The 6th Session of the 12th Council of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU)was held in Beijing on the morning of 12 December,2024.
As the United Nations approaches its 80th anniversary,calls for Security Council reform continue to grow.Since 2005,India has been actively advocating for reform,aiming to gain permanent membership of the UN Security ...As the United Nations approaches its 80th anniversary,calls for Security Council reform continue to grow.Since 2005,India has been actively advocating for reform,aiming to gain permanent membership of the UN Security Council.Its core proposals focus on increasing both permanent and non-permanent seats,enhancing the representation of developing countries,temporarily refraining from exercising veto power,improving coordination between the General Assembly and the Security Council,and advancing text-based reforms.India's push for reform stems from its rising international status and the ambition for greater global influence.Its growing comprehensive strength,the intensification of major country competition,and the rise of the Global South provide India with a unique historical opportunity.To achieve its goals,India focuses on consolidating reform foundations,uniting multilateral forces,and shaping international public opinion.Although India's efforts have accelerated the pace of UN Security Council reforms to some extent,achieving its objectives remains challenging due to obstacles such as limited comprehensive strength,strategic difficulties in multilateral diplomacy,and the complexities of amending the UN Charter.展开更多
On 8 October 2024,CAFIU Vice-President Ai Ping attended the Opening Ceremony of the 38th Annual Plenary Meeting of the InterAction Council.Prior to that,Ai Ping met with Bertie Ahern,former Prime Minister of Ireland a...On 8 October 2024,CAFIU Vice-President Ai Ping attended the Opening Ceremony of the 38th Annual Plenary Meeting of the InterAction Council.Prior to that,Ai Ping met with Bertie Ahern,former Prime Minister of Ireland and Co-Chair of the InterAction Council,during which they exchanged views on the collaboration of the two sides.展开更多
From 13th to 16th of March 2025,representatives of China NGO Network for International Exchanges(CNIE)attended the 58th session of the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva.
The active participation of the Global South,an emerging and influential collective,serves as the pivotal driving force in propelling the reform of the United Nations Security Council(UNSC)and advancing the global sec...The active participation of the Global South,an emerging and influential collective,serves as the pivotal driving force in propelling the reform of the United Nations Security Council(UNSC)and advancing the global security governance system.In terms of reform demands,Global South countries have advanced proposals covering enhancing the transparency of UNSC voting procedures,regulating the exercise of veto power by the five permanent members,expanding both permanent and non-permanent membership,increasing the operational transparency of the Council,and elevating attention to issues pertinent to the Global South.In practice,Global South countries exert influence on UNSC reform that is adaptable in approach,nuanced in execution,and multifaceted in form by leveraging platforms within and beyond the Council to drive agenda-setting,substantively engaging in the Council's subsidiary committees and working groups,and enhancing interactions between Global South-led international organizations and the Security Council.Notwithstanding measurable achievements attained,the Global South countries have faced tough challenges in advancing UNSC reform.Three major challenges are viewpoint divergences and discursive contests within Global South countries,potential competition between Global South-led international organizations and the Security Council,and the emerging dynamics of major country competition and cooperation inside the Council.展开更多
Fifty years after the conclusion of Vatican II, debate still continues regarding the Council, its legacy and interpretation. The now-canonised Pope John XXIII surprised many by his sudden decision to summon Vatican II...Fifty years after the conclusion of Vatican II, debate still continues regarding the Council, its legacy and interpretation. The now-canonised Pope John XXIII surprised many by his sudden decision to summon Vatican II in 1959 soon after his election; it was not anticipated that a ＂transitional＂ pope would haake such an audacious and daring decision that would have such major historical implications for the Catholic Church. However, John XXIII＇s ＂surprise＂ decision came after decades of research, scholarship, and reflection on the Council of Trent especially the pastoral reforms instituted by St Charles Borromeo. Angelo Roncalli＇s study of Borromeo＇s apostolic visitation to the diocese of Bergamo in 1575 was decisive in shaping the historical framework that guided his ideas, his language, and style of leadership.展开更多
AIM: To provide an update on colorectal cancer(CRC) screening programmes in non-European Union(EU)-28 Council of Europe member states as of December 2015. METHODS: The mission of the Council of Europe is to protect an...AIM: To provide an update on colorectal cancer(CRC) screening programmes in non-European Union(EU)-28 Council of Europe member states as of December 2015. METHODS: The mission of the Council of Europe is to protect and promote human rights in its 47 member countries. Its 19 non-EU member states are Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska, Georgia, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Republic of Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, FYR of Macedonia, Turkey, and Ukraine(EU-19). The main data source were GLOBOCAN, IARC, WHO, EUCAN, NORDCAN, ENCR, volume X of the CI5, the ministerial and Public Health Agency websites of the individual countries, Pub Med, EMBASE, registries of some websites and the www.cochranelibrary.com, Scopus, www.clinicaltrials.gov, www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu, Research gate, Google and data extracted from screening programme results. RESULTS: Our results show that epidemiological data quality varies broadly between EU-28 and EU-19 countries. In terms of incidence, only 30% of EU-19 countries rank high in data quality as opposed to 86% of EU-28 states. The same applies to mortality data, since 52% of EU-19 countries as against all EU-28 countries are found in the high ranks. Assessment of the method of collection of incidence data showed that only 32% of EU-19 countries are found in the top three quality classes as against 89% of EU-28 countries. For the mortality data, 63% of EU-19 countries are found in the highest ranks as opposed to all EU-28 member states. Interestingly, comparison of neighbouring countries offering regional screening shows, for instance, that incidence and mortality rates are respectively 38.9 and 13.0 in Norway and 29.2 and10.9 in Sweden, whereas in Finland, where a national organised programme is available, they are respectively 23.5 and 9.3. CONCLUSION: Cancer screening should be viewed as a key health care tool, also because investing in screening protects the weakest in the population, decreases the social burden of cancer, and reduces all types of health care costs, including those for radical surgery, long-term hospitalisation, and chemotherapy.展开更多
BACKGROUND In the six Gulf Cooperation Council countries(GCCCs),Bahrain,Saudi Arabia,Kuwait,Oman,Qatar and the United Arab Emirates,breast cancer(BC)is the greatest cause of cancer incidence and mortality.Obesity and ...BACKGROUND In the six Gulf Cooperation Council countries(GCCCs),Bahrain,Saudi Arabia,Kuwait,Oman,Qatar and the United Arab Emirates,breast cancer(BC)is the greatest cause of cancer incidence and mortality.Obesity and physical inactivity are established risk factors for BC globally and appear to be more of a problem in high income countries like the GCCCs.AIM To determine whether obesity and physical inactivity are associated with BC incidence in the GCCCs using the United Kingdom as a comparator.METHODS This systematic review was carried out according to PRISMA guidelines.A cancer registry and a statistical data search was done to identify the BC incidence over the past two decades and the prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity in the GCCCs.Additionally,a systematic search of the databases,MEDLINE,Web of Science,and PubMed between 1999 and 2019 was performed to determine whether obesity and physical inactivity are risk factors for BC in the GCCCs.All papers were critically appraised according to their research methods and were assessed for quality and risk of bias.RESULTS BC was the top malignancy in each GCC country.Women tended to be diagnosed with BC at a younger age than women in the United Kingdom.The greatest 10-year increase in BC incidence was seen in Saudi Arabia(54.2%),,approximately seven times the rate of increase seen in the United Kingdom(7.6%).The prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity was greater in all the GCCCs in comparison to the United Kingdom.A total of 155 full studies were reviewed of which 17 were included.Of those,eight looked at the prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity in the Gulf States and nine looked at these as risk factors for BC.Only one study found an association between BC and obesity(odds ratio=2.29).No studies looked solely at the link between physical inactivity and BC.CONCLUSION The prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity was high within the GCCCs,but the majority of the included studies found no positive correlation between obesity or physical inactivity and BC.A high proportion of women in this study were pre-menopausal which could contribute to the negative findings.展开更多
With large-scale engineering projects being carried out in China, a large number of fossil localities have been discovered and excavated by responsible agencies, but still some important fossils of great value have be...With large-scale engineering projects being carried out in China, a large number of fossil localities have been discovered and excavated by responsible agencies, but still some important fossils of great value have been removed and smuggled into foreign countries. In the last three years, more than 1345 fossil specimens have been intercepted by Customs in Shenzhen, Shanghai, Tianjin, Beijing and elsewhere, and more than 5000 fossils, most of which are listed as key fossils,展开更多
The Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China will go into effect on September 1, 1995, which has become the focus of world attention. This is an important law promulgated by China for handling economic dispu...The Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China will go into effect on September 1, 1995, which has become the focus of world attention. This is an important law promulgated by China for handling economic disputes. All the parties concerned are making intense preparations for the successful enforcement of the Law. As the first nongovernmental organisation engaged in arbitration affairs, the China Council展开更多
The 44th IFToMM Executive Council （EC） Meeting was held in Guanajuato, Mexico, on the 19th and 23rd of June 2011, at the University of Guanajuato on the occasion of the 2011 IFToMM World Congress on MMS. The second ...The 44th IFToMM Executive Council （EC） Meeting was held in Guanajuato, Mexico, on the 19th and 23rd of June 2011, at the University of Guanajuato on the occasion of the 2011 IFToMM World Congress on MMS. The second day on June 23 was scheduled also as a training session for the newly elected Executive Council for the term 2012-2015. The status and problems of IFToMM activity were discussed with a tight schedule for an intense agenda. Many of the main points of discussion were focused on the reports and proposals for improving IFToMM activity, with the intention to give more worldwide visibility and activity to the Federation. The activities of Permanent Commissions （PCs） and Technical Committees （TCs）, the reports of the EC Working Groups （WGs）, the Treasurer＇s report, the candidatures for the next 2011 IFToMM World Congress, and the report of the Organizing Committee for the 13th IFToMM World Congress, were also presented and discussed.展开更多
Introduction The Australian Research Council（ARC）is the Australian Government＇s main agency for allocating research funding to academics and researchers in Australian universities.
Introduction The Medical Research Council （MRC） is a publicly-funded agency responsible for co-ordinating and funding medical research in the United Kingdom. The MRC is one of seven Research Councils in the UK and i...Introduction The Medical Research Council （MRC） is a publicly-funded agency responsible for co-ordinating and funding medical research in the United Kingdom. The MRC is one of seven Research Councils in the UK and is answerable to, although politically independent from, the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. The organisation is dedicated to ＂improving human health through world-class medical research＂. Since it was first established in 1920, the MRC has been able to accept charitable bequests, endowments and donations from the public to contribute towards the costs of the research that it undertakes. The MRC registered these charitable funds with the Charity Commission in the late 1960＇s and its charity- the Medical Research Foundation-has been successfully supporting medical research for over 80 years.展开更多
The Asia Pacific Council for Study of the AgingMale was established on 1 March 2001. In the FoundingMeeting, the Council Functionaries, Mission and Objec-tives were fully discussed and passed.ChairmanTan Hui Meng (Mal...The Asia Pacific Council for Study of the AgingMale was established on 1 March 2001. In the FoundingMeeting, the Council Functionaries, Mission and Objec-tives were fully discussed and passed.ChairmanTan Hui Meng (Malaysia)展开更多
The 43rd IFToMM Executive Council （EC） Meeting was held in Sousse, Tunisia, on the 12th and 13th of November 2010, at Technical University of Sousse. This is the first time that an EC meeting is held in Africa conti...The 43rd IFToMM Executive Council （EC） Meeting was held in Sousse, Tunisia, on the 12th and 13th of November 2010, at Technical University of Sousse. This is the first time that an EC meeting is held in Africa continent thanks to the kind hospitality of IFToMM Tunisia. The status and problems of IFToMM activity were discussed resulting in a full agenda. Many of the main points of discussion were related to the reports and proposals for improving IFToMM activity, leading to give more visibility and activity worldwide to the Federation.展开更多
The structure of the National Security Council(NSC)under Donald Trump has been tweaked only slightly on the basis of the previous administration’s"three tiers of committees"model,and without any breakthroug...The structure of the National Security Council(NSC)under Donald Trump has been tweaked only slightly on the basis of the previous administration’s"three tiers of committees"model,and without any breakthrough in reform.However,the NSC also faces a series of new changes and features,including instability caused by changes in the President’s entourage,and dysfunction induced by the decreased number of formal meetings.These changes may be attributed principally to the impact of Trump’s governing style,management style and informal decision-making process.The NSC’s role in the decision-making system varies according to the frequent changes in National Security Advisor.In the 70 plus year history of the NSC,it is evident that its development direction is determined by structural changes in the international pattern,US national security challenges and the transfer of power within the decision-making system.How the President positions and utilizes the NSC ultimately determines the structure and efficiency of the mechanism.展开更多
Currently the fifth generation,5G,for wireless communication is about to be rolled out worldwide.Many persons are concerned about potential health risks from radiofrequency radiation.In September 2017,a letter was sen...Currently the fifth generation,5G,for wireless communication is about to be rolled out worldwide.Many persons are concerned about potential health risks from radiofrequency radiation.In September 2017,a letter was sent to the European Union asking for a moratorium on the deployment until scientific evaluation has been made on potential health risks(http://www.5Gappeal.eu).This appeal has had little success.The Health Council of the Netherlands released on September 2,2020 their evaluation on 5G and health.It was largely based on a World Health Organization draft and report by the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority,both criticized for not being impartial.The guidelines by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection were recommended to be used,although they have been considered to be insufficient to protect against health hazards(http://www.emfscientist.org).The Health Council Committee recommended not to use the 26 GHz frequency band until health risks have been studied.For lower frequencies,the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines were recommended.The conclusion that there is no reason to stop the use of lower frequencies for 5G is not justified by current evidence on cancer risks as commented in this article.A moratorium is urgently needed on the implementation of 5G for wireless communication.展开更多
文摘The 6th Session of the 12th Council of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU)was held in Beijing on the morning of 12 December,2024.
文摘As the United Nations approaches its 80th anniversary,calls for Security Council reform continue to grow.Since 2005,India has been actively advocating for reform,aiming to gain permanent membership of the UN Security Council.Its core proposals focus on increasing both permanent and non-permanent seats,enhancing the representation of developing countries,temporarily refraining from exercising veto power,improving coordination between the General Assembly and the Security Council,and advancing text-based reforms.India's push for reform stems from its rising international status and the ambition for greater global influence.Its growing comprehensive strength,the intensification of major country competition,and the rise of the Global South provide India with a unique historical opportunity.To achieve its goals,India focuses on consolidating reform foundations,uniting multilateral forces,and shaping international public opinion.Although India's efforts have accelerated the pace of UN Security Council reforms to some extent,achieving its objectives remains challenging due to obstacles such as limited comprehensive strength,strategic difficulties in multilateral diplomacy,and the complexities of amending the UN Charter.
文摘On 8 October 2024,CAFIU Vice-President Ai Ping attended the Opening Ceremony of the 38th Annual Plenary Meeting of the InterAction Council.Prior to that,Ai Ping met with Bertie Ahern,former Prime Minister of Ireland and Co-Chair of the InterAction Council,during which they exchanged views on the collaboration of the two sides.
文摘From 13th to 16th of March 2025,representatives of China NGO Network for International Exchanges(CNIE)attended the 58th session of the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva.
基金the 2022 National Social Science Fund Youth Project"Research on the Development Trends of UN Peacekeeping Operations and China's Participation"(22CGJ010).
文摘The active participation of the Global South,an emerging and influential collective,serves as the pivotal driving force in propelling the reform of the United Nations Security Council(UNSC)and advancing the global security governance system.In terms of reform demands,Global South countries have advanced proposals covering enhancing the transparency of UNSC voting procedures,regulating the exercise of veto power by the five permanent members,expanding both permanent and non-permanent membership,increasing the operational transparency of the Council,and elevating attention to issues pertinent to the Global South.In practice,Global South countries exert influence on UNSC reform that is adaptable in approach,nuanced in execution,and multifaceted in form by leveraging platforms within and beyond the Council to drive agenda-setting,substantively engaging in the Council's subsidiary committees and working groups,and enhancing interactions between Global South-led international organizations and the Security Council.Notwithstanding measurable achievements attained,the Global South countries have faced tough challenges in advancing UNSC reform.Three major challenges are viewpoint divergences and discursive contests within Global South countries,potential competition between Global South-led international organizations and the Security Council,and the emerging dynamics of major country competition and cooperation inside the Council.
文摘Fifty years after the conclusion of Vatican II, debate still continues regarding the Council, its legacy and interpretation. The now-canonised Pope John XXIII surprised many by his sudden decision to summon Vatican II in 1959 soon after his election; it was not anticipated that a ＂transitional＂ pope would haake such an audacious and daring decision that would have such major historical implications for the Catholic Church. However, John XXIII＇s ＂surprise＂ decision came after decades of research, scholarship, and reflection on the Council of Trent especially the pastoral reforms instituted by St Charles Borromeo. Angelo Roncalli＇s study of Borromeo＇s apostolic visitation to the diocese of Bergamo in 1575 was decisive in shaping the historical framework that guided his ideas, his language, and style of leadership.
文摘AIM: To provide an update on colorectal cancer(CRC) screening programmes in non-European Union(EU)-28 Council of Europe member states as of December 2015. METHODS: The mission of the Council of Europe is to protect and promote human rights in its 47 member countries. Its 19 non-EU member states are Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska, Georgia, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Republic of Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, FYR of Macedonia, Turkey, and Ukraine(EU-19). The main data source were GLOBOCAN, IARC, WHO, EUCAN, NORDCAN, ENCR, volume X of the CI5, the ministerial and Public Health Agency websites of the individual countries, Pub Med, EMBASE, registries of some websites and the www.cochranelibrary.com, Scopus, www.clinicaltrials.gov, www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu, Research gate, Google and data extracted from screening programme results. RESULTS: Our results show that epidemiological data quality varies broadly between EU-28 and EU-19 countries. In terms of incidence, only 30% of EU-19 countries rank high in data quality as opposed to 86% of EU-28 states. The same applies to mortality data, since 52% of EU-19 countries as against all EU-28 countries are found in the high ranks. Assessment of the method of collection of incidence data showed that only 32% of EU-19 countries are found in the top three quality classes as against 89% of EU-28 countries. For the mortality data, 63% of EU-19 countries are found in the highest ranks as opposed to all EU-28 member states. Interestingly, comparison of neighbouring countries offering regional screening shows, for instance, that incidence and mortality rates are respectively 38.9 and 13.0 in Norway and 29.2 and10.9 in Sweden, whereas in Finland, where a national organised programme is available, they are respectively 23.5 and 9.3. CONCLUSION: Cancer screening should be viewed as a key health care tool, also because investing in screening protects the weakest in the population, decreases the social burden of cancer, and reduces all types of health care costs, including those for radical surgery, long-term hospitalisation, and chemotherapy.
文摘BACKGROUND In the six Gulf Cooperation Council countries(GCCCs),Bahrain,Saudi Arabia,Kuwait,Oman,Qatar and the United Arab Emirates,breast cancer(BC)is the greatest cause of cancer incidence and mortality.Obesity and physical inactivity are established risk factors for BC globally and appear to be more of a problem in high income countries like the GCCCs.AIM To determine whether obesity and physical inactivity are associated with BC incidence in the GCCCs using the United Kingdom as a comparator.METHODS This systematic review was carried out according to PRISMA guidelines.A cancer registry and a statistical data search was done to identify the BC incidence over the past two decades and the prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity in the GCCCs.Additionally,a systematic search of the databases,MEDLINE,Web of Science,and PubMed between 1999 and 2019 was performed to determine whether obesity and physical inactivity are risk factors for BC in the GCCCs.All papers were critically appraised according to their research methods and were assessed for quality and risk of bias.RESULTS BC was the top malignancy in each GCC country.Women tended to be diagnosed with BC at a younger age than women in the United Kingdom.The greatest 10-year increase in BC incidence was seen in Saudi Arabia(54.2%),,approximately seven times the rate of increase seen in the United Kingdom(7.6%).The prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity was greater in all the GCCCs in comparison to the United Kingdom.A total of 155 full studies were reviewed of which 17 were included.Of those,eight looked at the prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity in the Gulf States and nine looked at these as risk factors for BC.Only one study found an association between BC and obesity(odds ratio=2.29).No studies looked solely at the link between physical inactivity and BC.CONCLUSION The prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity was high within the GCCCs,but the majority of the included studies found no positive correlation between obesity or physical inactivity and BC.A high proportion of women in this study were pre-menopausal which could contribute to the negative findings.
文摘With large-scale engineering projects being carried out in China, a large number of fossil localities have been discovered and excavated by responsible agencies, but still some important fossils of great value have been removed and smuggled into foreign countries. In the last three years, more than 1345 fossil specimens have been intercepted by Customs in Shenzhen, Shanghai, Tianjin, Beijing and elsewhere, and more than 5000 fossils, most of which are listed as key fossils,
文摘The Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China will go into effect on September 1, 1995, which has become the focus of world attention. This is an important law promulgated by China for handling economic disputes. All the parties concerned are making intense preparations for the successful enforcement of the Law. As the first nongovernmental organisation engaged in arbitration affairs, the China Council
文摘The 44th IFToMM Executive Council （EC） Meeting was held in Guanajuato, Mexico, on the 19th and 23rd of June 2011, at the University of Guanajuato on the occasion of the 2011 IFToMM World Congress on MMS. The second day on June 23 was scheduled also as a training session for the newly elected Executive Council for the term 2012-2015. The status and problems of IFToMM activity were discussed with a tight schedule for an intense agenda. Many of the main points of discussion were focused on the reports and proposals for improving IFToMM activity, with the intention to give more worldwide visibility and activity to the Federation. The activities of Permanent Commissions （PCs） and Technical Committees （TCs）, the reports of the EC Working Groups （WGs）, the Treasurer＇s report, the candidatures for the next 2011 IFToMM World Congress, and the report of the Organizing Committee for the 13th IFToMM World Congress, were also presented and discussed.
文摘Introduction The Australian Research Council（ARC）is the Australian Government＇s main agency for allocating research funding to academics and researchers in Australian universities.
文摘Introduction The Medical Research Council （MRC） is a publicly-funded agency responsible for co-ordinating and funding medical research in the United Kingdom. The MRC is one of seven Research Councils in the UK and is answerable to, although politically independent from, the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. The organisation is dedicated to ＂improving human health through world-class medical research＂. Since it was first established in 1920, the MRC has been able to accept charitable bequests, endowments and donations from the public to contribute towards the costs of the research that it undertakes. The MRC registered these charitable funds with the Charity Commission in the late 1960＇s and its charity- the Medical Research Foundation-has been successfully supporting medical research for over 80 years.
文摘The Asia Pacific Council for Study of the AgingMale was established on 1 March 2001. In the FoundingMeeting, the Council Functionaries, Mission and Objec-tives were fully discussed and passed.ChairmanTan Hui Meng (Malaysia)
文摘The 43rd IFToMM Executive Council （EC） Meeting was held in Sousse, Tunisia, on the 12th and 13th of November 2010, at Technical University of Sousse. This is the first time that an EC meeting is held in Africa continent thanks to the kind hospitality of IFToMM Tunisia. The status and problems of IFToMM activity were discussed resulting in a full agenda. Many of the main points of discussion were related to the reports and proposals for improving IFToMM activity, leading to give more visibility and activity worldwide to the Federation.
文摘The structure of the National Security Council(NSC)under Donald Trump has been tweaked only slightly on the basis of the previous administration’s"three tiers of committees"model,and without any breakthrough in reform.However,the NSC also faces a series of new changes and features,including instability caused by changes in the President’s entourage,and dysfunction induced by the decreased number of formal meetings.These changes may be attributed principally to the impact of Trump’s governing style,management style and informal decision-making process.The NSC’s role in the decision-making system varies according to the frequent changes in National Security Advisor.In the 70 plus year history of the NSC,it is evident that its development direction is determined by structural changes in the international pattern,US national security challenges and the transfer of power within the decision-making system.How the President positions and utilizes the NSC ultimately determines the structure and efficiency of the mechanism.
文摘Currently the fifth generation,5G,for wireless communication is about to be rolled out worldwide.Many persons are concerned about potential health risks from radiofrequency radiation.In September 2017,a letter was sent to the European Union asking for a moratorium on the deployment until scientific evaluation has been made on potential health risks(http://www.5Gappeal.eu).This appeal has had little success.The Health Council of the Netherlands released on September 2,2020 their evaluation on 5G and health.It was largely based on a World Health Organization draft and report by the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority,both criticized for not being impartial.The guidelines by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection were recommended to be used,although they have been considered to be insufficient to protect against health hazards(http://www.emfscientist.org).The Health Council Committee recommended not to use the 26 GHz frequency band until health risks have been studied.For lower frequencies,the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines were recommended.The conclusion that there is no reason to stop the use of lower frequencies for 5G is not justified by current evidence on cancer risks as commented in this article.A moratorium is urgently needed on the implementation of 5G for wireless communication.
