical properties.Alloy compositional design strategies are presented,including optimization of strengthening elements(Al,Ti),grain boundary modifiers(B,Zr,Re),and impurity control(C,O),which suppress crack initiation and propagation via microstructure refinement and enhanced high-temperature resistance.Computational approaches,such as thermodynamically assisted design,high-throughput experimentation,and machine learning,are highlighted for decoding complex composition-structure-property relationships.Challenges in modeling multi-scale defect interactions and developing unified frameworks for manufacturing-and service-induced cracks are outlined.This review underscores the necessity of integrated computational-experimental strategies to advance reliable AM of nickel-based superalloys,providing insights for defect prediction,alloy optimization,and process control.展开更多
Iron-based metal matrix composites(IMMCs)have attracted significant research attention due to their high specific stiffness and strength,making them potentially suitable for various engineering applications.Microstruc...Iron-based metal matrix composites(IMMCs)have attracted significant research attention due to their high specific stiffness and strength,making them potentially suitable for various engineering applications.Microstructural design,including the selection of reinforcement and matrix phases,the reinforcement volume fraction,and the interface issues are essential factors determining the engineering performance of IMMCs.A variety of fabrication methods have been developed to manufacture IMMCs in recent years.This paper reviews the recent advances and development of IMMCs with particular focus on microstructure design,fabrication methods,and their engineering performance.The microstructure design issues of IMMC are firstly discussed,including the reinforcement and matrix phase selection criteria,interface geometry and characteristics,and the bonding mechanism.The fabrication methods,including liquid state,solid state,and gas-mixing processing are comprehensively reviewed and compared.The engineering performance of IMMCs in terms of elastic modulus,hardness and wear resistance,tensile and fracture behavior is reviewed.Finally,the current challenges of the IMMCs are highlighted,followed by the discussion and outlook of the future research directions of IMMCs.展开更多
With the gradual increase in the size and flexibility of composite blades in large wind turbines,problems related toaeroelastic instability and blade vibration are becoming increasingly more important.Given their impa...With the gradual increase in the size and flexibility of composite blades in large wind turbines,problems related toaeroelastic instability and blade vibration are becoming increasingly more important.Given their impact on thelifespan of wind turbines,these subjects have become important topics in turbine blade design.In this article,firstaspects related to the aeroelastic(structural and aerodynamic)modeling of large wind turbine blades are summarized.Then,two main methods for blade vibration control are outlined(passive control and active control),including the case of composite blades.Some improvement schemes are proposed accordingly,with a specialfocus on the industry’s outstanding suppression scheme for stall-induced nonlinear flutter and a new high-frequencymicro-vibration control scheme.Finally,future research directions are indicated based on existingresearch.展开更多
In the present study,data mining and network pharmacology were utilized to explore the principles and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)in treating acute appendicitis.The goal was to provide a scientific ...In the present study,data mining and network pharmacology were utilized to explore the principles and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)in treating acute appendicitis.The goal was to provide a scientific basis for clinical treatment and further research on this disease.First,we searched the National Patent Database for Chinese herbal compound prescriptions used to treat acute appendicitis.We then applied frequency analysis,character and taste meridian analysis,association rule analysis,and hierarchical cluster analysis to identify the patterns of TCM treatment for acute appendicitis,selecting key combinations of Chinese medicines.Next,we screened the main active components of these key TCM based on quality markers.Using databases such as SwissTargetPrediction,SymMap,ETCM,and STRING,we analyzed the pharmacological mechanisms of these key TCM in treating acute appendicitis.Key active components and targets were further verified through molecular docking.We identified a total of 129 patents involving 316 Chinese medicines,with 24 being frequently used.The results indicated that most Chinese herbs used for acute appendicitis were heat-clearing drugs,blood-activating and stasis-removing drugs,and purging drugs.The primary active ingredients of the Rhubarb-cortex moutan-flos lonicerae combination for treating acute appendicitis included Emodin,Paeonol,Physcion,Chlorogenic acid,Chrysophanol,Rhein acid,and Aloe-emodin.These ingredients targeted key proteins such as ALB,TP53,BCL2,STAT3,IL-6,and TNF,and were involved in cellular responses to lipopolysaccharides,cell composition,and various cytokine-mediated biological processes.They also interacted with signaling pathways like AGE-RAGE,TNF,IL-17,and FoxO.Based on patent data,this study analyzed medication patterns in the treatment of acute appendicitis,discussed the possible mechanisms of key TCM combinations,and provided a scientific basis and new perspectives for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.展开更多
Creating conditions to implement equilibrium processes of damage accumulation under a predictable scenario enables control over the failure of structural elements in critical states.It improves safety and reduces the ...Creating conditions to implement equilibrium processes of damage accumulation under a predictable scenario enables control over the failure of structural elements in critical states.It improves safety and reduces the probability of catastrophic behavior in case of accidents.Equilibrium damage accumulation in some cases leads to a falling part(called a postcritical stage)on the material’s stress-strain curve.It must be taken into account to assess the strength and deformation limits of composite structures.Digital image correlation method,acoustic emission(AE)signals recording,and optical microscopy were used in this paper to study the deformation and failure processes of an orthogonal-layup composite during tension in various directions to orthotropy axes.An elastic-plastic deformation model was proposed for the composite in a plane stress condition.The evolution of strain fields and neck formation were analyzed.The staging of the postcritical deformation process was described.AE signals obtained during tests were studied;characteristic damage types of a material were defined.The rationality and necessity of polymer composites’postcritical deformation stage taken into account in refined strength analysis of structures were concluded.展开更多
The conversion of saline-alkali soils into paddy fields for long-term rice cultivation involves multiple disturbances,and as a result,soil microbial communities are altered to adapt to changing environmental condition...The conversion of saline-alkali soils into paddy fields for long-term rice cultivation involves multiple disturbances,and as a result,soil microbial communities are altered to adapt to changing environmental conditions.However,a comprehensive understanding of the succession of soil bacterial communities that occurs during this process is still lacking.In the present study,we utilized data obtained from paddy fields of different rice cultivation years(0-23 years)to investigate the compositional and functional succession of soil bacterial communities.We focused on core bacterial taxa that were specifically enriched at different successional stages.Generalized joint attribute modeling(GJAM)was used to identify core bacterial taxa.Results indicated that the bare saline-alkali soil(0 year,prior to any rice cultivation)shared few core amplicon sequence variants(ASVs)with paddy fields.In the bare saline-alkali soil,Longimicrobiaceae from the phylum Gemmatimonadetes was dominant,while the dominance was subsequently replaced by Burkholderiaceae and Pedosphaeraceae--phyla affiliated with Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia--after 5 and 23 years of rice cultivation,respectively.The relative abundances of nitrogen metabolism functions in the core bacterial communities of the bare saline-alkali soil were higher than those at other successional stages,while sulfur metabolism functions exhibited the opposite trend.These indicated that the role of the core bacterial taxa in mediating nutrient cycling also evolved and adapted to changing soil conditions as rice cultivation was established.Redundancy analysis(RDA)indicated that the composition of the core bacterial community in paddy fields with rice cultivation for 0,2 and 4,6,8,10,and 12,and 20 and 23 years were driven by soil nitrate nitrogen content,pH,available phosphorus content,and the ratio of total carbon to total nitrogen,respectively.In summary,the present study provides insights into the succession of soil bacterial communities and core bacterial taxa that occurs during long-term rice cultivation.展开更多
Rice(Oryza sativa L.)is a globally important food crop.Its bran oil has high nutritional value,but with a low content of oleic acid and a high content of linoleic acid,which affects the stability and shelf life of the...Rice(Oryza sativa L.)is a globally important food crop.Its bran oil has high nutritional value,but with a low content of oleic acid and a high content of linoleic acid,which affects the stability and shelf life of the oil(Warner et al.2008;Liang et al.2017;Doureradjou and Koner 2020;Ghasemzadeh et al.2020).The fatty acid composition of rice bran oil is one of the healthiest edible oils due to its balanced source of saturated,monounsaturated,and polyunsaturated fatty acids with a ratio of 0.6:1.1:1(Liang et al.2017;Awad et al.2022).展开更多
The development of high-performance transition metal sulfide(TMS)/carbon composites to replace conventional graphite anode remains a critical challenge for advancing lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).In this study,a facile ...The development of high-performance transition metal sulfide(TMS)/carbon composites to replace conventional graphite anode remains a critical challenge for advancing lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).In this study,a facile self-sacrifice template method is developed to prepare FeS encapsulated into N,S co-doped carbon(FeS/NSC)composite using melamine-cyanuric acid(MCA)supermolecule as a multifunctional template precursor.The function of MCA supermolecule for material synthesis is explored,revealing its special function as a dispersant,dopant and pore-forming agent.Furthermore,the effect of Fe source dosage on the morphology,structure and composition of the final products is explored.The resultant FeS/NSC-0.1(where 0.1 represents the mass of added Fe source)exhibits the most optimal proportion,characterized by a good dispersion status of FeS within the NSC matrix,effective N,S co-doping and ample porosity.Benefiting from these merits,the FeS/NSC-0.1 anode demonstrates significantly improved cycling stability and rate capability when compared to the counterparts.Undoubtedly,this work offers a universal method to produce advanced transition metal sulfide/carbon composite electrodes for energy storage and conversion systems.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52305026)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2023M741941)。
文摘The stiffness properties of variable stiffness(VS) composite plates can be controlled by manipulating the variation in the fiber angle, thereby significantly improving their buckling properties. Nonlinear fiber paths have attracted attention in the field of composites due to their large design space. The major challenge in adopting nonlinear fiber paths is obtaining a fiber path function within the design space that is easily computable and efficiently yields the highest buckling load of a VS plate. In this investigation, an innovative nonlinear function was proposed to describe the fiber orientation by integrating a center fiber angle into the conventional linear function. The parameters of the nonlinear function can directly represent the fiber angles at a fixed position. This novel approach has promising potential for improving the optimal efficiency of fiber paths because the linear and nonlinear functions are simplified with two identical path parameters. Furthermore, a multilevel optimization method was developed by combining finite element analysis(FEA) with an adaptive radial basis function(RBF) surrogate model, and it was found that the number of FEA cases could be reduced by iteratively inheriting training points. The integration of this nonlinear function with a surrogate model is a significant advancement in the structural optimization of composites. Subsequently, the optimal linear and nonlinear fiber paths were computed to maximize the buckling load of VS plates. The FEA results show that the computational efficiency was greatly improved by the proposed nonlinear function and optimization method. The buckling resistance could be enhanced by the nonlinear fiber path, and the reinforcement mechanism was the redistribution and reduction of in-plane compressive stress.
文摘基于实部与虚部组合(CRI)迭代方法,提出了一种不平衡CRI (LCRI)迭代方法,用于求解复对称半正定线性系统。理论上利用谱理论分析了LCRI方法的收敛性,并给出了拟最优参数的表达式,数值上进一步验证了新方法的高效性。Based on the combination of real and imaginary parts (CRI) iteration method, a lopsided CRI (LCRI) iteration method is proposed for solving complex symmetric positive semi-definite linear systems. By using the spectral theory, we not only analyze the convergence property of the LCRI method, but also obtain the quasi-optimal parameter expression. The efficiency of the new method is further verified numerically.
基金supported by the Aero Engine Corporation of China[Grant No.HFZL2022CXY029]the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Programby CAST[2022QNRC001]the High Performance Computing Center of Central South University,and the Project Supported by State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy,Central South University,Changsha,China。
文摘Nickel-based superalloys are indispensable for high-temperature engineering applications,yet their additive manufacturing(AM)is plagued by significant cracking defects.This review investigates crack failure mechanisms in AM nickel-based superalloys,emphasizing methodologies to evaluate crack sensitivity and compositional design strategies to mitigate defects.Key crack types—solidification,liquation,solid-state,stress corrosion,fatigue,and creep-fatigue cracks—are analyzed,with focus on formation mechanisms driven by thermal gradients,solute segregation,and microstructural heterogeneities.Evaluation frameworks such as the Rappaz-Drezet-Gremaud(RDG)criterion,Solidification Cracking Index(SCI),and Strain Age Cracking(SAC)index are reviewed for predicting crack susceptibility through integration of thermodynamic parameters,solidification kinetics,and mechanical properties.Alloy compositional design strategies are presented,including optimization of strengthening elements(Al,Ti),grain boundary modifiers(B,Zr,Re),and impurity control(C,O),which suppress crack initiation and propagation via microstructure refinement and enhanced high-temperature resistance.Computational approaches,such as thermodynamically assisted design,high-throughput experimentation,and machine learning,are highlighted for decoding complex composition-structure-property relationships.Challenges in modeling multi-scale defect interactions and developing unified frameworks for manufacturing-and service-induced cracks are outlined.This review underscores the necessity of integrated computational-experimental strategies to advance reliable AM of nickel-based superalloys,providing insights for defect prediction,alloy optimization,and process control.
基金funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52101046)Shuangjie Chu appreciates the funding support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB3705600).
文摘Iron-based metal matrix composites(IMMCs)have attracted significant research attention due to their high specific stiffness and strength,making them potentially suitable for various engineering applications.Microstructural design,including the selection of reinforcement and matrix phases,the reinforcement volume fraction,and the interface issues are essential factors determining the engineering performance of IMMCs.A variety of fabrication methods have been developed to manufacture IMMCs in recent years.This paper reviews the recent advances and development of IMMCs with particular focus on microstructure design,fabrication methods,and their engineering performance.The microstructure design issues of IMMC are firstly discussed,including the reinforcement and matrix phase selection criteria,interface geometry and characteristics,and the bonding mechanism.The fabrication methods,including liquid state,solid state,and gas-mixing processing are comprehensively reviewed and compared.The engineering performance of IMMCs in terms of elastic modulus,hardness and wear resistance,tensile and fracture behavior is reviewed.Finally,the current challenges of the IMMCs are highlighted,followed by the discussion and outlook of the future research directions of IMMCs.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Provincial of China(Grant Number ZR2022ME093)the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Number 51675315).
文摘With the gradual increase in the size and flexibility of composite blades in large wind turbines,problems related toaeroelastic instability and blade vibration are becoming increasingly more important.Given their impact on thelifespan of wind turbines,these subjects have become important topics in turbine blade design.In this article,firstaspects related to the aeroelastic(structural and aerodynamic)modeling of large wind turbine blades are summarized.Then,two main methods for blade vibration control are outlined(passive control and active control),including the case of composite blades.Some improvement schemes are proposed accordingly,with a specialfocus on the industry’s outstanding suppression scheme for stall-induced nonlinear flutter and a new high-frequencymicro-vibration control scheme.Finally,future research directions are indicated based on existingresearch.
基金Henan Province Special Research Project of Tra ditional Chinese Medicine(Grant No.2022ZY1090).
文摘In the present study,data mining and network pharmacology were utilized to explore the principles and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)in treating acute appendicitis.The goal was to provide a scientific basis for clinical treatment and further research on this disease.First,we searched the National Patent Database for Chinese herbal compound prescriptions used to treat acute appendicitis.We then applied frequency analysis,character and taste meridian analysis,association rule analysis,and hierarchical cluster analysis to identify the patterns of TCM treatment for acute appendicitis,selecting key combinations of Chinese medicines.Next,we screened the main active components of these key TCM based on quality markers.Using databases such as SwissTargetPrediction,SymMap,ETCM,and STRING,we analyzed the pharmacological mechanisms of these key TCM in treating acute appendicitis.Key active components and targets were further verified through molecular docking.We identified a total of 129 patents involving 316 Chinese medicines,with 24 being frequently used.The results indicated that most Chinese herbs used for acute appendicitis were heat-clearing drugs,blood-activating and stasis-removing drugs,and purging drugs.The primary active ingredients of the Rhubarb-cortex moutan-flos lonicerae combination for treating acute appendicitis included Emodin,Paeonol,Physcion,Chlorogenic acid,Chrysophanol,Rhein acid,and Aloe-emodin.These ingredients targeted key proteins such as ALB,TP53,BCL2,STAT3,IL-6,and TNF,and were involved in cellular responses to lipopolysaccharides,cell composition,and various cytokine-mediated biological processes.They also interacted with signaling pathways like AGE-RAGE,TNF,IL-17,and FoxO.Based on patent data,this study analyzed medication patterns in the treatment of acute appendicitis,discussed the possible mechanisms of key TCM combinations,and provided a scientific basis and new perspectives for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
基金This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation(Grant No.22-19-00765)at the Perm National Research Polytechnic University.
文摘Creating conditions to implement equilibrium processes of damage accumulation under a predictable scenario enables control over the failure of structural elements in critical states.It improves safety and reduces the probability of catastrophic behavior in case of accidents.Equilibrium damage accumulation in some cases leads to a falling part(called a postcritical stage)on the material’s stress-strain curve.It must be taken into account to assess the strength and deformation limits of composite structures.Digital image correlation method,acoustic emission(AE)signals recording,and optical microscopy were used in this paper to study the deformation and failure processes of an orthogonal-layup composite during tension in various directions to orthotropy axes.An elastic-plastic deformation model was proposed for the composite in a plane stress condition.The evolution of strain fields and neck formation were analyzed.The staging of the postcritical deformation process was described.AE signals obtained during tests were studied;characteristic damage types of a material were defined.The rationality and necessity of polymer composites’postcritical deformation stage taken into account in refined strength analysis of structures were concluded.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32371734,42007034,41920104008,and U22A20593)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA28020400)+2 种基金the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2023205)the Young Scientist Group Project of Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology of China(No.2022QNXZ04)the Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province of China(No.YDZJ202101ZYTS006).
文摘The conversion of saline-alkali soils into paddy fields for long-term rice cultivation involves multiple disturbances,and as a result,soil microbial communities are altered to adapt to changing environmental conditions.However,a comprehensive understanding of the succession of soil bacterial communities that occurs during this process is still lacking.In the present study,we utilized data obtained from paddy fields of different rice cultivation years(0-23 years)to investigate the compositional and functional succession of soil bacterial communities.We focused on core bacterial taxa that were specifically enriched at different successional stages.Generalized joint attribute modeling(GJAM)was used to identify core bacterial taxa.Results indicated that the bare saline-alkali soil(0 year,prior to any rice cultivation)shared few core amplicon sequence variants(ASVs)with paddy fields.In the bare saline-alkali soil,Longimicrobiaceae from the phylum Gemmatimonadetes was dominant,while the dominance was subsequently replaced by Burkholderiaceae and Pedosphaeraceae--phyla affiliated with Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia--after 5 and 23 years of rice cultivation,respectively.The relative abundances of nitrogen metabolism functions in the core bacterial communities of the bare saline-alkali soil were higher than those at other successional stages,while sulfur metabolism functions exhibited the opposite trend.These indicated that the role of the core bacterial taxa in mediating nutrient cycling also evolved and adapted to changing soil conditions as rice cultivation was established.Redundancy analysis(RDA)indicated that the composition of the core bacterial community in paddy fields with rice cultivation for 0,2 and 4,6,8,10,and 12,and 20 and 23 years were driven by soil nitrate nitrogen content,pH,available phosphorus content,and the ratio of total carbon to total nitrogen,respectively.In summary,the present study provides insights into the succession of soil bacterial communities and core bacterial taxa that occurs during long-term rice cultivation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201861)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China,the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province,China(BE2022383)the Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory,China(ZSBBLKY2023-04-1)。
文摘Rice(Oryza sativa L.)is a globally important food crop.Its bran oil has high nutritional value,but with a low content of oleic acid and a high content of linoleic acid,which affects the stability and shelf life of the oil(Warner et al.2008;Liang et al.2017;Doureradjou and Koner 2020;Ghasemzadeh et al.2020).The fatty acid composition of rice bran oil is one of the healthiest edible oils due to its balanced source of saturated,monounsaturated,and polyunsaturated fatty acids with a ratio of 0.6:1.1:1(Liang et al.2017;Awad et al.2022).
基金supported by the Science Technology Talents Lifting Project of Hunan Province(No.2022TJ-N16)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Nos.2024JJ4022,2023JJ30277,2025JJ60382)+3 种基金the China Postdoctoral Fellowship Program(GZC20233205)the Scientifc Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department,China(No.24B0270)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32201646)the Key Project of Jiangxi Provincial Research and Development Program(No.20243BBI91001).
文摘The development of high-performance transition metal sulfide(TMS)/carbon composites to replace conventional graphite anode remains a critical challenge for advancing lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).In this study,a facile self-sacrifice template method is developed to prepare FeS encapsulated into N,S co-doped carbon(FeS/NSC)composite using melamine-cyanuric acid(MCA)supermolecule as a multifunctional template precursor.The function of MCA supermolecule for material synthesis is explored,revealing its special function as a dispersant,dopant and pore-forming agent.Furthermore,the effect of Fe source dosage on the morphology,structure and composition of the final products is explored.The resultant FeS/NSC-0.1(where 0.1 represents the mass of added Fe source)exhibits the most optimal proportion,characterized by a good dispersion status of FeS within the NSC matrix,effective N,S co-doping and ample porosity.Benefiting from these merits,the FeS/NSC-0.1 anode demonstrates significantly improved cycling stability and rate capability when compared to the counterparts.Undoubtedly,this work offers a universal method to produce advanced transition metal sulfide/carbon composite electrodes for energy storage and conversion systems.
