Optical spectroscopy has been intensively studied for cancer management in the past two decades.This review paper first introduces the background of optical spectroscopy for cancer management,which includes the advant...Optical spectroscopy has been intensively studied for cancer management in the past two decades.This review paper first introduces the background of optical spectroscopy for cancer management,which includes the advantages of optical techniques compared to other established techniques,the principle of optical spectroscopy and the typical setup of instrumentation.Then the recent progress in optical spectroscopy for cancer diagnosis in the following organs is reviewed:the brain,breast,cervix,lung,stomach,colon,prostate and the skin.Reviewed papers were selected from the PubMed database with keywords combining the terms of individual optical spectroscopy techniques and cancers.The primary focus is on the in vivo applications of optical spectroscopy in clinical studies.Ex vivo studies are also included for some organs to highlight special applications or when there are few in vivo results in the literature.Practical considerations of applying optical spectroscopy in clinical settings such as the speed,cost,complexity of operation,accuracy and clinical value are discussed.A few commercially available clinical instruments that are based on optical spectroscopy techniques are presented.Finally several technical challenges and standard issues are discussed and firm conclusions are made.展开更多
Since the opening-up policy was carried out in 1979, every facility of social modernized construction has developed at high speed; meanwhile, the need of English is increased year by year. The occasion and scope of us...Since the opening-up policy was carried out in 1979, every facility of social modernized construction has developed at high speed; meanwhile, the need of English is increased year by year. The occasion and scope of using it are expanded with the communications among countries. Therefore, English has become the generally international language in our country; in particular, translation plays an important and irreplaceable part in English to convey information. This paper aims to introduce the contrasts of English sentences and Chinese sentences and discuss some skills of translating each other. Though it is not complete and authoritative, yet it may help some people to understand the differences between two languages and to grasp some practical skills.展开更多
People make comparison and contrasts everyday,though they may not be aware of it. Comparison and contrast are ma jor methods to develop a piece of exposition. This paper mainly interprets the effective use of contrast...People make comparison and contrasts everyday,though they may not be aware of it. Comparison and contrast are ma jor methods to develop a piece of exposition. This paper mainly interprets the effective use of contrasts in The Virtues of Growing Older and explores the language art of an exposition.展开更多
In Beyond the Horizon,a three-act play,Eugene O'Neill successfully employs the techinique of contrast,namely,contrasts between different characters,between indoor and outdoor settings,and between seasons,which hel...In Beyond the Horizon,a three-act play,Eugene O'Neill successfully employs the techinique of contrast,namely,contrasts between different characters,between indoor and outdoor settings,and between seasons,which help to acquire rich symbolic meaning and intensify the tragic sense of the play.展开更多
This paper aims at examining the perception of English tense and lax vowel contrasts by testing an identification task of CVC syllables with different manipulated durations in Chinese learners of English.This can prov...This paper aims at examining the perception of English tense and lax vowel contrasts by testing an identification task of CVC syllables with different manipulated durations in Chinese learners of English.This can provide some empirical evidence for English as a second language teachers in teaching second language pronunciation.展开更多
The important effects of local land-sea thermodynamic contrast between the South China Sea (SCS) and Indochina Peninsula on SCS summer monsoon onset are preliminarily studied by using two sets of SSTA tests and two id...The important effects of local land-sea thermodynamic contrast between the South China Sea (SCS) and Indochina Peninsula on SCS summer monsoon onset are preliminarily studied by using two sets of SSTA tests and two ideal tests in s-p regional climate model. The result shows that warm SST in the SCS in winter and spring is favorable for the formation of monsoon circulation throughout all levels of the atmosphere over the sea, which hastens the onset of SCS summer monsoon. The effects of cold SST are generally the opposite. The local land-sea contrast in the SCS is one of the possible reasons for SCS summer monsoon onset. Superposed upon large-scale land-sea thermodynamic differences, it facilitates the formation of out-breaking onset characteristics of SCS summer monsoon in the SCS area.展开更多
Contrastive linguistics belongs to a branch of linguistics.It studies two or more languages synchronically.However,lexicology is the study of lexical items of a language.An English sentence or a Chinese sentence forme...Contrastive linguistics belongs to a branch of linguistics.It studies two or more languages synchronically.However,lexicology is the study of lexical items of a language.An English sentence or a Chinese sentence formed based on words and clauses.Because of differences in Cultures,the lexical meanings between English and Chinese differ in many aspects,such as motivation of words and sense relationships.This paper is a brief review that just likes a book report,mainly based on the book Contrastive Linguistics,of lexico-semantic contrasts between English and Chinese,illustrated with several examples in both English and Chinese.展开更多
AIM: To assess and compare the image quality of 4% sorbitol and diluted iodine 2%(positive oral contrast agent) in abdomino-pelvic multi-detector computed tomography.METHODS: Two-hundred patients, referred to the Radi...AIM: To assess and compare the image quality of 4% sorbitol and diluted iodine 2%(positive oral contrast agent) in abdomino-pelvic multi-detector computed tomography.METHODS: Two-hundred patients, referred to the Radiology Department of a central educational hospital for multi-detector row abdominal-pelvic computed tomography, were randomly divided into two groups: the first group received 1500 m L of 4% sorbitol solution as a neutral contrast agent, while in the second group 1500 m L of meglumin solution as a positive contrast agent was administered in a one-way randomized prospective study. The results were independently reviewed by two radiologists. Luminal distension and mural thickness and mucosal enhancement were compared between the two groups. Statistical analysis of the results was performed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 16 and the Mann-Whitney test at a confidence level of 95%. RESULTS: Use of neutral oral contrast agent significantly improved visualization of the small bowel wall thickness and mural appearance in comparison with administration of positive contrast agent(P < 0.01). In patients who received sorbitol, the small bowel showed better distention compared with those who received iodine solution as a positive contrast agent(P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of the study demonstrated that oral administration of sorbitol solution allows better luminal distention and visualization of mural features than iodine solution as a positive contrast agent.展开更多
The P receiver function includes P-to-SV converted phases and multiple reverberations of the discontinuities in the crust and mantle.The time of these phases is related to the crustal thickness and vp/vs ratio,and the...The P receiver function includes P-to-SV converted phases and multiple reverberations of the discontinuities in the crust and mantle.The time of these phases is related to the crustal thickness and vp/vs ratio,and the amplitude of these phases is mainly controlled by the velocity and density contrast of interfaces.By using H-κstacking method,this work estimated the crustal thickness and vP/vS ratio beneath the stations in the Guangdong province of South China.The velocity and density contrast(δβ-δρ)scanning stacking algorithm of the receiver function is applied to constrain the velocity and density contrast of the Moho in Guangdong province.This work analyzed the results of the crustal thickness,vp/vS ratio,and the velocity and density contrasts of Moho.The results indicate that the velocity contrast is higher beneath Yangjiang area in western Guangdong province and Nanao area in eastern Guangdong,which has a strong correlation with the distribution of geothermal springs in local areas and the characteristics of high heat flow.The velocity contrast of Moho has also a good correlation with the vP/vS ratio and the crustal thickness,which indicates that there is a strong material composition contrasts of the Moho in the study area.Velocity and density contrasts of Moho in some local area(such as western Guangdong)are somewhat consistent with the seismic activities.展开更多
In this study, it was shown that, same comparisons can be made by using contrast coefficients instead of Dunnett＇s test in the experiments with control groups. It was also shown that, in situations with an ordinal sc...In this study, it was shown that, same comparisons can be made by using contrast coefficients instead of Dunnett＇s test in the experiments with control groups. It was also shown that, in situations with an ordinal scale and equal spacing quantitative grouping, a trend investigation could be done by contrast coefficients. For this purpose, a small part of the data from a TUBITAK project in the Soil Science Department, Agriculture Faculty, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, was used with permission. The soils were absorbed to natural zeolite in concentration of 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg, and after two years, the available Zinc （Zn） amounts in the soil were analyzed. As a result, in both Dunnett＇s test and contrast methods, the Zn amounts in control and 2.5 mg/kg concentration groups were found similar （P 〉 0.01）; but were different （P 〈 0.01） between control and 5 mg/kg concentration groups, and control and 10 mg/kg concentration groups. Furthermore, when orthogonal polynomial contrast coefficients were investigated, linear effects were found significant （P 〈 0.01） and cubic effects were obtained significant （P 〈 0.05）, but quadratic effect was obtained insignificant （P 〉 0.05）.展开更多
Go Down, Moses is one of William Faulkner's famous novels. It consists of seven stories, most of which have been published earlier as magazine stories. When it first gets published, many reviewers regard it as a c...Go Down, Moses is one of William Faulkner's famous novels. It consists of seven stories, most of which have been published earlier as magazine stories. When it first gets published, many reviewers regard it as a collection of stories, due to its seven loosely jointed stories with their seemingly irrelevant plots and themes. Nowadays, critics take a as a completed novel with different contrastive characters which make the stories more attractive and deepen the plots and themes.展开更多
Global land monsoon precipitation(GLMP)is highly sensitive to changes in interhemispheric thermal contrast(ITC).Amplified interhemispheric asymmetries of GLMP due to enhanced ITC driven by high-level anthropogenic emi...Global land monsoon precipitation(GLMP)is highly sensitive to changes in interhemispheric thermal contrast(ITC).Amplified interhemispheric asymmetries of GLMP due to enhanced ITC driven by high-level anthropogenic emissions are expected to simultaneously increase the probability of regional floods and droughts,threatening ecosystems within global terrestrial monsoon regions and the freshwater supply for billions of residents in these areas.In this study,the responses of GLMP to the evolution of ITC toward the carbon neutrality goal are assessed using multimodel outputs from a new model intercomparison project(CovidMIP).The results show that the Northern Hemisphere-Southern Hemisphere(NH-SH)asymmetry of GLMP in boreal summer weakens during the 2040s,as a persistent reduction in well-mixed greenhouse gas(WMGHG)emissions leads to a downward trend in the ITC after 2040.At the same time,the reduction in WMGHG emissions dampens the Eastern Hemisphere-Western Hemisphere(EH-WH)asymmetry of GLMP by inducing La Niña-like cooling and enhancing moisture transport to Inner America.The resulting increases in land monsoon precipitation(LMP)may alleviate drought under the global warming scenario by about 19%-25%and 7%-9%in the WH and SH monsoon regions,respectively.However,a persistent reduction in aerosol emissions in Asia will dominate the increases in LMP in this region until the mid-21st century,and these increases may be approximately 23%-60%of the growth under the global warming scenario.Our results highlight the different rates of response of aerosol and WMGHG concentrations to the carbon neutrality goal,leading to various changes in LMP at global and regional scales.展开更多
Quantifying the density contrasts of the Earth’s inner core boundary(ICB)is crucial to understand core-mantle coupling and the generation of the geodynamo.The PKiKP/PcP amplitude ratio is commonly used to obtain the ...Quantifying the density contrasts of the Earth’s inner core boundary(ICB)is crucial to understand core-mantle coupling and the generation of the geodynamo.The PKiKP/PcP amplitude ratio is commonly used to obtain the density contrast at the ICB,but its applications are limited by scattered observed data.In this study,we selected the PKiKP and PcP phases reflected at the same region of inner-core and core-mantle boundaries beneath Northeast Asia from different earthquakes for the first time,and the observations suggested that the PKiKP/PcP amplitude ratio is widely scattered.We also compared the PKiKP and PcP amplitudes,which demonstrated that the scatter cannot be attributed only to ICB anomalies but might also arise from raypath differences and heterogeneities throughout the crust and mantle.By fitting the observed PKiKP/PcP amplitude ratio,we obtained a density contrast of approximately 0.65 g cm^(-3) and a compressional velocity contrast of approximately 0.87 km s^(-1) at the ICB beneath Northeast Asia.The larger contrast values indicate the possible occurrence of local crystallization occurring at the inner core surface.展开更多
Cognitive-oriented work on simile has developed out of attempts to pinpoint features distinguishing simile and metaphor.This development has had such consequences as 1)focusing on simile as an analogy-based process an...Cognitive-oriented work on simile has developed out of attempts to pinpoint features distinguishing simile and metaphor.This development has had such consequences as 1)focusing on simile as an analogy-based process and 2)giving very little attention to the way simile and metaphor work together,treating them as independent rather than cooperating phenomena.Addressing these shortcomings,this study examines the ability of non-ironic like-simile to imply contrasts between the asserted source-target similarity and a thought or belief evoked by this similarity,giving rise to context-bound attitudinal and llocutionary implications.In cases of like-simile scaffolded by metaphors,the contrast-based process arises from the cooperation of the two phenomena in the sense that the scenario created by the like-simile rests on manipulating the conceptual metaphor(s)supporting the comparison.The analysis of these cases is placed in the Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory(ECMT)-a contextual,multilevel theory of figurative language conceptualisation.The contrast-based process,drawn from the model of irony developed within the Lexical Constructional Model(LCM),is added to this theory as a mental-space level activity.Raykowski's sensory schema(a generalized notion of accumulation intuitions)is also added above the imageschema level metaphors,presenting the manipulation of the scaffolding metaphors as based on the expression of this schema.展开更多
This study examines the typology of/n/vs./l/onsets across Chinese dialects,to explore if the presence/absence of their contrasts in different vowel contexts is modulated by tones,such as H(igh),M(id),L(ow).Previous st...This study examines the typology of/n/vs./l/onsets across Chinese dialects,to explore if the presence/absence of their contrasts in different vowel contexts is modulated by tones,such as H(igh),M(id),L(ow).Previous studies showed that,without considering tones,the/n/vs./l/contrasts are more frequently observed in the/_a/context than in the/_i/context.The results of the typological survey in this study indicate that,when tone is considered,the/n/vs./l/contrasts turn out to be more frequently observed in the/_i/context than in the/_a/context.When comparing different tones,the/n/vs./l/contrasts are further shown to be more frequently observed when a tone starts with a High tonal target,e.g.,HH,HM,HL,than when it starts with a Mid(i.e.,MM,MH,ML)or Low(i.e.,LL,LM,LH)tone.In terms of level and contour tones,the/n/vs./l/contrasts occur more frequently with falling tones(i.e.,HM,HL,ML)than with level tones(i.e.,HH,MM,LL)or rising tones(i.e.,LM,LH,MH).展开更多
The survival strategy of plants is to adjust their functional traits to adapt to the environment.However,these traits and survival strategies of evergreen broad-leaved forest species are not well understood.This study...The survival strategy of plants is to adjust their functional traits to adapt to the environment.However,these traits and survival strategies of evergreen broad-leaved forest species are not well understood.This study examined 10 leaf functional traits(LFTs)of 70 common plant species in an evergreen broad-leaved forest in Huangshan Mountain to decipher their adaptive strategies.The phylogenetic signals of these LFTs were assessed and phylogenetically independent contrasts(PIC)and correlation analyses were carried out.LFTs were analyzed to determine their CSR(C:competitor,S:stress-tolerator,R:ruderal)strategies.The results show that plant species exhibit different leaf functional traits and ecological strategies(nine strategies were identified;the most abundant were S/CS and S/CSR strategies).Some traits showed significant phylogenetic signals,indicating the effect of phylogeny on LFTs to an extent.Trait variations among species suggest distinct adaptation strategies to environmental changes.The study species were mainly clustered on the C-S strategy axis,with a high S component.Species leaning toward the C-strategy end(e.g.,deciduous species),favored a resource acquisition strategy characterized by higher specific leaf area(SLA),greater nutrient contents(N and P),lower leaf dry matter content(LDMC),and reduced nutrient utilization efficiency(C:N and C:P).Conversely,species closer to the S-strategy end(e.g.,evergreen species)usually adopted a resource conservative strategy with trait combinations contrary to those of C-strategy species.Overall,this study corroborated the applicability of the CSR strategy at a local scale and provides insights into the varied trait combinations and ecological strategies employed by plant species to adapt to their environment.These findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in biodiversity maintenance.展开更多
文摘Optical spectroscopy has been intensively studied for cancer management in the past two decades.This review paper first introduces the background of optical spectroscopy for cancer management,which includes the advantages of optical techniques compared to other established techniques,the principle of optical spectroscopy and the typical setup of instrumentation.Then the recent progress in optical spectroscopy for cancer diagnosis in the following organs is reviewed:the brain,breast,cervix,lung,stomach,colon,prostate and the skin.Reviewed papers were selected from the PubMed database with keywords combining the terms of individual optical spectroscopy techniques and cancers.The primary focus is on the in vivo applications of optical spectroscopy in clinical studies.Ex vivo studies are also included for some organs to highlight special applications or when there are few in vivo results in the literature.Practical considerations of applying optical spectroscopy in clinical settings such as the speed,cost,complexity of operation,accuracy and clinical value are discussed.A few commercially available clinical instruments that are based on optical spectroscopy techniques are presented.Finally several technical challenges and standard issues are discussed and firm conclusions are made.
文摘Since the opening-up policy was carried out in 1979, every facility of social modernized construction has developed at high speed; meanwhile, the need of English is increased year by year. The occasion and scope of using it are expanded with the communications among countries. Therefore, English has become the generally international language in our country; in particular, translation plays an important and irreplaceable part in English to convey information. This paper aims to introduce the contrasts of English sentences and Chinese sentences and discuss some skills of translating each other. Though it is not complete and authoritative, yet it may help some people to understand the differences between two languages and to grasp some practical skills.
文摘People make comparison and contrasts everyday,though they may not be aware of it. Comparison and contrast are ma jor methods to develop a piece of exposition. This paper mainly interprets the effective use of contrasts in The Virtues of Growing Older and explores the language art of an exposition.
文摘In Beyond the Horizon,a three-act play,Eugene O'Neill successfully employs the techinique of contrast,namely,contrasts between different characters,between indoor and outdoor settings,and between seasons,which help to acquire rich symbolic meaning and intensify the tragic sense of the play.
文摘This paper aims at examining the perception of English tense and lax vowel contrasts by testing an identification task of CVC syllables with different manipulated durations in Chinese learners of English.This can provide some empirical evidence for English as a second language teachers in teaching second language pronunciation.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (40175021 40233037)
文摘The important effects of local land-sea thermodynamic contrast between the South China Sea (SCS) and Indochina Peninsula on SCS summer monsoon onset are preliminarily studied by using two sets of SSTA tests and two ideal tests in s-p regional climate model. The result shows that warm SST in the SCS in winter and spring is favorable for the formation of monsoon circulation throughout all levels of the atmosphere over the sea, which hastens the onset of SCS summer monsoon. The effects of cold SST are generally the opposite. The local land-sea contrast in the SCS is one of the possible reasons for SCS summer monsoon onset. Superposed upon large-scale land-sea thermodynamic differences, it facilitates the formation of out-breaking onset characteristics of SCS summer monsoon in the SCS area.
文摘Contrastive linguistics belongs to a branch of linguistics.It studies two or more languages synchronically.However,lexicology is the study of lexical items of a language.An English sentence or a Chinese sentence formed based on words and clauses.Because of differences in Cultures,the lexical meanings between English and Chinese differ in many aspects,such as motivation of words and sense relationships.This paper is a brief review that just likes a book report,mainly based on the book Contrastive Linguistics,of lexico-semantic contrasts between English and Chinese,illustrated with several examples in both English and Chinese.
文摘AIM: To assess and compare the image quality of 4% sorbitol and diluted iodine 2%(positive oral contrast agent) in abdomino-pelvic multi-detector computed tomography.METHODS: Two-hundred patients, referred to the Radiology Department of a central educational hospital for multi-detector row abdominal-pelvic computed tomography, were randomly divided into two groups: the first group received 1500 m L of 4% sorbitol solution as a neutral contrast agent, while in the second group 1500 m L of meglumin solution as a positive contrast agent was administered in a one-way randomized prospective study. The results were independently reviewed by two radiologists. Luminal distension and mural thickness and mucosal enhancement were compared between the two groups. Statistical analysis of the results was performed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 16 and the Mann-Whitney test at a confidence level of 95%. RESULTS: Use of neutral oral contrast agent significantly improved visualization of the small bowel wall thickness and mural appearance in comparison with administration of positive contrast agent(P < 0.01). In patients who received sorbitol, the small bowel showed better distention compared with those who received iodine solution as a positive contrast agent(P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of the study demonstrated that oral administration of sorbitol solution allows better luminal distention and visualization of mural features than iodine solution as a positive contrast agent.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFC1500100)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1701641,41874052,41730211 and 41774049)+5 种基金Guangdong Province Introduced Innovative R&D Team(Nos.2017ZT07Z066 and 2016ZT06N331)Guangdong Science and Technology Plan Project(No.2017B030314082)Combination Project with Monitoring,Prediction and Scientific Research of Earthquake Technology,CEA(No.3JH-201901051)Seismic Regime Tracking Project of CEA(No.2020010111)Some figures were plotted with Generic Mapping Tools(Wessel and Smith,1995)The authors sincerely acknowledge the anonymous reviewers and journal editors for their help,support,checking and helpful comments to the manuscript.
文摘The P receiver function includes P-to-SV converted phases and multiple reverberations of the discontinuities in the crust and mantle.The time of these phases is related to the crustal thickness and vp/vs ratio,and the amplitude of these phases is mainly controlled by the velocity and density contrast of interfaces.By using H-κstacking method,this work estimated the crustal thickness and vP/vS ratio beneath the stations in the Guangdong province of South China.The velocity and density contrast(δβ-δρ)scanning stacking algorithm of the receiver function is applied to constrain the velocity and density contrast of the Moho in Guangdong province.This work analyzed the results of the crustal thickness,vp/vS ratio,and the velocity and density contrasts of Moho.The results indicate that the velocity contrast is higher beneath Yangjiang area in western Guangdong province and Nanao area in eastern Guangdong,which has a strong correlation with the distribution of geothermal springs in local areas and the characteristics of high heat flow.The velocity contrast of Moho has also a good correlation with the vP/vS ratio and the crustal thickness,which indicates that there is a strong material composition contrasts of the Moho in the study area.Velocity and density contrasts of Moho in some local area(such as western Guangdong)are somewhat consistent with the seismic activities.
文摘In this study, it was shown that, same comparisons can be made by using contrast coefficients instead of Dunnett＇s test in the experiments with control groups. It was also shown that, in situations with an ordinal scale and equal spacing quantitative grouping, a trend investigation could be done by contrast coefficients. For this purpose, a small part of the data from a TUBITAK project in the Soil Science Department, Agriculture Faculty, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, was used with permission. The soils were absorbed to natural zeolite in concentration of 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg, and after two years, the available Zinc （Zn） amounts in the soil were analyzed. As a result, in both Dunnett＇s test and contrast methods, the Zn amounts in control and 2.5 mg/kg concentration groups were found similar （P 〉 0.01）; but were different （P 〈 0.01） between control and 5 mg/kg concentration groups, and control and 10 mg/kg concentration groups. Furthermore, when orthogonal polynomial contrast coefficients were investigated, linear effects were found significant （P 〈 0.01） and cubic effects were obtained significant （P 〈 0.05）, but quadratic effect was obtained insignificant （P 〉 0.05）.
文摘Go Down, Moses is one of William Faulkner's famous novels. It consists of seven stories, most of which have been published earlier as magazine stories. When it first gets published, many reviewers regard it as a collection of stories, due to its seven loosely jointed stories with their seemingly irrelevant plots and themes. Nowadays, critics take a as a completed novel with different contrastive characters which make the stories more attractive and deepen the plots and themes.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42275039)the Meteorological Joint Fund by NSF and CMA(Grant No.U2342224)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC3701202)the S&T Development Fund of CAMS(Grant No.2024KJ019)。
文摘Global land monsoon precipitation(GLMP)is highly sensitive to changes in interhemispheric thermal contrast(ITC).Amplified interhemispheric asymmetries of GLMP due to enhanced ITC driven by high-level anthropogenic emissions are expected to simultaneously increase the probability of regional floods and droughts,threatening ecosystems within global terrestrial monsoon regions and the freshwater supply for billions of residents in these areas.In this study,the responses of GLMP to the evolution of ITC toward the carbon neutrality goal are assessed using multimodel outputs from a new model intercomparison project(CovidMIP).The results show that the Northern Hemisphere-Southern Hemisphere(NH-SH)asymmetry of GLMP in boreal summer weakens during the 2040s,as a persistent reduction in well-mixed greenhouse gas(WMGHG)emissions leads to a downward trend in the ITC after 2040.At the same time,the reduction in WMGHG emissions dampens the Eastern Hemisphere-Western Hemisphere(EH-WH)asymmetry of GLMP by inducing La Niña-like cooling and enhancing moisture transport to Inner America.The resulting increases in land monsoon precipitation(LMP)may alleviate drought under the global warming scenario by about 19%-25%and 7%-9%in the WH and SH monsoon regions,respectively.However,a persistent reduction in aerosol emissions in Asia will dominate the increases in LMP in this region until the mid-21st century,and these increases may be approximately 23%-60%of the growth under the global warming scenario.Our results highlight the different rates of response of aerosol and WMGHG concentrations to the carbon neutrality goal,leading to various changes in LMP at global and regional scales.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program(B)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB18000000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41125015)。
文摘Quantifying the density contrasts of the Earth’s inner core boundary(ICB)is crucial to understand core-mantle coupling and the generation of the geodynamo.The PKiKP/PcP amplitude ratio is commonly used to obtain the density contrast at the ICB,but its applications are limited by scattered observed data.In this study,we selected the PKiKP and PcP phases reflected at the same region of inner-core and core-mantle boundaries beneath Northeast Asia from different earthquakes for the first time,and the observations suggested that the PKiKP/PcP amplitude ratio is widely scattered.We also compared the PKiKP and PcP amplitudes,which demonstrated that the scatter cannot be attributed only to ICB anomalies but might also arise from raypath differences and heterogeneities throughout the crust and mantle.By fitting the observed PKiKP/PcP amplitude ratio,we obtained a density contrast of approximately 0.65 g cm^(-3) and a compressional velocity contrast of approximately 0.87 km s^(-1) at the ICB beneath Northeast Asia.The larger contrast values indicate the possible occurrence of local crystallization occurring at the inner core surface.
文摘Cognitive-oriented work on simile has developed out of attempts to pinpoint features distinguishing simile and metaphor.This development has had such consequences as 1)focusing on simile as an analogy-based process and 2)giving very little attention to the way simile and metaphor work together,treating them as independent rather than cooperating phenomena.Addressing these shortcomings,this study examines the ability of non-ironic like-simile to imply contrasts between the asserted source-target similarity and a thought or belief evoked by this similarity,giving rise to context-bound attitudinal and llocutionary implications.In cases of like-simile scaffolded by metaphors,the contrast-based process arises from the cooperation of the two phenomena in the sense that the scenario created by the like-simile rests on manipulating the conceptual metaphor(s)supporting the comparison.The analysis of these cases is placed in the Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory(ECMT)-a contextual,multilevel theory of figurative language conceptualisation.The contrast-based process,drawn from the model of irony developed within the Lexical Constructional Model(LCM),is added to this theory as a mental-space level activity.Raykowski's sensory schema(a generalized notion of accumulation intuitions)is also added above the imageschema level metaphors,presenting the manipulation of the scaffolding metaphors as based on the expression of this schema.
文摘This study examines the typology of/n/vs./l/onsets across Chinese dialects,to explore if the presence/absence of their contrasts in different vowel contexts is modulated by tones,such as H(igh),M(id),L(ow).Previous studies showed that,without considering tones,the/n/vs./l/contrasts are more frequently observed in the/_a/context than in the/_i/context.The results of the typological survey in this study indicate that,when tone is considered,the/n/vs./l/contrasts turn out to be more frequently observed in the/_i/context than in the/_a/context.When comparing different tones,the/n/vs./l/contrasts are further shown to be more frequently observed when a tone starts with a High tonal target,e.g.,HH,HM,HL,than when it starts with a Mid(i.e.,MM,MH,ML)or Low(i.e.,LL,LM,LH)tone.In terms of level and contour tones,the/n/vs./l/contrasts occur more frequently with falling tones(i.e.,HM,HL,ML)than with level tones(i.e.,HH,MM,LL)or rising tones(i.e.,LM,LH,MH).
基金supported by the Special Foundation for National Science and Technology Basic Resources Investigation of China(2019FY202300)the Biodiversity Survey,Observation and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment(2110404).
文摘The survival strategy of plants is to adjust their functional traits to adapt to the environment.However,these traits and survival strategies of evergreen broad-leaved forest species are not well understood.This study examined 10 leaf functional traits(LFTs)of 70 common plant species in an evergreen broad-leaved forest in Huangshan Mountain to decipher their adaptive strategies.The phylogenetic signals of these LFTs were assessed and phylogenetically independent contrasts(PIC)and correlation analyses were carried out.LFTs were analyzed to determine their CSR(C:competitor,S:stress-tolerator,R:ruderal)strategies.The results show that plant species exhibit different leaf functional traits and ecological strategies(nine strategies were identified;the most abundant were S/CS and S/CSR strategies).Some traits showed significant phylogenetic signals,indicating the effect of phylogeny on LFTs to an extent.Trait variations among species suggest distinct adaptation strategies to environmental changes.The study species were mainly clustered on the C-S strategy axis,with a high S component.Species leaning toward the C-strategy end(e.g.,deciduous species),favored a resource acquisition strategy characterized by higher specific leaf area(SLA),greater nutrient contents(N and P),lower leaf dry matter content(LDMC),and reduced nutrient utilization efficiency(C:N and C:P).Conversely,species closer to the S-strategy end(e.g.,evergreen species)usually adopted a resource conservative strategy with trait combinations contrary to those of C-strategy species.Overall,this study corroborated the applicability of the CSR strategy at a local scale and provides insights into the varied trait combinations and ecological strategies employed by plant species to adapt to their environment.These findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in biodiversity maintenance.
