Missiles provide long-range precision strike capabilities and have become a cornerstone of modern warfare.The contrail clouds formed by missile during their active flight phase present significant chal-lenges to high-...Missiles provide long-range precision strike capabilities and have become a cornerstone of modern warfare.The contrail clouds formed by missile during their active flight phase present significant chal-lenges to high-altitude environmental observation and target detection and tracking.Existing studies primarily focus on specific airspace regions,leaving critical gaps in understanding the effects of long dispersion times,wide altitude ranges,and variable atmospheric conditions on missile contrail clouds.To address these gaps,this article develops a numerical method based on the Lagrangian random walk model,which incorporates various velocity variation terms,including particle velocity caused by the difference of wind field,by the thermal motion of local gas molecules and by random collisions between contrail cloud particles to capture the influence of environmental wind fields,atmospheric conditions,and particle concentrations on the motion of contrail cloud particles.A general coordinate system aligned with the missile's flight trajectory is employed to represent particle distribution characteristics.The proposed method is in good agreement with the conducted experiments as well as with the available numerical simulations.The results demonstrate that the proposed model effectively simulates the dispersion state of contrail clouds,accurately reflecting the impact of large-scale wind field variations and altitude changes with high computational efficiency.Additionally,simulation results indicate that the increased distance between gas molecules in rarefied environments facilitates enhanced particle dispersion,while larger particles exhibit a faster dispersion rate due to their greater mass.展开更多
Aviation contributes about 4%to net anthropogenic climate forcing,with contrails being the largest individual contributor to radiative forcing from aviation.One option to mitigate contrail-related climate impacts is u...Aviation contributes about 4%to net anthropogenic climate forcing,with contrails being the largest individual contributor to radiative forcing from aviation.One option to mitigate contrail-related climate impacts is using kerosene containing fewer or no aromatic components and thus showing a higher hydrogen content compared to conventional kerosene(i.e.,fossil fuel-based).Such“low contrail”kerosene can be provided as a blend of conventional(crude oil-based)and synthetic kerosene or from hydroprocessing conventional kerosene.Low contrail kerosene reduces contrail lifetime and optical thickness and thus the magnitude of contrail climate forcing.However,market shares of such kerosene are presently very low.Simultaneously,a small fraction(<10%)of all flights globally accounts for the majority(>80%)of global warming contrail climate forcing.Hence,the targeted use of low contrail kerosene on those flights appears promising.But,such an approach would require additional operational efforts,such as a duplication of supply lines and storage tanks.This study evaluates the feasibility and operational efforts of a segregated supply of a 35 m-%SAF-blend(14.34 m-%hydrogen content)to 84 winter time demonstration flights to reduce contrail climate forcing.Between 17th January 2023 and 2nd February 2023,low contrail kerosene was supplied to commercial A320 type aircraft flights on the route between Stockholm and Copenhagen in northern Europe.The operational feasibility and related efforts to target flights with the highest contrail energy forcing as well as a large-scale application are described.The evolution of contrails is tracked using data from the Meteosat Second Generation(MSG)satellite.The contrail energy forcing is calculated for the corresponding flight trajectories assuming another,well-validated engine model(CFM56–5B4 for the simulations instead of LEAP1A-26 for the demonstration flights)using the Contrail Cirrus Prediction(CoCiP)model with meteorological input fields from European Reanalysis data(ERA5).For the first time,the experiment demonstrates the operational feasibility for a segregated supply of low contrail kerosene to medium range aircraft at Stockholm airport.The segregated supply of low contrail kerosene can be realized for short to medium range flights,which can be fueled by a refueller truck.Targeting individual flights via single line hydrant fueling systems seems impractical as of now.Operational efforts to target single flights with highest contrail energy forcing are almost identical to the efforts in this demonstration experiment.Simulations estimate that the segregated supply of the medium blend kerosene(14.34 m-%hydrogen content)can reduce contrail energy forcing by about 11%assuming the use of a“Rich-Quench-Lean”(RQL)engine(CFM56–5B4).The contrail climate benefit increases to>20%for a 50%blend ratio(14.7 m-%hydrogen content).Also,the location and evolution of the demonstration flights’28 contrails calculated with CoCiP was tracked with satellite data.The uncertainty of absolute contrail climate forcing estimates is mainly limited due to meteorological data input and also by lacking information on fuel composition in terms of cycloalkane,mono-and polycyclic aromatics content.Contrarily,the uncertainty of relative changes in contrail climate forcing is subject to low uncertainty,since it compares the use of different fuels for an identical fleet and identical weather conditions.展开更多
文摘Missiles provide long-range precision strike capabilities and have become a cornerstone of modern warfare.The contrail clouds formed by missile during their active flight phase present significant chal-lenges to high-altitude environmental observation and target detection and tracking.Existing studies primarily focus on specific airspace regions,leaving critical gaps in understanding the effects of long dispersion times,wide altitude ranges,and variable atmospheric conditions on missile contrail clouds.To address these gaps,this article develops a numerical method based on the Lagrangian random walk model,which incorporates various velocity variation terms,including particle velocity caused by the difference of wind field,by the thermal motion of local gas molecules and by random collisions between contrail cloud particles to capture the influence of environmental wind fields,atmospheric conditions,and particle concentrations on the motion of contrail cloud particles.A general coordinate system aligned with the missile's flight trajectory is employed to represent particle distribution characteristics.The proposed method is in good agreement with the conducted experiments as well as with the available numerical simulations.The results demonstrate that the proposed model effectively simulates the dispersion state of contrail clouds,accurately reflecting the impact of large-scale wind field variations and altitude changes with high computational efficiency.Additionally,simulation results indicate that the increased distance between gas molecules in rarefied environments facilitates enhanced particle dispersion,while larger particles exhibit a faster dispersion rate due to their greater mass.
文摘Aviation contributes about 4%to net anthropogenic climate forcing,with contrails being the largest individual contributor to radiative forcing from aviation.One option to mitigate contrail-related climate impacts is using kerosene containing fewer or no aromatic components and thus showing a higher hydrogen content compared to conventional kerosene(i.e.,fossil fuel-based).Such“low contrail”kerosene can be provided as a blend of conventional(crude oil-based)and synthetic kerosene or from hydroprocessing conventional kerosene.Low contrail kerosene reduces contrail lifetime and optical thickness and thus the magnitude of contrail climate forcing.However,market shares of such kerosene are presently very low.Simultaneously,a small fraction(<10%)of all flights globally accounts for the majority(>80%)of global warming contrail climate forcing.Hence,the targeted use of low contrail kerosene on those flights appears promising.But,such an approach would require additional operational efforts,such as a duplication of supply lines and storage tanks.This study evaluates the feasibility and operational efforts of a segregated supply of a 35 m-%SAF-blend(14.34 m-%hydrogen content)to 84 winter time demonstration flights to reduce contrail climate forcing.Between 17th January 2023 and 2nd February 2023,low contrail kerosene was supplied to commercial A320 type aircraft flights on the route between Stockholm and Copenhagen in northern Europe.The operational feasibility and related efforts to target flights with the highest contrail energy forcing as well as a large-scale application are described.The evolution of contrails is tracked using data from the Meteosat Second Generation(MSG)satellite.The contrail energy forcing is calculated for the corresponding flight trajectories assuming another,well-validated engine model(CFM56–5B4 for the simulations instead of LEAP1A-26 for the demonstration flights)using the Contrail Cirrus Prediction(CoCiP)model with meteorological input fields from European Reanalysis data(ERA5).For the first time,the experiment demonstrates the operational feasibility for a segregated supply of low contrail kerosene to medium range aircraft at Stockholm airport.The segregated supply of low contrail kerosene can be realized for short to medium range flights,which can be fueled by a refueller truck.Targeting individual flights via single line hydrant fueling systems seems impractical as of now.Operational efforts to target single flights with highest contrail energy forcing are almost identical to the efforts in this demonstration experiment.Simulations estimate that the segregated supply of the medium blend kerosene(14.34 m-%hydrogen content)can reduce contrail energy forcing by about 11%assuming the use of a“Rich-Quench-Lean”(RQL)engine(CFM56–5B4).The contrail climate benefit increases to>20%for a 50%blend ratio(14.7 m-%hydrogen content).Also,the location and evolution of the demonstration flights’28 contrails calculated with CoCiP was tracked with satellite data.The uncertainty of absolute contrail climate forcing estimates is mainly limited due to meteorological data input and also by lacking information on fuel composition in terms of cycloalkane,mono-and polycyclic aromatics content.Contrarily,the uncertainty of relative changes in contrail climate forcing is subject to low uncertainty,since it compares the use of different fuels for an identical fleet and identical weather conditions.
