The mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK）, a key signal transduction component in the MAPK cascade pathway, regulates a variety of physiological activities in eukaryotes. However, little is known of the role MAPK ...The mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK）, a key signal transduction component in the MAPK cascade pathway, regulates a variety of physiological activities in eukaryotes. However, little is known of the role MAPK plays in phytopathogenic fungi. In this research, we cloned the MAPK gene STK1 from the northern corn leaf blight pathogen Setosphaeria turcica and found that the gene shared high homology with the high osmolality glycerol （HOG） MAPK gene HOG1 of Saccharomy- ces cerevisiae. In addition, gene knockout technology was employed to investigate the function of STKI. Gene knockout mutants （KOs） were found to have altered hyphae morphology and no conidiogenesis, though they did show similar radial growth rate compared to the wild-type strain （WT）. Furthermore, microscope observations indicated that STK1 KOs did not form normal appressoria at 48 h post-inoculation on a hydrophobic surface. STK1 KOs had reduced virulence, a significantly altered Helminthosporium turcicum （HT）-toxin composition, and diminished pathogenicity on the leaves of susceptible inbred corn OH43. Mycelium morphology appeared to be significantly swollen and the radial growth rates of STK1 KOs declined in comparison with WT under high osmotic stress. These results suggested that STK1 affects the hyphae development, conidiogenesis, and pathogenicity of S. turcica by regulating appressorium development and HT-toxin biosynthesis. Moreover, the gene appears to be involved in the hypertonic stress response in S. turcica.展开更多
Fusarium graminearum is an important plant pathogenic fungus that causes disease and yield reduction in many cereal crops, such as wheat and barley. Gyp8 stimulates GTP hydrolysis on Ypt1 in yeast. However, the functi...Fusarium graminearum is an important plant pathogenic fungus that causes disease and yield reduction in many cereal crops, such as wheat and barley. Gyp8 stimulates GTP hydrolysis on Ypt1 in yeast. However, the functions of Gyp8 in plant pathogenic fungi are still unknown. In this study, we investigated the roles of Fg Gyp8 in F. graminearum by genetic and pathological analyses. Through gene knockout and phenotypic analyses, we found that Fg Gyp8 is required for vegetative growth in F. graminearum. The conidiation, conidial size and number of septa per conidium of ΔFggyp8 mutant are significantly reduced when compared to the wild type PH-1. Furthermore, Fg Gyp8 is crucial for pathogenicity on wheat coleoptiles and wheat heads. Fg Gyp8 contains a conserved TBC domain. Domain deletion analysis showed that the TBC domain, C-and N-terminal regions of Fg Gyp8 are all important for its biological functions in F. graminearum. Moreover, we showed that Fg Gyp8 catalyzes the hydrolysis of the GTP on Fg Rab1 to GDP in vitro, indicating that Fg Gyp8 is a GTPase-activating protein(GAP) for Fg Rab1. In addition, we demonstrated that Fg Gyp8 is required for Fg Snc1-mediated fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane in F. graminearum. Finally, we showed that Fg Gyp8 has functional redundancy with another Fg Rab1 GAP, Fg Gyp1, in F. graminearum. Taken together, we conclude that Fg Gyp8 is required for vegetative growth, conidiogenesis, pathogenicity and acts as a GAP for Fg Rab1 in F. graminearum.展开更多
t Coelomycetous fungi are an artificial taxonomic group which produce conidia inside a cavity i.e.conidiomata.Coelomycetes comprise about,1000 genera and 7000 species,which can be endophytic,pathogenic or saprobic.Tra...t Coelomycetous fungi are an artificial taxonomic group which produce conidia inside a cavity i.e.conidiomata.Coelomycetes comprise about,1000 genera and 7000 species,which can be endophytic,pathogenic or saprobic.Traditional classification of coelomycetes was previously based on morphology,such as the shape of conidiomata and mode of conidiogenesis,while it was treated as a distinct group i.e.Deuteromycotina.Sequence based taxonomic studies has been used to accommodate asexual fungi in a natural classification system,resolve generic boundaries of polyphyletic genera and species complexes,as well as establish asexual-sexual links.Nevertheless,most of genera lack sequence data,thus,morphology based identification is still important when introducing new genera or species.In this paper we illustrate,describe,and provide taxonomic notes for 235 dematiaceous coelomycetous genera,including five new genera viz.Apiculospora,Didymellocamarosporium,Melanocamarosporium,Melnikia and Paulkirkia.Phylogenetic analyses of combined sequence data are provided to show placements of dematiaceous coelomycetes in Dothideomycetes,Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes.One-hundred and fifty-two(65%)of genera have sequence data,thus,their taxonomic placement in a natural classification system,is listed as an outline.However,83 genera still lack sequence data,hence,they are treated as Ascomycota,genera incertae sedis.In addition,separate analyses are provided where better taxonomic resolution is needed.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31171805 and 31371897)
文摘The mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK）, a key signal transduction component in the MAPK cascade pathway, regulates a variety of physiological activities in eukaryotes. However, little is known of the role MAPK plays in phytopathogenic fungi. In this research, we cloned the MAPK gene STK1 from the northern corn leaf blight pathogen Setosphaeria turcica and found that the gene shared high homology with the high osmolality glycerol （HOG） MAPK gene HOG1 of Saccharomy- ces cerevisiae. In addition, gene knockout technology was employed to investigate the function of STKI. Gene knockout mutants （KOs） were found to have altered hyphae morphology and no conidiogenesis, though they did show similar radial growth rate compared to the wild-type strain （WT）. Furthermore, microscope observations indicated that STK1 KOs did not form normal appressoria at 48 h post-inoculation on a hydrophobic surface. STK1 KOs had reduced virulence, a significantly altered Helminthosporium turcicum （HT）-toxin composition, and diminished pathogenicity on the leaves of susceptible inbred corn OH43. Mycelium morphology appeared to be significantly swollen and the radial growth rates of STK1 KOs declined in comparison with WT under high osmotic stress. These results suggested that STK1 affects the hyphae development, conidiogenesis, and pathogenicity of S. turcica by regulating appressorium development and HT-toxin biosynthesis. Moreover, the gene appears to be involved in the hypertonic stress response in S. turcica.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (31970141)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China (2020J06047)+1 种基金the Foundation of Minjiang University, China (MJY19019)the Foundation of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China (KFb22050XA)。
文摘Fusarium graminearum is an important plant pathogenic fungus that causes disease and yield reduction in many cereal crops, such as wheat and barley. Gyp8 stimulates GTP hydrolysis on Ypt1 in yeast. However, the functions of Gyp8 in plant pathogenic fungi are still unknown. In this study, we investigated the roles of Fg Gyp8 in F. graminearum by genetic and pathological analyses. Through gene knockout and phenotypic analyses, we found that Fg Gyp8 is required for vegetative growth in F. graminearum. The conidiation, conidial size and number of septa per conidium of ΔFggyp8 mutant are significantly reduced when compared to the wild type PH-1. Furthermore, Fg Gyp8 is crucial for pathogenicity on wheat coleoptiles and wheat heads. Fg Gyp8 contains a conserved TBC domain. Domain deletion analysis showed that the TBC domain, C-and N-terminal regions of Fg Gyp8 are all important for its biological functions in F. graminearum. Moreover, we showed that Fg Gyp8 catalyzes the hydrolysis of the GTP on Fg Rab1 to GDP in vitro, indicating that Fg Gyp8 is a GTPase-activating protein(GAP) for Fg Rab1. In addition, we demonstrated that Fg Gyp8 is required for Fg Snc1-mediated fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane in F. graminearum. Finally, we showed that Fg Gyp8 has functional redundancy with another Fg Rab1 GAP, Fg Gyp1, in F. graminearum. Taken together, we conclude that Fg Gyp8 is required for vegetative growth, conidiogenesis, pathogenicity and acts as a GAP for Fg Rab1 in F. graminearum.
基金the International Highly Cited Research Group(IHCRRGP#14-205)Nalin N.Wijayawardene would like to thank P.M.Kirk,V.A.Mel’nik,Buddhika Dilhan,Dmitrii Shabunin,Manjari Dissanayake and Lesley Ragab for being helpful to gather old literature.Kevin D.Hyde is grateful to the Chinese Academy of Sciences,project number 2013T2S0030+6 种基金for the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botany,research grant from the Biodiversity Research and Training Program(BRT R253012)The Thailand Research Fund(BRG 5280002).Alan J.L.Phillips thanks Mae Fah Luang University for a Visiting Professorship during the tenure of which this paper was finalised.Yong Wang would like to thank The International Scientific Cooperated Project of Guizhou Province(No[2013]7004).Rungtiwa Phookamsak thanks the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D.Program(PHD/0090/2551).Erio Camporesi is grateful to Giancarlo Lombardi,Sergio Montanari and Gigi Stagioni for their help in identifying host plants of fresh collections.K.Tanaka would like to thank the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS,25440199 and 26291084)Hirosaki University Grant for Exploratory Research by Young Scientists and Newly-appointed Scientists for financial support.Yong Wang thanks Yong-Cheng Long,Prof.De-Gang Zhao and Prof.Zhuo Chen for their help in sequencing and suggestions in molecular experiments.We would like to thank MFU grant No.56101020032 for funding to study the taxonomy and phylogeny of Dothideomycetes.The authors also wish to acknowledge Saranyaphat Boonmee,Chayanard Phukhamsakda and Qing Tian.Ishani D.Goonasekara wishes to acknowledge Liu Ende,Assistant Curator,Herbarium,Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences(KUN),Kunming,China,Wu HaiXia and staff of International Fungal Research and Development Centre(IFRD),Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Cultivation&Utilization State Forestry Administration,The Research Institute of Resource Insects,Chinese Academy of Forestry Kunming 650224,PR China and Danushka S.Tennakoon for their assistance with herbarium material.
文摘t Coelomycetous fungi are an artificial taxonomic group which produce conidia inside a cavity i.e.conidiomata.Coelomycetes comprise about,1000 genera and 7000 species,which can be endophytic,pathogenic or saprobic.Traditional classification of coelomycetes was previously based on morphology,such as the shape of conidiomata and mode of conidiogenesis,while it was treated as a distinct group i.e.Deuteromycotina.Sequence based taxonomic studies has been used to accommodate asexual fungi in a natural classification system,resolve generic boundaries of polyphyletic genera and species complexes,as well as establish asexual-sexual links.Nevertheless,most of genera lack sequence data,thus,morphology based identification is still important when introducing new genera or species.In this paper we illustrate,describe,and provide taxonomic notes for 235 dematiaceous coelomycetous genera,including five new genera viz.Apiculospora,Didymellocamarosporium,Melanocamarosporium,Melnikia and Paulkirkia.Phylogenetic analyses of combined sequence data are provided to show placements of dematiaceous coelomycetes in Dothideomycetes,Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes.One-hundred and fifty-two(65%)of genera have sequence data,thus,their taxonomic placement in a natural classification system,is listed as an outline.However,83 genera still lack sequence data,hence,they are treated as Ascomycota,genera incertae sedis.In addition,separate analyses are provided where better taxonomic resolution is needed.
