Harvest time is assumed to potentially influence shape and size variation of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals;therefore it needs to be observed microscopically. This research used porang corms from the second growing p...Harvest time is assumed to potentially influence shape and size variation of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals;therefore it needs to be observed microscopically. This research used porang corms from the second growing period which were planted to produce the vegetative phase of third growing period. These corms were obtained based on the harvest time had determined. The harvest time was determined, i.e. 1) at two weeks before the plants shed (R<sub>0</sub> - 1);2) when the plants shed (R<sub>0</sub>) and 3) at two weeks after the plants shed (R<sub>0</sub> + 1). Slides for microscopic observation were obtained from slices on the edge and center of porang corms. Organ slices were cleared using modified clearing method. Parameters observed were the shape and the size of CaOx crystal. The variations of styloid, prism, druse and raphide crystals found in porang corms at the three harvest time were 1, 2, 3 and 37 variations respectively. The variation of CaOx crystals tended to be same in porang corms at three harvest times. The variation of these crystals tended to be static. It is also known that raphide crystal has the greatest variation amount. On the contrary, styloid crystal has the fewest variation amounts. This abundance of a number of raphide crystal variations is possibly due to its role as a defense mechanism in porang corms.展开更多
Scirpus mariqueter Tang et Zhang is a typical pioneer plant colonizing the bare beaches of the Yangtse River estuary. To explore the life history strategy of the species with reference to environmental physical stre...Scirpus mariqueter Tang et Zhang is a typical pioneer plant colonizing the bare beaches of the Yangtse River estuary. To explore the life history strategy of the species with reference to environmental physical stress, the biomass allocations to different plant components and some related morphological parameters were examined along an elevational gradient within a salt marsh. Authors found that S. mariqueter performed best at medium elevation within the marsh, with relatively high density of shoot and individual ramet dry mass. Biomass allocation to corm was the highest at low elevations, and the least at high elevations, suggesting that a conservative strategy was adopted by the species to cope with the harsh physical conditions at the low elevation. The investment in rhizome decreased from low to high elevations, while the proportion of inflorescence mass increased, indicating that during the life history, the species shifts from predominant asexual reproduction to predominant sexual reproduction. This may be favourable for the species to colonize larger area, and to spread and persist at a meta_population level. Correlation analyses showed that sexual reproduction was inversely related to growth and asexual reproduction. However, it is difficult to determine the relationship between asexual reproduction and growth possibly because of the varied function of the corms of the species in different life history stages.展开更多
Comparative morphological study of five varieties of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott present in Anambra State, Nigeria was carried out, in order to furnish plant taxonomists with information which could be of great he...Comparative morphological study of five varieties of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott present in Anambra State, Nigeria was carried out, in order to furnish plant taxonomists with information which could be of great help in delimitation of the varieties. Significant difference was established at p < 0.05. The result showed that adaxial surface of “kochuo” had a purplish dot on the centre, abaxial leaf surface had a conspicuous purplish colour at the point of attachment to the leaf, and the cormels had numerous striking vertical purple stripes on the surface. There was presence of foliaceous (leaf-like) appendages at the veins of the abaxial surface of the leaf of “ogeriobosi”. The leaf length ranged from 35.6 ± 7.70 cm (“kochuo”) to 49.9 ± 3.55 cm (“ogeriobosi”). Petiole length of “ogeriobosi” was the highest (63.3 ± 3.83 cm), whereas the least was Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum (26.67 ± 2.20 cm). The corm length ranged from 4.10 ± 0.10 cm (Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum) to 8.60 ± 0.35 cm (“ogeriobosi”), while the cormel length ranged from 3.70 ± 0.96 cm (Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum) to 7.03 ± 0.36 cm (“ogeriobosi”). This work has revealed diagnostic and differential morphological characters, which could be useful for identification and description of varieties of C. esculenta. In addition, it provided additional information which might be helpful in resolving the on-going controversy in the taxonomy of Colocasia, which would, in turn, probably lead to possible delimitation of C. esculenta.展开更多
Efficient and reproducible sample preparation prior to 2D-PAGE (two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) is a critical step in achieving accurate and reliable data. In this paper, we described a method to p...Efficient and reproducible sample preparation prior to 2D-PAGE (two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) is a critical step in achieving accurate and reliable data. In this paper, we described a method to prepare protein samples of taro that was compatible with subsequent analysis using 2D-PAGE. We compared proteins from shoot basal region from 0 d and 2 d after the beginning of tuberization. By this method we got about (2 000) spots and high reproducibility. Additionally some changes of protein expression were found.展开更多
The genus Hypoxis contains some of southern Africa’s most important wild medicinal species, a situation that has placed most of them amongst endangered species facing extinction. In this study, four Hypoxis species c...The genus Hypoxis contains some of southern Africa’s most important wild medicinal species, a situation that has placed most of them amongst endangered species facing extinction. In this study, four Hypoxis species collected from Swaziland: H. argentea, H. filiformis, H. acuminata and H. hemerocallidea, were included to assess their potential for in vitro propagation in order to efficiently conserve these species in the future. Among all types of explants tested only corm explants and seeds gave rise to shoots under the in vitro conditions. For the corm establishment, H. filiformis was the most in vitro responsive species, which had 100% shoot regeneration with high shoot number when cultured on the MS medium supplemented with 3 mg·l-1 kinetin with a piece of shoot attached, while the highest mean shoot number (17) was obtained on the same medium, but with no shoot attachment to the corm explants. H. argentea was the next most responsive species in vitro with up to 70% establishment, while the other two species had only up to 20% of in vitro establishment. For the seed explants, up to 29% seed germination was obtained for H. argentea when the seed coats were crushed before the in vitro culture. The regenerated shoots were rooted in vitro and acclimatized in the greenhouse展开更多
The micronutrient compositions of stored cocoyam-based products were determined using gas chromatography and atomic absorption spectrophotometry.The dried cormels and dried cocoyam leaves were pulverized with a locall...The micronutrient compositions of stored cocoyam-based products were determined using gas chromatography and atomic absorption spectrophotometry.The dried cormels and dried cocoyam leaves were pulverized with a locally fabricated machine and stored in various plastic containers for 0,1,2,3 months.The data obtained were analyzed statistically using SPSS version 21.Means were separated at P≤0.05 using Fisher’s Least Significant Differences.The vitamin contents(mg/100g)of achicha were as follows:cocoindia had total carotene(1.84),B1(0.071),B2(0.044),B3(0.41),C(4.14)while edeofe had vitamin E(0.84)and total carotene(1.24),B1(0.021),B2(0.013),B3(0.18),C(2.47)and E(0.57)after storage.The vitamin contents(mg/100g)of mpoto were as follows:cocoindia had B1(0.53),B2(0.31),B3(1.75),C(18.46)and E(5.28)while edeofe had total carotene(3.44μg/100g)and B1(0.26),B2(0.14),B3(1.19),C(8.61)and E(2.46),and anampu had total carotene(2.56μg/100g)after storage.The mineral composition(mg/100g)of achicha are as follows:anampu had Ca(48.78),Na(18.52),Mg(10.18),Mn(0.17)and P(19.61),Fe(2.47),Zn(2.60),I2(51.71);edeofe had P(26.27),Fe(3.66),Zn(2.91),and Ca(40.53),Na(10.67),Mg(6.29),K(285.77),Mn(0.075);and cocoindia had K(405.87)and I2(69.34)after storage.The mineral compositions of mpoto(mg/100g)are as follows:anampu had Ca(157.57),Mg(95.84),K(485.52),P(45.52),I2(90.33)and Zn(2.61);edeofe had Fe(4.87),Zn(4.52),and Ca(152.29),Na(176.54),Mg(84.77),K(325.87),P(35.53),Mn(0.25),I2(65.29)and cocoindia had Mg(95.84),Mn(0.63)and Fe(3.61)after storage.Micronutrients of the products reduced significantly(P≤0.05)during storage.Fortified Colocasia products with micronutrients will meet the required recommended dietary intake.展开更多
Background:Onion grass(Romulea rosea)is a common weed that infests native and improved pastures in the Mediterranean environments of southern Australia.It is a very challenging weed to control due to its distinctive g...Background:Onion grass(Romulea rosea)is a common weed that infests native and improved pastures in the Mediterranean environments of southern Australia.It is a very challenging weed to control due to its distinctive growth and survival mechanisms involving corms.Methods:Three glasshouse experiments were conducted in Australia to investigate the response of onion grass to defoliation and fertiliser application,the development and growth of onion grass corms and the chemical control of the weed in winter and spring.Results:Defoliating consistently to 1 cm above ground reduced corm weight by 84%compared with the control.Medium or high fertiliser application did not increase herbage mass of onion grass compared with the nonfertilised treatment.The corm weight of onion grass declined from Weeks 1 to 8 after emergence,remained at 53-60 mg dry matter(DM)corm−1 from Weeks 8 to 19 and then declined on average to 37mgDMcorm−1 up to Week 26 after emergence.New corms started to develop at Week 6 after emergence.A small proportion of the onion grass plants(7.5%)developed multiple new corms(3-6 corms)from a single old corm.The most effective herbicide control was a winter application of metsulfuron methyl or imazamox as an alternative product to protect clover.Conclusions:This study has identified the growth and development patterns of onion grass corms,how the plant responded to defoliation and fertiliser application and effective chemical control of this weed.These findings have significant practical implications for the improvement of onion grass-infested pastures.展开更多
文摘Harvest time is assumed to potentially influence shape and size variation of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals;therefore it needs to be observed microscopically. This research used porang corms from the second growing period which were planted to produce the vegetative phase of third growing period. These corms were obtained based on the harvest time had determined. The harvest time was determined, i.e. 1) at two weeks before the plants shed (R<sub>0</sub> - 1);2) when the plants shed (R<sub>0</sub>) and 3) at two weeks after the plants shed (R<sub>0</sub> + 1). Slides for microscopic observation were obtained from slices on the edge and center of porang corms. Organ slices were cleared using modified clearing method. Parameters observed were the shape and the size of CaOx crystal. The variations of styloid, prism, druse and raphide crystals found in porang corms at the three harvest time were 1, 2, 3 and 37 variations respectively. The variation of CaOx crystals tended to be same in porang corms at three harvest times. The variation of these crystals tended to be static. It is also known that raphide crystal has the greatest variation amount. On the contrary, styloid crystal has the fewest variation amounts. This abundance of a number of raphide crystal variations is possibly due to its role as a defense mechanism in porang corms.
文摘Scirpus mariqueter Tang et Zhang is a typical pioneer plant colonizing the bare beaches of the Yangtse River estuary. To explore the life history strategy of the species with reference to environmental physical stress, the biomass allocations to different plant components and some related morphological parameters were examined along an elevational gradient within a salt marsh. Authors found that S. mariqueter performed best at medium elevation within the marsh, with relatively high density of shoot and individual ramet dry mass. Biomass allocation to corm was the highest at low elevations, and the least at high elevations, suggesting that a conservative strategy was adopted by the species to cope with the harsh physical conditions at the low elevation. The investment in rhizome decreased from low to high elevations, while the proportion of inflorescence mass increased, indicating that during the life history, the species shifts from predominant asexual reproduction to predominant sexual reproduction. This may be favourable for the species to colonize larger area, and to spread and persist at a meta_population level. Correlation analyses showed that sexual reproduction was inversely related to growth and asexual reproduction. However, it is difficult to determine the relationship between asexual reproduction and growth possibly because of the varied function of the corms of the species in different life history stages.
文摘Comparative morphological study of five varieties of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott present in Anambra State, Nigeria was carried out, in order to furnish plant taxonomists with information which could be of great help in delimitation of the varieties. Significant difference was established at p < 0.05. The result showed that adaxial surface of “kochuo” had a purplish dot on the centre, abaxial leaf surface had a conspicuous purplish colour at the point of attachment to the leaf, and the cormels had numerous striking vertical purple stripes on the surface. There was presence of foliaceous (leaf-like) appendages at the veins of the abaxial surface of the leaf of “ogeriobosi”. The leaf length ranged from 35.6 ± 7.70 cm (“kochuo”) to 49.9 ± 3.55 cm (“ogeriobosi”). Petiole length of “ogeriobosi” was the highest (63.3 ± 3.83 cm), whereas the least was Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum (26.67 ± 2.20 cm). The corm length ranged from 4.10 ± 0.10 cm (Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum) to 8.60 ± 0.35 cm (“ogeriobosi”), while the cormel length ranged from 3.70 ± 0.96 cm (Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum) to 7.03 ± 0.36 cm (“ogeriobosi”). This work has revealed diagnostic and differential morphological characters, which could be useful for identification and description of varieties of C. esculenta. In addition, it provided additional information which might be helpful in resolving the on-going controversy in the taxonomy of Colocasia, which would, in turn, probably lead to possible delimitation of C. esculenta.
基金Item supported by science and technologycommittee of Shanghai municipality(003113010)
文摘Efficient and reproducible sample preparation prior to 2D-PAGE (two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) is a critical step in achieving accurate and reliable data. In this paper, we described a method to prepare protein samples of taro that was compatible with subsequent analysis using 2D-PAGE. We compared proteins from shoot basal region from 0 d and 2 d after the beginning of tuberization. By this method we got about (2 000) spots and high reproducibility. Additionally some changes of protein expression were found.
文摘The genus Hypoxis contains some of southern Africa’s most important wild medicinal species, a situation that has placed most of them amongst endangered species facing extinction. In this study, four Hypoxis species collected from Swaziland: H. argentea, H. filiformis, H. acuminata and H. hemerocallidea, were included to assess their potential for in vitro propagation in order to efficiently conserve these species in the future. Among all types of explants tested only corm explants and seeds gave rise to shoots under the in vitro conditions. For the corm establishment, H. filiformis was the most in vitro responsive species, which had 100% shoot regeneration with high shoot number when cultured on the MS medium supplemented with 3 mg·l-1 kinetin with a piece of shoot attached, while the highest mean shoot number (17) was obtained on the same medium, but with no shoot attachment to the corm explants. H. argentea was the next most responsive species in vitro with up to 70% establishment, while the other two species had only up to 20% of in vitro establishment. For the seed explants, up to 29% seed germination was obtained for H. argentea when the seed coats were crushed before the in vitro culture. The regenerated shoots were rooted in vitro and acclimatized in the greenhouse
文摘The micronutrient compositions of stored cocoyam-based products were determined using gas chromatography and atomic absorption spectrophotometry.The dried cormels and dried cocoyam leaves were pulverized with a locally fabricated machine and stored in various plastic containers for 0,1,2,3 months.The data obtained were analyzed statistically using SPSS version 21.Means were separated at P≤0.05 using Fisher’s Least Significant Differences.The vitamin contents(mg/100g)of achicha were as follows:cocoindia had total carotene(1.84),B1(0.071),B2(0.044),B3(0.41),C(4.14)while edeofe had vitamin E(0.84)and total carotene(1.24),B1(0.021),B2(0.013),B3(0.18),C(2.47)and E(0.57)after storage.The vitamin contents(mg/100g)of mpoto were as follows:cocoindia had B1(0.53),B2(0.31),B3(1.75),C(18.46)and E(5.28)while edeofe had total carotene(3.44μg/100g)and B1(0.26),B2(0.14),B3(1.19),C(8.61)and E(2.46),and anampu had total carotene(2.56μg/100g)after storage.The mineral composition(mg/100g)of achicha are as follows:anampu had Ca(48.78),Na(18.52),Mg(10.18),Mn(0.17)and P(19.61),Fe(2.47),Zn(2.60),I2(51.71);edeofe had P(26.27),Fe(3.66),Zn(2.91),and Ca(40.53),Na(10.67),Mg(6.29),K(285.77),Mn(0.075);and cocoindia had K(405.87)and I2(69.34)after storage.The mineral compositions of mpoto(mg/100g)are as follows:anampu had Ca(157.57),Mg(95.84),K(485.52),P(45.52),I2(90.33)and Zn(2.61);edeofe had Fe(4.87),Zn(4.52),and Ca(152.29),Na(176.54),Mg(84.77),K(325.87),P(35.53),Mn(0.25),I2(65.29)and cocoindia had Mg(95.84),Mn(0.63)and Fe(3.61)after storage.Micronutrients of the products reduced significantly(P≤0.05)during storage.Fortified Colocasia products with micronutrients will meet the required recommended dietary intake.
基金Department of Jobs,Precincts and Regions and the Glenelg-Hopkins Catchment Management,Victoria,Australia.
文摘Background:Onion grass(Romulea rosea)is a common weed that infests native and improved pastures in the Mediterranean environments of southern Australia.It is a very challenging weed to control due to its distinctive growth and survival mechanisms involving corms.Methods:Three glasshouse experiments were conducted in Australia to investigate the response of onion grass to defoliation and fertiliser application,the development and growth of onion grass corms and the chemical control of the weed in winter and spring.Results:Defoliating consistently to 1 cm above ground reduced corm weight by 84%compared with the control.Medium or high fertiliser application did not increase herbage mass of onion grass compared with the nonfertilised treatment.The corm weight of onion grass declined from Weeks 1 to 8 after emergence,remained at 53-60 mg dry matter(DM)corm−1 from Weeks 8 to 19 and then declined on average to 37mgDMcorm−1 up to Week 26 after emergence.New corms started to develop at Week 6 after emergence.A small proportion of the onion grass plants(7.5%)developed multiple new corms(3-6 corms)from a single old corm.The most effective herbicide control was a winter application of metsulfuron methyl or imazamox as an alternative product to protect clover.Conclusions:This study has identified the growth and development patterns of onion grass corms,how the plant responded to defoliation and fertiliser application and effective chemical control of this weed.These findings have significant practical implications for the improvement of onion grass-infested pastures.
