The commencement of China–Pakistan Economic Corridor has led to the appreciation of Pakistan’s economic outlook from 5.4%to 5.8%by the World Bank.The upgraded outlook is a welcome sign but it is still trivial,essent...The commencement of China–Pakistan Economic Corridor has led to the appreciation of Pakistan’s economic outlook from 5.4%to 5.8%by the World Bank.The upgraded outlook is a welcome sign but it is still trivial,essentially attributable to the electric power crisis,which approximately trims 2%of Pakistan’s economic growth annually.Almost 60%of the CPEC(China–Pakistan Economic Corridor)funds are directed at Pakistan’s energy sector,hence,demanding careful attention of both researchers and policy analysts alike.The study is based upon a meta-analytic review of literature concerning CPEC and Pakistan’s energy sector.The results of the study demonstrate that CPEC is an easing agent for Pakistan’s energy crisis(82.30%).The results also highlight points of concern,including inadequate planning(47%),dilapidated electricity distribution system causing losses(64.7%),and an unsustainable energy mix(64.7%).The study further validates the findings via Spearman’s Rho-Correlation.The rρvalue for the possible“resolution of Pakistan’s energy crisis”is 0.5426 achieving a significance level of 98%and a corresponding p-value of 0.0252.The significant negative rρvalue attained is−0.4894 which establishes the fact that lack of planning can hinder the energy crisis resolution.展开更多
The article aims to understand the language management taking place in the Special Economic Zone of Punjab(China-Pakistan Economic Corridor-CPEC).It incorporates data from both local and Chinese employees.The importan...The article aims to understand the language management taking place in the Special Economic Zone of Punjab(China-Pakistan Economic Corridor-CPEC).It incorporates data from both local and Chinese employees.The importance of multi-culture setting at workplace is addressed in this study by incorporating the impact of globalization.Respondents were selected by using random stratified sampling method.Primary data were gathered using multiple research tools;questionnaires,in-depth interviews,observations,and focus group discussions.Findings suggested that Urdu is still the most preferred language followed by English for official purposes or Punjabi for informal communication among lower management.Mandarin still needs to make its place in the Pakistani multi-culture context.Top management from both sides has adopted a positive stance and is willingly accepting a different culture.Chinese employees are even trying to learn Urdu.Use of translators and applications to reduce language barriers is increasing.展开更多
China Pakistan Economic Corridor （CPEC） is dreamed to be the game changer not only for China and Pakistan but other 50 regional, Middle East, Central Asian Republics, and European countries too. It is one of its kin...China Pakistan Economic Corridor （CPEC） is dreamed to be the game changer not only for China and Pakistan but other 50 regional, Middle East, Central Asian Republics, and European countries too. It is one of its kind a huge project with billion US$ investment by China. Since its inception, the internal controversies and disputes in Pakistan on the sharing of benefits as well as interests and concerns of the regional and international players are posing threats to it. The review article aims to investigate and analyze the strengths and weakness and opportunities and threats （SWOT） for CPEC. To analyze the qualitative data, a computer based software program ATLAS.ti was used by employing multiple methods like discourse, hermeneutics, and heuristic by Moustakas. The schematic model of the theoretical framework elaborates the association and impact between and on the dependent, independent, and mediating variables of the study. It was found that if the security, political support, internal and external threats, coordination and cooperation and involvement of stakeholders are properly addressed, the CPEC will bear the fruits.展开更多
THE conception of building the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) was first proposed by Premier Li Keqiang during his visit to Pakistan in May 2013, with the goal to promote connectivity and common development be...THE conception of building the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) was first proposed by Premier Li Keqiang during his visit to Pakistan in May 2013, with the goal to promote connectivity and common development between the two countries.展开更多
The energy crisis has become a significant bottleneck in the country’s economic progress.But to end this age old problem,we have to capitalize on the chance,China Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC)investment provides,t...The energy crisis has become a significant bottleneck in the country’s economic progress.But to end this age old problem,we have to capitalize on the chance,China Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC)investment provides,to its full potential.This study aims to help Pakistani government in selecting the best set of CPEC energy priority projects to be completed in the first wave of development.The second part of the research guides the small/medium scale industry and business owners to select the best available alternative for tackling the energy shortfall while CPEC projects are in the process of materialization.Forecasting electricity shortfall decrease and its impact on various economic/industrial sectors(like services,industrial,textile and agriculture)is also performed to gauge the effect of CPEC on the economy using linear regression.For decision analysis,the MCDM techniques employed are(AHP)along with(TOPSIS).This research generated a new list of recommended CPEC energy priority projects which are more evenly distributed across the country,catering more,to interest of the country as a whole.We also concluded solar panels to be the best alternative for small scale businesses,as short term solution while CPEC projects are under construction.展开更多
This article aims to analyse the economic significance of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC),a core component of China’s Belt and Road Initiative(BRI),for the Greater Middle East with focus on Pakistan,Saudi ...This article aims to analyse the economic significance of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC),a core component of China’s Belt and Road Initiative(BRI),for the Greater Middle East with focus on Pakistan,Saudi Arabia,the United Arab Emirates(UAE),Qatar and Oman.In so doing,the article underscores on the one hand the existing economic cooperation between Pakistan and the said countries and on the other highlights China’s growing interest in the Arab World in terms of trade.In this respect,the study incorporates the economic values of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030,Qatar National Vision(2030)and Oman Vision(2040)which provide for transregional economic cooperation in terms of market connectivity.In order to realise the latter,the CPEC,as part of the BRI,offers itself as means and market to transregional stakeholders.Empirically,the study posits that CPEC under the BRI framework carries positive economic implications for the Greater Middle East on account of existing and emerging investment and trade trends transregionally.Nonetheless,prospects for economic cooperation are beset with geopolitical challenges such as the recent Iran-US stand-off.The BRI,in remedial terms,can generate stakes for transregional(non-)BRI countries,especially Iran,India and the US in order to prefer peaceful means for conflict resolution.展开更多
China and Pakistan's collaboration in attaining regional integration can alter the regional geopolitical and geostrategic dynamics.CPEC is the steps toward benefiting Pakistan,China,and the whole region.This artic...China and Pakistan's collaboration in attaining regional integration can alter the regional geopolitical and geostrategic dynamics.CPEC is the steps toward benefiting Pakistan,China,and the whole region.This article explored the regional actors’role in undermining and threatening the CPEC.Analysis of the secondary data revealed that India,Iran,Afghanistan,and the USA could create security problems for CPEC.Theoretical Framework,based on Behavioralist theory,was developed to investigate these security threats through the primary data collected through the structured questionnaire with the help of experts.The primary data also revealed that Iran and India have vital roles.The study also discussed suggestions and implications for future research.展开更多
This study examines the economic dimensions of China–Pakistan cooperation,mainly focusing on the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC).CPEC is a key project under China’s Belt and Road Initiative.The project is co...This study examines the economic dimensions of China–Pakistan cooperation,mainly focusing on the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC).CPEC is a key project under China’s Belt and Road Initiative.The project is considered significant for Beijing’s initiatives to“bridging the gap”with its landlocked regions,especially its Xinjiang autonomous region.CPEC is regarded as a“game-changer project”for Pakistan’s economy,a“flagship project,”and a“gateway project”for BRI overall.CPEC plays a significant role in developing both countries,particularly Pakistan,through regional integration,connectivity,and economic growth.Besides the importance of CPEC,this study examines specific challenges for the CPEC project.It identifies the influential role of the US in South Asia as a global challenge,India’s proxies and political uncertainty in Afghanistan as regional challenges,and security,terrorism,and lack of consensus among political parties and provinces as internal challenges.This study is carried out by using exploratory case studies for qualitative data relying on primary data,including the interviews of high officials,academics,and other experts on the subject,and secondary sources such as journal articles and books,among others.The paper provided policy input to the Government of Pakistan and China regarding the importance of CPEC for the country's economic development and urged both countries to look into domestic,regional,and global challenges for this project.展开更多
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC)is a framework of regional connectivity,which will not only benefit China and Pakistan but will have positive impact on Iran,Afghanistan,India,Central Asian Republic,and the regio...China-Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC)is a framework of regional connectivity,which will not only benefit China and Pakistan but will have positive impact on Iran,Afghanistan,India,Central Asian Republic,and the region.The surrounding area in CPEC is prone to frequent disruption by geological hazards mainly landslides in northern Pakistan.Comprehensive landslide inventory and susceptibility assessment are rarely available to utilize for landslide mitigation strategies.This study aims to utilize the high-resolution satellite images to develop a comprehensive landslide inventory and subsequently develop landslide susceptibility maps using multiple techniques.The very high-resolution(VHR)satellite images are utilized to develop a landslide inventory using the visual image classification techniques,historic records and field observations.A total of 1632 landslides are mapped in the area.Four statistical models i.e.,frequency ratio,artificial neural network,weights of evidence and logistic regression were used for landslide susceptibility modeling by comparing the landslide inventory with the topographic parameters,geological features,drainage and road network.The developed landslides susceptibility maps were verified using the area under curve(AUC)method.The prediction power of the model was assessed by the prediction rate curve.The success rate curves show 93%,92.8%,92.7%and 87.4%accuracy of susceptibility maps for frequency ratio,artificial neural network,weights of evidence and logistic regression,respectively.The developed landslide inventory and susceptibility maps can be used for land use planning and landslide mitigation strategies.展开更多
Landslides are prevalent,regular,and expensive hazards in the Karakoram Highway(KKH)region.The KKH connects Pakistan with China in the present China-Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC)context.This region has not only imm...Landslides are prevalent,regular,and expensive hazards in the Karakoram Highway(KKH)region.The KKH connects Pakistan with China in the present China-Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC)context.This region has not only immense economic importance but also ecological significance.The purpose of the study was to map the landslide-prone areas along KKH using two different techniquesAnalytical Hierarchy Process(AHP)and Scoops 3 D model.The causative parameters for running AHP include the lithology,presence of thrust,land use land cover,precipitation,and Digital Elevation Model(DEM)derived variables(slope,curvature,aspect,and elevation).The AHP derived final landslide susceptibility map was classified into four zones,i.e.,low,moderate,high,and extremely high.Over 80%of the study area falls under the moderate(43%)and high(40%)landslide susceptible zones.To assess the slope stability of the study area,the Scoops 3 D model was used by integrating with the earthquake loading data.The results of the limit equilibrium analysis categorized the area into four groups(low,moderate,high,and extremely high mass)of slope failure.The areas around Main Mantle Thrust(MMT)including Dubair,Jijal,and Kohistan regions,had high volumes of potential slope failures.The results from AHP and Scoops 3 D techniques were validated with the landslides inventory record of the Geological Survey of Pakistan and Google Earth.The results from both the techniques showed similar output that coincides with the known landslides areas.However,Scoops 3 D provides not only susceptible zones but also the range of volume of the potential slope failures.Further,these techniques could be used in other mountainous areas,which could help in the landslide mitigation measures.展开更多
Debris-covered glaciers,characterized by the presence of supraglacial debris mantles in their ablation zones,are widespread in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC)and surroundings.For these glaciers,thin debris ...Debris-covered glaciers,characterized by the presence of supraglacial debris mantles in their ablation zones,are widespread in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC)and surroundings.For these glaciers,thin debris layers accelerate the melting of underlying ice compared to that of bare ice,while thick debris layers retard ice melting,called debriscover effect.Knowledge about the thickness and thermal properties of debris cover on CPEC glaciers is still unclear,making it difficult to assess the regional debris-cover effect.In this study,thermal resistance of the debris layer estimated from remotely sensed data reveals that about 54.0%of CPEC glaciers are debris-covered glaciers,on which the total debris-covered area is about 5,072 km2,accounting for 14.0%of the total glacier area of the study region.We find that marked difference in the extent and thickness of debris cover is apparent from region to region,as well as the debris-cover effect.53.3%of the total debris-covered area of the study region is concentrated in Karakoram,followed by Pamir with 30.2%of the total debris-covered area.As revealed by the thermal resistance,the debris thickness is thick in Hindu Kush on average,with the mean thermal resistance of 7.0×10^-2((m^2∙K)/W),followed by Karakoram,while the thickness in western Himalaya is thin with the mean value of 2.0×10^-2((m^2∙K)/W).Our findings provide a basis for better assessments of changes in debriscovered glaciers and their associated hydrological impacts in the CPEC and surroundings.展开更多
文摘The commencement of China–Pakistan Economic Corridor has led to the appreciation of Pakistan’s economic outlook from 5.4%to 5.8%by the World Bank.The upgraded outlook is a welcome sign but it is still trivial,essentially attributable to the electric power crisis,which approximately trims 2%of Pakistan’s economic growth annually.Almost 60%of the CPEC(China–Pakistan Economic Corridor)funds are directed at Pakistan’s energy sector,hence,demanding careful attention of both researchers and policy analysts alike.The study is based upon a meta-analytic review of literature concerning CPEC and Pakistan’s energy sector.The results of the study demonstrate that CPEC is an easing agent for Pakistan’s energy crisis(82.30%).The results also highlight points of concern,including inadequate planning(47%),dilapidated electricity distribution system causing losses(64.7%),and an unsustainable energy mix(64.7%).The study further validates the findings via Spearman’s Rho-Correlation.The rρvalue for the possible“resolution of Pakistan’s energy crisis”is 0.5426 achieving a significance level of 98%and a corresponding p-value of 0.0252.The significant negative rρvalue attained is−0.4894 which establishes the fact that lack of planning can hinder the energy crisis resolution.
文摘The article aims to understand the language management taking place in the Special Economic Zone of Punjab(China-Pakistan Economic Corridor-CPEC).It incorporates data from both local and Chinese employees.The importance of multi-culture setting at workplace is addressed in this study by incorporating the impact of globalization.Respondents were selected by using random stratified sampling method.Primary data were gathered using multiple research tools;questionnaires,in-depth interviews,observations,and focus group discussions.Findings suggested that Urdu is still the most preferred language followed by English for official purposes or Punjabi for informal communication among lower management.Mandarin still needs to make its place in the Pakistani multi-culture context.Top management from both sides has adopted a positive stance and is willingly accepting a different culture.Chinese employees are even trying to learn Urdu.Use of translators and applications to reduce language barriers is increasing.
文摘China Pakistan Economic Corridor （CPEC） is dreamed to be the game changer not only for China and Pakistan but other 50 regional, Middle East, Central Asian Republics, and European countries too. It is one of its kind a huge project with billion US$ investment by China. Since its inception, the internal controversies and disputes in Pakistan on the sharing of benefits as well as interests and concerns of the regional and international players are posing threats to it. The review article aims to investigate and analyze the strengths and weakness and opportunities and threats （SWOT） for CPEC. To analyze the qualitative data, a computer based software program ATLAS.ti was used by employing multiple methods like discourse, hermeneutics, and heuristic by Moustakas. The schematic model of the theoretical framework elaborates the association and impact between and on the dependent, independent, and mediating variables of the study. It was found that if the security, political support, internal and external threats, coordination and cooperation and involvement of stakeholders are properly addressed, the CPEC will bear the fruits.
文摘THE conception of building the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) was first proposed by Premier Li Keqiang during his visit to Pakistan in May 2013, with the goal to promote connectivity and common development between the two countries.
文摘The energy crisis has become a significant bottleneck in the country’s economic progress.But to end this age old problem,we have to capitalize on the chance,China Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC)investment provides,to its full potential.This study aims to help Pakistani government in selecting the best set of CPEC energy priority projects to be completed in the first wave of development.The second part of the research guides the small/medium scale industry and business owners to select the best available alternative for tackling the energy shortfall while CPEC projects are in the process of materialization.Forecasting electricity shortfall decrease and its impact on various economic/industrial sectors(like services,industrial,textile and agriculture)is also performed to gauge the effect of CPEC on the economy using linear regression.For decision analysis,the MCDM techniques employed are(AHP)along with(TOPSIS).This research generated a new list of recommended CPEC energy priority projects which are more evenly distributed across the country,catering more,to interest of the country as a whole.We also concluded solar panels to be the best alternative for small scale businesses,as short term solution while CPEC projects are under construction.
文摘This article aims to analyse the economic significance of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC),a core component of China’s Belt and Road Initiative(BRI),for the Greater Middle East with focus on Pakistan,Saudi Arabia,the United Arab Emirates(UAE),Qatar and Oman.In so doing,the article underscores on the one hand the existing economic cooperation between Pakistan and the said countries and on the other highlights China’s growing interest in the Arab World in terms of trade.In this respect,the study incorporates the economic values of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030,Qatar National Vision(2030)and Oman Vision(2040)which provide for transregional economic cooperation in terms of market connectivity.In order to realise the latter,the CPEC,as part of the BRI,offers itself as means and market to transregional stakeholders.Empirically,the study posits that CPEC under the BRI framework carries positive economic implications for the Greater Middle East on account of existing and emerging investment and trade trends transregionally.Nonetheless,prospects for economic cooperation are beset with geopolitical challenges such as the recent Iran-US stand-off.The BRI,in remedial terms,can generate stakes for transregional(non-)BRI countries,especially Iran,India and the US in order to prefer peaceful means for conflict resolution.
文摘China and Pakistan's collaboration in attaining regional integration can alter the regional geopolitical and geostrategic dynamics.CPEC is the steps toward benefiting Pakistan,China,and the whole region.This article explored the regional actors’role in undermining and threatening the CPEC.Analysis of the secondary data revealed that India,Iran,Afghanistan,and the USA could create security problems for CPEC.Theoretical Framework,based on Behavioralist theory,was developed to investigate these security threats through the primary data collected through the structured questionnaire with the help of experts.The primary data also revealed that Iran and India have vital roles.The study also discussed suggestions and implications for future research.
文摘This study examines the economic dimensions of China–Pakistan cooperation,mainly focusing on the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC).CPEC is a key project under China’s Belt and Road Initiative.The project is considered significant for Beijing’s initiatives to“bridging the gap”with its landlocked regions,especially its Xinjiang autonomous region.CPEC is regarded as a“game-changer project”for Pakistan’s economy,a“flagship project,”and a“gateway project”for BRI overall.CPEC plays a significant role in developing both countries,particularly Pakistan,through regional integration,connectivity,and economic growth.Besides the importance of CPEC,this study examines specific challenges for the CPEC project.It identifies the influential role of the US in South Asia as a global challenge,India’s proxies and political uncertainty in Afghanistan as regional challenges,and security,terrorism,and lack of consensus among political parties and provinces as internal challenges.This study is carried out by using exploratory case studies for qualitative data relying on primary data,including the interviews of high officials,academics,and other experts on the subject,and secondary sources such as journal articles and books,among others.The paper provided policy input to the Government of Pakistan and China regarding the importance of CPEC for the country's economic development and urged both countries to look into domestic,regional,and global challenges for this project.
基金the Pakistan Science Foundation project number PSF/NSFC/Earth-KP-UoP(11)Natural Science Foundation China(Grant No.41661144028)for supporting this study。
文摘China-Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC)is a framework of regional connectivity,which will not only benefit China and Pakistan but will have positive impact on Iran,Afghanistan,India,Central Asian Republic,and the region.The surrounding area in CPEC is prone to frequent disruption by geological hazards mainly landslides in northern Pakistan.Comprehensive landslide inventory and susceptibility assessment are rarely available to utilize for landslide mitigation strategies.This study aims to utilize the high-resolution satellite images to develop a comprehensive landslide inventory and subsequently develop landslide susceptibility maps using multiple techniques.The very high-resolution(VHR)satellite images are utilized to develop a landslide inventory using the visual image classification techniques,historic records and field observations.A total of 1632 landslides are mapped in the area.Four statistical models i.e.,frequency ratio,artificial neural network,weights of evidence and logistic regression were used for landslide susceptibility modeling by comparing the landslide inventory with the topographic parameters,geological features,drainage and road network.The developed landslides susceptibility maps were verified using the area under curve(AUC)method.The prediction power of the model was assessed by the prediction rate curve.The success rate curves show 93%,92.8%,92.7%and 87.4%accuracy of susceptibility maps for frequency ratio,artificial neural network,weights of evidence and logistic regression,respectively.The developed landslide inventory and susceptibility maps can be used for land use planning and landslide mitigation strategies.
文摘Landslides are prevalent,regular,and expensive hazards in the Karakoram Highway(KKH)region.The KKH connects Pakistan with China in the present China-Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC)context.This region has not only immense economic importance but also ecological significance.The purpose of the study was to map the landslide-prone areas along KKH using two different techniquesAnalytical Hierarchy Process(AHP)and Scoops 3 D model.The causative parameters for running AHP include the lithology,presence of thrust,land use land cover,precipitation,and Digital Elevation Model(DEM)derived variables(slope,curvature,aspect,and elevation).The AHP derived final landslide susceptibility map was classified into four zones,i.e.,low,moderate,high,and extremely high.Over 80%of the study area falls under the moderate(43%)and high(40%)landslide susceptible zones.To assess the slope stability of the study area,the Scoops 3 D model was used by integrating with the earthquake loading data.The results of the limit equilibrium analysis categorized the area into four groups(low,moderate,high,and extremely high mass)of slope failure.The areas around Main Mantle Thrust(MMT)including Dubair,Jijal,and Kohistan regions,had high volumes of potential slope failures.The results from AHP and Scoops 3 D techniques were validated with the landslides inventory record of the Geological Survey of Pakistan and Google Earth.The results from both the techniques showed similar output that coincides with the known landslides areas.However,Scoops 3 D provides not only susceptible zones but also the range of volume of the potential slope failures.Further,these techniques could be used in other mountainous areas,which could help in the landslide mitigation measures.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41761144075,41671057,and 41771075)the Research Funds for New Talents of Yunnan University(YJRC3201702).
文摘Debris-covered glaciers,characterized by the presence of supraglacial debris mantles in their ablation zones,are widespread in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC)and surroundings.For these glaciers,thin debris layers accelerate the melting of underlying ice compared to that of bare ice,while thick debris layers retard ice melting,called debriscover effect.Knowledge about the thickness and thermal properties of debris cover on CPEC glaciers is still unclear,making it difficult to assess the regional debris-cover effect.In this study,thermal resistance of the debris layer estimated from remotely sensed data reveals that about 54.0%of CPEC glaciers are debris-covered glaciers,on which the total debris-covered area is about 5,072 km2,accounting for 14.0%of the total glacier area of the study region.We find that marked difference in the extent and thickness of debris cover is apparent from region to region,as well as the debris-cover effect.53.3%of the total debris-covered area of the study region is concentrated in Karakoram,followed by Pamir with 30.2%of the total debris-covered area.As revealed by the thermal resistance,the debris thickness is thick in Hindu Kush on average,with the mean thermal resistance of 7.0×10^-2((m^2∙K)/W),followed by Karakoram,while the thickness in western Himalaya is thin with the mean value of 2.0×10^-2((m^2∙K)/W).Our findings provide a basis for better assessments of changes in debriscovered glaciers and their associated hydrological impacts in the CPEC and surroundings.
