The unbalanced and inadequate use of fertilizers is one of the causes of soil degradation. Combined with the ever-increasing population, it is necessary to find sustainable agricultural production alternatives. The pr...The unbalanced and inadequate use of fertilizers is one of the causes of soil degradation. Combined with the ever-increasing population, it is necessary to find sustainable agricultural production alternatives. The present work aims to determine the effect of different rates and mixtutes of organic amendments on soil fertility and the performance of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). In the field, treatments consisted of solid household waste and faecal sludge in the ratios of 3/5 (V1), and a mixture of faecal sludge and household waste in the ratio of 3/5 with 900 worms (V2). At the end of the composting process, V1, V2 composts and the poultry manure (PM) were applied at rates of 4, 5 and 6 t∙ha−1 in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Soil samples were collected before and after the experiment and analyzed. The main results revealed that at the end of the composting process, there was a progressive improvement in the physico-chemical properties of V1 and V2 composts. In particular, the C/N ratio, phosphorus (P) and total nitrogen (TN) initially at 16.49 ± 0.42 (V1, V2), 21.06 ± 0.07 mg∙kg−1 (V1, V2), 0.76% ± 0.08% (V1, V2) respectively, increased after 60 days to 12.40 ± 0.41 (V1), 9.74 ± 0.28 (V2) for C/N, 21.94 ± 0.63 mg∙kg−1 (V1) and 22.04 ± 0.04 mg∙kg−1 (V2) for P, 0.96% ± 0.0% (V1) and 1.22 ± 0.04 (V2) for TN. The application of 6 t∙ha−1of PM had the greatest influence on the diameter and weight of the flower heads (27.16 ± 4.01 t∙ha−1 and 230.83 ± 2.64 t∙ha−1), while 4 t∙ha−1 of V2 gave the tallest sunflower plants (110.07 ± 73.28 cm) as well as the diameter at the crown (19.30 ± 9.07 cm). However, CEC was most influenced by 4 t∙ha−1 of V1, while 4 t∙ha−1 of PM had the greatest effect on organic carbon and phosphorus. However, 5 t∙ha−1 of PM showed the highest sunflower production and yield (1.67 ± 0.21 t∙ha−1). The combination with 900 earthworms is recommended for composting and 5 t∙ha−1 of PM is recommended to obtain a better sunflower production.展开更多
Composts are recognised as an important source of nutrients for crops. The study aims to valorise agricultural by-products by composts made from broiler (A), laying hen (B) and bovine (C) manures in soilless tomato cu...Composts are recognised as an important source of nutrients for crops. The study aims to valorise agricultural by-products by composts made from broiler (A), laying hen (B) and bovine (C) manures in soilless tomato cultivation. Treatments consisted of these three composts and controls consisting of coconut fibres fed with a nutrient solution. The system is a randomised Fisher block with three replications. Each elementary plot consisted of nine tomato plants. Chemical parameters of the substrates and agronomic parameters of the plants were recorded from 14 to 49 days after transplanting (DAT). The pH stabilised at around 6.2 after varying from 7.1 to 8.0 in the composts. The high electrical conductivity (5.9 - 6.01 dS/m) was less than 1 dS/m at 49 DAT. Agromorphological parameters were close to the controls. Fruit necrosis was higher in the compost-based substrates (13.75% - 32.22%) than in the controls (<2%). Healthy fruit yields from the composts (38.7 - 48.7 t/ha) were high, although lower than those from the controls (49.9 - 57.4 t/ha). Fruit harvested from these substrates had a longer average shelf life (38.23 days) than the controls (28.5 days). This study showed that composts have fertilising properties for soilless tomato cultivation, in particular that of laying hen manure (48.33 t/ha). These composts could provide an alternative to the use of chemical fertilisers in soilless tomato cultivation.展开更多
Background: Objectives of this study were to investigate changes of soil carbon contents and to evaluate N mineralization and nitrification rates in soils cooperated with organic composts and biochar during the 2nd ye...Background: Objectives of this study were to investigate changes of soil carbon contents and to evaluate N mineralization and nitrification rates in soils cooperated with organic composts and biochar during the 2nd year corn cultivation. Methods and Results: For the experiment, the soil texture used in this study was clay loam. Application rates of chemical fertilizer were 480-150- 260 kg/ha (N-P2O5-K2O) as recommended amount after soil test. Biochar application was 0.2% to soil weight. The soil samples were periodically taken at every 15-day interval during corn cultivation periods. The treatments were consisted of cow compost (CC), pig compost (PC), swine digestate from aerobic digestion system (AD), and their biochar cooperation. TC contents in treatments cooperated with biochar at harvesting stages were ranged from 0.96% to 1.24%, and its CC applied plot was highest at 1.24%. It was observed that TC contents with biochar treatments were higher than the compost treatment only. Therefore, it was observed to be carbon sequestration into corn field cooperated with biochar. For nitrogen transformation in soil cooperated with organic composts and biochar, net mineralization rates were dramatically decreased at 44 days after sowing, but nitrification rates were abruptly increased at 73 days after sowing. For N mineralization and nitrification rates, it was shown that they were generally low in the soil cooperated with biochar as compared to the only application plots of different organic composts. Also, it was observed to be highest in the application plot of pig compost manure. Conclusion: Overall, application of biochar in the cropland could be an important role for mitigation of greenhouse gas as well as carbon sequestration.展开更多
Dissolved organic matter(DOM)derived from various composts can promote significant changes of soil properties.However,little is known about the DOM compositions and their similarities and differences at the molecular ...Dissolved organic matter(DOM)derived from various composts can promote significant changes of soil properties.However,little is known about the DOM compositions and their similarities and differences at the molecular level.In this study,the molecular compositions of DOM derived from kitchen waste compost(KWC),green waste compost(GWC),manure waste compost(MWC),and sewage sludge compost(SSC)were characterized by electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(ESI FT-ICR MS).The molecular formulas were classified into four subcategories:CHO,CHON,CHOS,and CHONS.The KWC,MWC,and SSC DOM represented the highest fraction(35.8%-47.4%)of CHON subcategory,while the GWC DOM represented the highest fraction(68.4%)of CHO subcategory.The GWC DOM was recognized as the nitrogen-and sulfurdeficient compounds that were less saturated,more aromatic,and more oxidized compared with other samples.Further analysis of the oxygen,nitrogen-containing(N-containing),and sulfur-containing(S-containing)functional groups in the four subcategories revealed higher organic molecular complexity.Comparison of the similarities and differences of the four samples revealed 22.8%ubiquitous formulas and 17.4%,11.1%,10.7%,and 6.3%unique formulas of GWC,KWC,SSC,and MWC DOM,respectively,suggesting a large proportion of ubiquitous DOM as well as unique,source-specific molecular signatures.The findings presented herein provide new insight into the molecular characterization of DOM derived from various composts and demonstrated the potential role of these different compounds for agricultural utilization.展开更多
Many organic materials found in urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa have not been exploited for the development of feedstock specific quality standards of compost especially for use as soilless media. The objective of t...Many organic materials found in urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa have not been exploited for the development of feedstock specific quality standards of compost especially for use as soilless media. The objective of this study was to determine feedstock specific quality standard of compost using referenced stability and maturity indices and establish a simple model for predicting compost maturity based on different feedstock. Two sawdust feedstocks from Daniellia oliveri sawdust (single sawdust) and Daniellia oliveri + Chrysophylum albidum sawdust (mixed sawdust) including one rice husk feedstock were composted individually with poultry manure in three volumetric ratios of 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1. The 2:1 Daniellia oliveri sawdust compost achieved acceptable values for stability and maturity parameter at 8th week, and had the highest nitrogen (N) level (2.46%) and lowest carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio (15). In terms of associative relationships for single species sawdust compost, total nitrogen (TN) accounted for 93% of the variation in the C:N content of the compost. In the mixed species sawdust compost, TN explained 87% of the variation in the C:N. Total nitrogen only explained 77% of the variation in the C:N content of the rice husk compost. The study established an empirical relationship between TN and compost maturity and concluded that using stability and maturity indices and their relationships established in this study as standard, compost of higher quality could be obtained within the shortest possible time irrespective of the feedstock used.展开更多
In this work the physical, chemical and microbial properties of four locally composted green waste composts (GWCs) namely Almukhasib, Growers, Plantex, and Super along with four imported GWC (Florabella, Mikskaar, Pot...In this work the physical, chemical and microbial properties of four locally composted green waste composts (GWCs) namely Almukhasib, Growers, Plantex, and Super along with four imported GWC (Florabella, Mikskaar, Potgrond, and Shamrock) were studied to evaluate the quality of these composts with the acceptable standards. All composts showed normal physical properties, except the bad smell from sulfur reducing bacteria in Almukhasib, light brown color Plantex and one viable weed seed in Shamrock compost. The germination indexes of the composts comparable to the standard (90%) were 100% for Mikskaar, followed by Shamrock (92%), Florabella (97), Potgrond (95%), Plantex (98%), Growers (77%), and 5% for both Super and Almukhasib. The physical and chemical properties vary considerably as follows: pH 3 - 10.5, 5.1 - 6.5 (standard 5 - 8), electrical conductivity (EC) 0.4 - 10.2 mS·cm-1, 0.8 - 1.8 mS·cm-1(standard 0.0 - 4.0 mS·cm-1), moisture content (MC%) 29% - 43.7%, 64% - 74% (standard 35% - 60%) and water holding capacity (WHC%) 92% - 200% and 400% - 800% for the locally produced and imported composts, respectively. Wide ranges in the chemical properties were expressed as ammonia concentration 512.4 - 1640.1 mg·kg-1, 459.4 - 656.5 mg·kg-1(standard -1), organic matter 17% - 67.6%, and 53.3% - 66.2% (standard 35%) for the locally composted and imported composts, respectively. The concentrations of the heavy metals (Zn, Ni, Pb, Hg, As, Cd, and Cr) were lower than the recommended levels. The average of the bacterial colony forming unit per gram of locally produced and imported composts ranged between 260 - 1740 CFU/g and 330 - 2870 CFU/g, whereas the fungal CFU were 10 - 2800 CFU/g and 27 - 1800 CFU/g, respectively. The most probable number (MPN) for coliform bacteria was 43 - 1100 CFU/g for locally produced composts, and 23 - 480 CFU/g for the imported composts. Therefore, these composts can not be used directly without effective treatment as substrate for plant growth, soil amendment and as biofertilizer.展开更多
Peculiar characteristics of soils of Zarafshan valley are salinity with carbonates. It is recommended to introduce large amount of manure or other organic fertilizers in these soils to improve soil reclamation. But cu...Peculiar characteristics of soils of Zarafshan valley are salinity with carbonates. It is recommended to introduce large amount of manure or other organic fertilizers in these soils to improve soil reclamation. But currently there is no possibility to collect so many organic fertilizers in Uzbekistan. That is why other ways of production of organic fertilizers for improving soil fertility were searched. In the experiment, the influence of composts was studied, which prepared from tobacco wastes and manure on agrochemical properties of soils of Zarafshan valley, and production of composts from these industrial wastes, two salted with magnesium carbonates and yield-capacity of com. With the problems that exist in Uzbekistan can be solved at once. These include problems of environmental contamination through wastes and ensuring with organic fertilizers in the irrigated soils. Introduction of composts in the doze of 30 t.ha1 separately and on the background of mineral-NPK （nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium） fertilizers increased the humus content, total NPK and mobile nutritious substances in soil. It is proved that composts, prepared from tobacco wastes with their effect on the yield capacity and quality ofcoru production, can successfully substitute manure. Composts positively influence on the balance of nutritious substances in the system of soil-corn.展开更多
Combining compost with sufficient chemical N fertilizer (CF) in agricultural lands is a popular practice to reduce the amount of inorganic nitrogen and accumulation of non-nutrient constituents in soils. A pot culture...Combining compost with sufficient chemical N fertilizer (CF) in agricultural lands is a popular practice to reduce the amount of inorganic nitrogen and accumulation of non-nutrient constituents in soils. A pot culture experiment was conducted to study the effects of 130 mg N of either solids waste compost (Scomp) or biosolids waste compost (Bcomp) complemented with 130 mg (CF, 1N) and 260 mg·N·pot-1 (CF, 2N) as 15N labeled (NH4)2SO4 (13.172 atom %) on growth and N uptake by Italian ryegrass. A separate soil incubation without plants was set up by only blends of Scomp and CF. The results from pot culture experiment show that total plant biomass and N uptake from Bcomp were significantly higher than Scomp alone. Scomp combined with CF improved yield and N uptake over those of Scomp alone. For Scomp + 1N treatment, plant nitrogen uptake derived from compost and CF accounted for 29% and 56% of added N from Scomp and CF, respectively. The incubation study indicates that 16.08 - 29.62 mg·N·kg-1·soil·day-1 from inorganic-N were immobilized into organic pools, while only 0.40 - 0.66 mg·N·kg-1·soil·day-1 from organic-N were mineralized to inorganic pools. Because a part of additional N could be tied up in organic form, combining solids compost with chemical N fertilizer therefore need to consider the effective use of compost-N.展开更多
Background: The objective of this study was to estimate the carbon sequestration in soils cooperated with organic composts and bio-char during corn cultivation. Methods and Results: For the experiment, the soil textur...Background: The objective of this study was to estimate the carbon sequestration in soils cooperated with organic composts and bio-char during corn cultivation. Methods and Results: For the experiment, the soil texture used in this study was clay loam, and application rates of chemical fertilizer and bio-char were 230-107-190 kg·ha-1 (N-P2O5-K2O) as recommended amount after soil test and 0.2% to soil weight. The soil samples were periodically taken at every 15-day intervals during the experimental periods. The treatments consisted of cow compost, pig compost, swine digestate from aerobic digestion system, and their bio-char cooperation. For estimating soil C sequestration, it is determined by the net balance between carbon inputs and outputs during corn cultivation periods. For the experimental results, it found that applications of aerobic swine digestate, cow compost, and pig compost could sequester C by 38.9%, 82.2% and 19.7% in soil, respectively, when bio-char from rice hulls was cooperated with soil. For plant responses, application of bio-char in the corn field for carbon sequestration was not occurred the damage of corn growth. Conclusion: When bio-char from rice hulls was cooperated with soil, applications of aerobic swine digestate, cow compost, and pig compost could sequester C by 38.9%, 82.2% and 19.7% in soil, respectively. Therefore, addition of bio-char with organic composts could have a potential soil C sequestration in agricultural practices.展开更多
This work presents the physicochemical and mineral analysis of compost samples made from waste materials of cassava, vegetable, banana, orange, and cow dung fortified each with 100g of NPK, 100g of kaolin and 100g of ...This work presents the physicochemical and mineral analysis of compost samples made from waste materials of cassava, vegetable, banana, orange, and cow dung fortified each with 100g of NPK, 100g of kaolin and 100g of ammonium chloride. Microbial analysis of the fresh compost samples revealed that the unfortified compost possesses more microbial load than the fortified samples. The physicochemical analysis showed that the kaolin fortified compost (KFC) has the highest ash content and phosphorus content while the unfortified compost (UC) contains the highest organic matter. All the compost samples have little nitrogen when compared with NPK chemical fertilizer. However, the fortification with kaolin, NPK and ammonium chloride increased the percentage of nitrogen over that of the unfortified compost by 38.8%, 56.23%, and 71.17% respectively. The fortification with kaolin, NPK, and ammonium chloride also increased the phosphorus content over that of the unfortified by 56.31%, 53.21% and 36.75%, respectively. The result of the mineral content showed that the fortification with NPK and ammonium chloride increased the magnesium content of the compost sample while fortification with kaolin increases the magnesium and calcium content. The nitrate and sulfate contents are reduced by the fortification with kaolin, NPK and ammonium chloride.展开更多
This study was conducted in context to preserve tomato healthiness and to improve its yield in field.It aimed to assess some effects of non-aerated sheep manure and water jacinthe(Eichhornia crassipes)composts teas.It...This study was conducted in context to preserve tomato healthiness and to improve its yield in field.It aimed to assess some effects of non-aerated sheep manure and water jacinthe(Eichhornia crassipes)composts teas.It specifically consisted to evaluate two teas effects on tomato’s:(a)A.solani foliar disease,(b)yield and(c)mycorrhization intensity.The experiments were conducted according to completely randomized Fisher block with four repetitions.Three treatments were considered:plants receiving non-aerated sheep manure compost tea(TCFM),plants receiving non-aerated water jacinthe compost tea(TCJE),and control plants(T0)without compost tea application.The experiments were repeated twice.Teas application started at four-leaf stage of tomato plants.It was weekly and insured by manual foliar spraying and watering of the plants.To determine the preventive suppressive effects of compost teas,three days after its initial application,plants were artificially inoculated by foliar spraying with Alternaria solani sporal suspension.Data were analyzed with R software.Tukey Contrasts test at 5%threshold was used to compare means.Results showed that TCFM was the most suppressive on A.solani and also had enhanced tomato yield in field.Both teas did not have a meaningful effect on tomato mycorrhization intensity.These results showed that TCFM can serve as biopesticide and biofertilizer in tomato culture.展开更多
Several methods have been developed in the literature which allow the maturity of composts to be assessed before it is used in agriculture. The objective of this study is to assess the maturity of the composts produce...Several methods have been developed in the literature which allow the maturity of composts to be assessed before it is used in agriculture. The objective of this study is to assess the maturity of the composts produced at the platform of the NGO ENPRO in Lomé on the growth and agronomic parameters of maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L., var. IKENE). To do so, three types of compost (gargabe, fruit waste, animal litter) were made for at least 3 months. The chemical analysis, phytotoxicity and agronomic tests carried out made it possible to assess the maturity of these composts. Indeed, the evolution of the C/N ratio, of the electrical conductivity, the phytotoxicity tests and the growth parameters of the composts show that the composts N°1 and N°2 are mature at the end of the 3<sup>rd</sup> month of composting while the compost N°3 can only be considered mature at the end of the 5<sup>th</sup> month of composting. But, with a yield of 2.39 ± 0.28 t/ha and a mass of 1000 grains of 346 ± 4 g, the treatment at 5 t/ha of compost N°3, has the best agronomic parameters compared to other types of compost and treatment without organic amendment. These results also show that compost with a high electrical conductivity has an inhibitory effect on the growth of corn plants (<i>Zea mays</i> L., var. IKENE). Basic chemical analysis, phytotoxicity tests and height growth of maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L., var. IKENE) are relatively efficient methods for evaluating the maturity of composts.展开更多
Despite the ability of biochar to enhance soil fertility and to sequester soil carbon, its potential reduction of green house gas emissions and profit analysis with different organic composts and cooperated with bioch...Despite the ability of biochar to enhance soil fertility and to sequester soil carbon, its potential reduction of green house gas emissions and profit analysis with different organic composts and cooperated with biochar for crop cultivation have been a few evaluated. This study was conducted to estimate their greenhouse gas emission reduction and profit analysis by soil carbon sequestration with different organic composts and cooperated with biochar application during corn cultivation periods. For the experiment, the treatments were consisted of aerobic digestate of swine wastes (AD), pig compost as the control (PC), cow compost (CC) and pig compost cooperated with 1% biochar (PC + 1% biochar). The soil texture used in this study was sandy loam, and application rates of chemical fertilizer were 190-39-221 kg·ha<sup>-1</sup> (N-P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>-K<sub>2</sub>O) as recommended amount after soil test. The soil samples were periodically taken at every 15 day intervals during the experimental periods. It was observed that soil carbon sequestration by AD, CC and PC + 1% biochar application was estimated to be 429 kg·ha<sup>-1</sup>, 2366 kg·ha<sup>-1</sup>, and 3978 kg·ha<sup>-1</sup>, and their CO<sub>2</sub>-e emission reductions were estimated to be 0.16 tones for AD, 0.87 tones for CC, and 14.58 tones for PC + 1% biochar per hectar for corn cultivation periods. Their profits were estimated at $14.58 for lowest and $451.90 for highest. In Korea Climate Exchange, it was estimated to be $115.20 per hectar of corn cultivation with PC + 1% biochar. So, the price of CO<sub>2</sub> per hectar for corn cultivation with PC + 1% biochar was high at 16.8 times relative to cow compost treatment only. For the plant growth response, it was observed that plant height and fresh ear yield were not significantly different among the treatments. Therefore, these experimental results might be fundamental data for assuming a carbon trading mechanism exists for biochar soil application in agricultural practices.展开更多
The fact that Morocco is an agricultural country and the large volume of biodegradable waste produced by the population make composting so important.The degradation of organic matter is facilitated by faunal and flora...The fact that Morocco is an agricultural country and the large volume of biodegradable waste produced by the population make composting so important.The degradation of organic matter is facilitated by faunal and floral macro and micro-organisms that act in different stages of maturation;studies on this fauna are quite rare both nationally and internationally.On a sample of two tons of household waste,we documented invertebrates that colonized compost heaps and then assessed the changes in the structure of the invertebrate population during the different phases.Our study revealed the presence of several zoological groups colonizing the compost heaps during the different composting phases;we noted the presence of:(1)Macroscopic invertebrates,in order of number of individuals:insect larvae,ants,earthworms,sowbugs,spiders,springtails,and millipedes,and(2)Microscopic invertebrates,the most abundant in terms of individuals:mites and nematodes.As for the order of appearance,we observed that insect larvae were the first to colonize the compost heap from the very first days of installation,followed by woodlice observed during the thermophilic phase and disappearing towards the end of the process.Earthworms were observed during the end of the thermophilic phase,while springtails were observed more during the cooling and maturation phases.Our study revealed the presence of a good quality of fauna during the composting process,which are indicators of good compost quality and play a major role in the circulation of nutrients,thus ensuring the provision of essential elements for plant nutrition.展开更多
Enhancing A.bisporus L.culture media with nanomaterials and some biostimulants is important for in improving mushroom productivity quantitatively and qualitatively.Magnetic iron nanoparticles(N-FeO),carbon nanotube(CN...Enhancing A.bisporus L.culture media with nanomaterials and some biostimulants is important for in improving mushroom productivity quantitatively and qualitatively.Magnetic iron nanoparticles(N-FeO),carbon nanotube(CNTs)suspensions,effective microorganisms(EM)bio-fertilisers,and growth stimulants(Atonik)were used individually and in combination to enhance the compost culture media.Quantitative and qualitative traits of the mushroom yield were measured.In a simple oOne-Wway experiment that included 16 treatments—Ssingle agents,two-,three-,and four-way Ccombinations and three replications—,the statistical analysis results of Duncan’'s test showed.Tthat the individual impact of the applied study treatments and their combined synergistic effects resulted in a significant increase in the traits of the number of fruiting bodies,fruiting body rate,yield quantity,mushroom biological efficiency ratio,stem length,stem diameter,head diameter,head thickness,carbohydrates content,protein content,ash,and dry matter.The application of Atonik itself resulted in the highest values of fruiting body number,yield,biological efficiency,and stem length,which were respectively were 128.33 body bags^(-1),2814 g bag-1,37.52%,and 3.03 cm,compared to the control of 32.33 body bags^(-1),749 g bag-1,9.98%,and 1.72 cm.The treatments NFeO+CNT+EM+ATO resulted in a significant increase in the traits of the fruiting body rate,stem length,and carbohydrate content by 32.69 g,3.40 cm,and 16.78%,respectively,compared to the control of 22.97 g,1.72 cm,and 8.16%,respectively.展开更多
Rice straw,which is produced after the harvest of rice,is a major agricultural waste in the world.Rice straw has a high carbon/nitrogen ratio and is more resistant to microbial degradation than other straws because it...Rice straw,which is produced after the harvest of rice,is a major agricultural waste in the world.Rice straw has a high carbon/nitrogen ratio and is more resistant to microbial degradation than other straws because its main constituents are cellulose and hemicelluloses encrusted by lignin.When rice straw is burned,hazardous substances such as carbon dioxide,methane,carbon monoxide,and nitrogen monoxide are released into the air as smoke(less than 10μm-sized particles).The rise in the burning of rice straw has contributed to too many accidents and health issues in the general population residing in Haryana,Punjab,and Uttar Pradesh of India.These states are being urged by the National Green Tribunal to generate money instead of burning rice straw.Even though these lignocellulosic materials might be beneficial,not much has been carried out with them.This overview covers the properties of rice straw and husks,the numerous procedures used to create valuable products,and various applications that may be made for them.These include energy sources,environmental adsorbents,building supplies,and specialist commodities.展开更多
Although the efficiency of poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET)degradation has been successfully improved by depolymerase engineering,mostly by using Goodfellow-PET(gf-PET)as a substrate,efforts to degrade unpretreated P...Although the efficiency of poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET)degradation has been successfully improved by depolymerase engineering,mostly by using Goodfellow-PET(gf-PET)as a substrate,efforts to degrade unpretreated PET materials with high crystallinity remain insufficient.Here,we endeavored to improve the degradation capability of a WCCG mutant of leaf-branch compost cutinase(LCC)on a unpretreated PET substrate(crystallinity>40%)by employing iterative saturation mutagenesis.Using this method,we developed a high-throughput screening strategy appropriate for unpretreated substrates.Through extensive screening of residues around the substrate-binding groove,two variants,WCCG-sup1 and WCCG-sup2,showed good depolymerization capabilities with both high-(42%)and low-crystallinity(9%)substrates.The WCCG-sup1 variant completely depolymerized a commercial unpretreated PET product in 36 h at 72℃.In addition to enzyme thermostability and catalytic efficiency,the adsorption of enzymes onto substrates plays an important role in PET degradation.This study provides valuable insights into the structure-function relationship of LCC.展开更多
This study explored the combined effects of Bacillus subtilis inoculation with biochar on the evolution of bacterial communities,antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs),and mobile genetic elements(MGEs)during the composting...This study explored the combined effects of Bacillus subtilis inoculation with biochar on the evolution of bacterial communities,antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs),and mobile genetic elements(MGEs)during the composting of chicken manure.The results showed that B.subtilis inoculation combined with biochar increased bacterial abundance and diversity as well as prolonged the compost thermophilic period.Promoted organic matter biodegradation and facilitated the organic waste compost humification process,reduced the proliferation of ARGs by altering the bacterial composition.Firmicutes and Actinobacteriota were the main resistant bacteria related to ARGs and MGEs.The decrease in ARGs and MGEs was associated with the reduction in the abundance of related host bacteria.Compost inoculation with B.subtilis and the addition of biochar could promote nutrient transformation,reduce the increase in ARGs and MGEs,and increase the abundance of beneficial soil taxa.展开更多
Microbial activity and interaction are the important driving factors in the start-up phase of food waste composting at low temperature.The aim of this study was to explore the effect of inoculating Bacillus lichenifor...Microbial activity and interaction are the important driving factors in the start-up phase of food waste composting at low temperature.The aim of this study was to explore the effect of inoculating Bacillus licheniformis on the degradation of organic components and the potential microbe-driven mechanism from the aspects of organic matter degradation,enzyme activity,microbial community interaction,and microbial metabolic function.The results showed that after inoculating B.licheniformis,temperature increased to 47.8℃ on day2,and the degradation of readily degraded carbohydrates(RDC)increased by 31.2%,and the bioheat production increased by 16.5%.There was an obvious enhancement of extracellular enzymes activities after inoculation,especially amylase activity,which increased by 7.68 times on day 4.The inoculated B.licheniformis colonized in composting as key genus in the start-up phase.Modular network analysis and Mantel test indicated that inoculation drove the cooperation between microbial network modules who were responsible for various organic components(RDC,lipid,protein,and lignocellulose)degradation in the start-up phase.Metabolic function prediction suggested that carbohydrate metabolisms including starch and sucrose metabolism,glycolysis/gluconeogenesis,pyruvate metabolism,etc.,were improved by increasing the abundance of related functional genes after inoculation.In conclusion,inoculating B.licheniformis accelerated organic degradation by driving the cooperation between microbial network modules and enhancing microbial metabolism in the start-up phase of composting.展开更多
SiGe-based thermoelectric(TE)materials have gained increasing interests due to their low maintenance costs,environmental friendliness and long lifespan.However,the intrinsically high thermal conductivity of Si-based m...SiGe-based thermoelectric(TE)materials have gained increasing interests due to their low maintenance costs,environmental friendliness and long lifespan.However,the intrinsically high thermal conductivity of Si-based materials also results in poor TE properties.In this investigation,a zirconia(ZrO_(2))composite strategy was applied to an n-type SiGe alloy,tremendously elevating its TE performance.After mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering(SPS)processes,the ZrO_(2)induced the formation of nanopores in the SiGe matrix via phosphorus adsorption.Moreover,such increase in porosity enhanced the phonon scattering and dramatically suppressed lattice thermal conductivity,from 2.83 to 1.59 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)at 873 K.Additionally,reduced phosphorus doping led to an increase in Seebeck coefficients and a relatively minor decrease in electrical conductivity,The power factor didn't deteriorate significantly,either,as its maximum of~3.43 mW·m^(-1-)K^(-2)was achieved at 873 K with(Si_(0.8)Ge_(0.2))_(0.097)P_(0.03)(ZrO_(2))_(0.003).In short,a peak figure of merit(ZT)of~1.27 at 873 K and an average ZT~0.7 from 323 to 873 K were obtained.This study demonstrates that the electrical and thermal transportation of SiGe material can be synergistically tuned by compositing ZrO_(2),illustrating a novel strategy to optimize the TE properties of bulk materials.展开更多
文摘The unbalanced and inadequate use of fertilizers is one of the causes of soil degradation. Combined with the ever-increasing population, it is necessary to find sustainable agricultural production alternatives. The present work aims to determine the effect of different rates and mixtutes of organic amendments on soil fertility and the performance of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). In the field, treatments consisted of solid household waste and faecal sludge in the ratios of 3/5 (V1), and a mixture of faecal sludge and household waste in the ratio of 3/5 with 900 worms (V2). At the end of the composting process, V1, V2 composts and the poultry manure (PM) were applied at rates of 4, 5 and 6 t∙ha−1 in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Soil samples were collected before and after the experiment and analyzed. The main results revealed that at the end of the composting process, there was a progressive improvement in the physico-chemical properties of V1 and V2 composts. In particular, the C/N ratio, phosphorus (P) and total nitrogen (TN) initially at 16.49 ± 0.42 (V1, V2), 21.06 ± 0.07 mg∙kg−1 (V1, V2), 0.76% ± 0.08% (V1, V2) respectively, increased after 60 days to 12.40 ± 0.41 (V1), 9.74 ± 0.28 (V2) for C/N, 21.94 ± 0.63 mg∙kg−1 (V1) and 22.04 ± 0.04 mg∙kg−1 (V2) for P, 0.96% ± 0.0% (V1) and 1.22 ± 0.04 (V2) for TN. The application of 6 t∙ha−1of PM had the greatest influence on the diameter and weight of the flower heads (27.16 ± 4.01 t∙ha−1 and 230.83 ± 2.64 t∙ha−1), while 4 t∙ha−1 of V2 gave the tallest sunflower plants (110.07 ± 73.28 cm) as well as the diameter at the crown (19.30 ± 9.07 cm). However, CEC was most influenced by 4 t∙ha−1 of V1, while 4 t∙ha−1 of PM had the greatest effect on organic carbon and phosphorus. However, 5 t∙ha−1 of PM showed the highest sunflower production and yield (1.67 ± 0.21 t∙ha−1). The combination with 900 earthworms is recommended for composting and 5 t∙ha−1 of PM is recommended to obtain a better sunflower production.
文摘Composts are recognised as an important source of nutrients for crops. The study aims to valorise agricultural by-products by composts made from broiler (A), laying hen (B) and bovine (C) manures in soilless tomato cultivation. Treatments consisted of these three composts and controls consisting of coconut fibres fed with a nutrient solution. The system is a randomised Fisher block with three replications. Each elementary plot consisted of nine tomato plants. Chemical parameters of the substrates and agronomic parameters of the plants were recorded from 14 to 49 days after transplanting (DAT). The pH stabilised at around 6.2 after varying from 7.1 to 8.0 in the composts. The high electrical conductivity (5.9 - 6.01 dS/m) was less than 1 dS/m at 49 DAT. Agromorphological parameters were close to the controls. Fruit necrosis was higher in the compost-based substrates (13.75% - 32.22%) than in the controls (<2%). Healthy fruit yields from the composts (38.7 - 48.7 t/ha) were high, although lower than those from the controls (49.9 - 57.4 t/ha). Fruit harvested from these substrates had a longer average shelf life (38.23 days) than the controls (28.5 days). This study showed that composts have fertilising properties for soilless tomato cultivation, in particular that of laying hen manure (48.33 t/ha). These composts could provide an alternative to the use of chemical fertilisers in soilless tomato cultivation.
文摘Background: Objectives of this study were to investigate changes of soil carbon contents and to evaluate N mineralization and nitrification rates in soils cooperated with organic composts and biochar during the 2nd year corn cultivation. Methods and Results: For the experiment, the soil texture used in this study was clay loam. Application rates of chemical fertilizer were 480-150- 260 kg/ha (N-P2O5-K2O) as recommended amount after soil test. Biochar application was 0.2% to soil weight. The soil samples were periodically taken at every 15-day interval during corn cultivation periods. The treatments were consisted of cow compost (CC), pig compost (PC), swine digestate from aerobic digestion system (AD), and their biochar cooperation. TC contents in treatments cooperated with biochar at harvesting stages were ranged from 0.96% to 1.24%, and its CC applied plot was highest at 1.24%. It was observed that TC contents with biochar treatments were higher than the compost treatment only. Therefore, it was observed to be carbon sequestration into corn field cooperated with biochar. For nitrogen transformation in soil cooperated with organic composts and biochar, net mineralization rates were dramatically decreased at 44 days after sowing, but nitrification rates were abruptly increased at 73 days after sowing. For N mineralization and nitrification rates, it was shown that they were generally low in the soil cooperated with biochar as compared to the only application plots of different organic composts. Also, it was observed to be highest in the application plot of pig compost manure. Conclusion: Overall, application of biochar in the cropland could be an important role for mitigation of greenhouse gas as well as carbon sequestration.
基金the GDAS’Project of Science and Technology Development(No.2019GDASYL-0501005)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2018A030310084)+1 种基金a development project of Ronggui’s strategic emerging industries(Ronggui Jingfa[2019]Reference No.19)the Program of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development,China(No.y809jm1001)。
文摘Dissolved organic matter(DOM)derived from various composts can promote significant changes of soil properties.However,little is known about the DOM compositions and their similarities and differences at the molecular level.In this study,the molecular compositions of DOM derived from kitchen waste compost(KWC),green waste compost(GWC),manure waste compost(MWC),and sewage sludge compost(SSC)were characterized by electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(ESI FT-ICR MS).The molecular formulas were classified into four subcategories:CHO,CHON,CHOS,and CHONS.The KWC,MWC,and SSC DOM represented the highest fraction(35.8%-47.4%)of CHON subcategory,while the GWC DOM represented the highest fraction(68.4%)of CHO subcategory.The GWC DOM was recognized as the nitrogen-and sulfurdeficient compounds that were less saturated,more aromatic,and more oxidized compared with other samples.Further analysis of the oxygen,nitrogen-containing(N-containing),and sulfur-containing(S-containing)functional groups in the four subcategories revealed higher organic molecular complexity.Comparison of the similarities and differences of the four samples revealed 22.8%ubiquitous formulas and 17.4%,11.1%,10.7%,and 6.3%unique formulas of GWC,KWC,SSC,and MWC DOM,respectively,suggesting a large proportion of ubiquitous DOM as well as unique,source-specific molecular signatures.The findings presented herein provide new insight into the molecular characterization of DOM derived from various composts and demonstrated the potential role of these different compounds for agricultural utilization.
文摘Many organic materials found in urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa have not been exploited for the development of feedstock specific quality standards of compost especially for use as soilless media. The objective of this study was to determine feedstock specific quality standard of compost using referenced stability and maturity indices and establish a simple model for predicting compost maturity based on different feedstock. Two sawdust feedstocks from Daniellia oliveri sawdust (single sawdust) and Daniellia oliveri + Chrysophylum albidum sawdust (mixed sawdust) including one rice husk feedstock were composted individually with poultry manure in three volumetric ratios of 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1. The 2:1 Daniellia oliveri sawdust compost achieved acceptable values for stability and maturity parameter at 8th week, and had the highest nitrogen (N) level (2.46%) and lowest carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio (15). In terms of associative relationships for single species sawdust compost, total nitrogen (TN) accounted for 93% of the variation in the C:N content of the compost. In the mixed species sawdust compost, TN explained 87% of the variation in the C:N. Total nitrogen only explained 77% of the variation in the C:N content of the rice husk compost. The study established an empirical relationship between TN and compost maturity and concluded that using stability and maturity indices and their relationships established in this study as standard, compost of higher quality could be obtained within the shortest possible time irrespective of the feedstock used.
文摘In this work the physical, chemical and microbial properties of four locally composted green waste composts (GWCs) namely Almukhasib, Growers, Plantex, and Super along with four imported GWC (Florabella, Mikskaar, Potgrond, and Shamrock) were studied to evaluate the quality of these composts with the acceptable standards. All composts showed normal physical properties, except the bad smell from sulfur reducing bacteria in Almukhasib, light brown color Plantex and one viable weed seed in Shamrock compost. The germination indexes of the composts comparable to the standard (90%) were 100% for Mikskaar, followed by Shamrock (92%), Florabella (97), Potgrond (95%), Plantex (98%), Growers (77%), and 5% for both Super and Almukhasib. The physical and chemical properties vary considerably as follows: pH 3 - 10.5, 5.1 - 6.5 (standard 5 - 8), electrical conductivity (EC) 0.4 - 10.2 mS·cm-1, 0.8 - 1.8 mS·cm-1(standard 0.0 - 4.0 mS·cm-1), moisture content (MC%) 29% - 43.7%, 64% - 74% (standard 35% - 60%) and water holding capacity (WHC%) 92% - 200% and 400% - 800% for the locally produced and imported composts, respectively. Wide ranges in the chemical properties were expressed as ammonia concentration 512.4 - 1640.1 mg·kg-1, 459.4 - 656.5 mg·kg-1(standard -1), organic matter 17% - 67.6%, and 53.3% - 66.2% (standard 35%) for the locally composted and imported composts, respectively. The concentrations of the heavy metals (Zn, Ni, Pb, Hg, As, Cd, and Cr) were lower than the recommended levels. The average of the bacterial colony forming unit per gram of locally produced and imported composts ranged between 260 - 1740 CFU/g and 330 - 2870 CFU/g, whereas the fungal CFU were 10 - 2800 CFU/g and 27 - 1800 CFU/g, respectively. The most probable number (MPN) for coliform bacteria was 43 - 1100 CFU/g for locally produced composts, and 23 - 480 CFU/g for the imported composts. Therefore, these composts can not be used directly without effective treatment as substrate for plant growth, soil amendment and as biofertilizer.
文摘Peculiar characteristics of soils of Zarafshan valley are salinity with carbonates. It is recommended to introduce large amount of manure or other organic fertilizers in these soils to improve soil reclamation. But currently there is no possibility to collect so many organic fertilizers in Uzbekistan. That is why other ways of production of organic fertilizers for improving soil fertility were searched. In the experiment, the influence of composts was studied, which prepared from tobacco wastes and manure on agrochemical properties of soils of Zarafshan valley, and production of composts from these industrial wastes, two salted with magnesium carbonates and yield-capacity of com. With the problems that exist in Uzbekistan can be solved at once. These include problems of environmental contamination through wastes and ensuring with organic fertilizers in the irrigated soils. Introduction of composts in the doze of 30 t.ha1 separately and on the background of mineral-NPK （nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium） fertilizers increased the humus content, total NPK and mobile nutritious substances in soil. It is proved that composts, prepared from tobacco wastes with their effect on the yield capacity and quality ofcoru production, can successfully substitute manure. Composts positively influence on the balance of nutritious substances in the system of soil-corn.
文摘Combining compost with sufficient chemical N fertilizer (CF) in agricultural lands is a popular practice to reduce the amount of inorganic nitrogen and accumulation of non-nutrient constituents in soils. A pot culture experiment was conducted to study the effects of 130 mg N of either solids waste compost (Scomp) or biosolids waste compost (Bcomp) complemented with 130 mg (CF, 1N) and 260 mg·N·pot-1 (CF, 2N) as 15N labeled (NH4)2SO4 (13.172 atom %) on growth and N uptake by Italian ryegrass. A separate soil incubation without plants was set up by only blends of Scomp and CF. The results from pot culture experiment show that total plant biomass and N uptake from Bcomp were significantly higher than Scomp alone. Scomp combined with CF improved yield and N uptake over those of Scomp alone. For Scomp + 1N treatment, plant nitrogen uptake derived from compost and CF accounted for 29% and 56% of added N from Scomp and CF, respectively. The incubation study indicates that 16.08 - 29.62 mg·N·kg-1·soil·day-1 from inorganic-N were immobilized into organic pools, while only 0.40 - 0.66 mg·N·kg-1·soil·day-1 from organic-N were mineralized to inorganic pools. Because a part of additional N could be tied up in organic form, combining solids compost with chemical N fertilizer therefore need to consider the effective use of compost-N.
文摘Background: The objective of this study was to estimate the carbon sequestration in soils cooperated with organic composts and bio-char during corn cultivation. Methods and Results: For the experiment, the soil texture used in this study was clay loam, and application rates of chemical fertilizer and bio-char were 230-107-190 kg·ha-1 (N-P2O5-K2O) as recommended amount after soil test and 0.2% to soil weight. The soil samples were periodically taken at every 15-day intervals during the experimental periods. The treatments consisted of cow compost, pig compost, swine digestate from aerobic digestion system, and their bio-char cooperation. For estimating soil C sequestration, it is determined by the net balance between carbon inputs and outputs during corn cultivation periods. For the experimental results, it found that applications of aerobic swine digestate, cow compost, and pig compost could sequester C by 38.9%, 82.2% and 19.7% in soil, respectively, when bio-char from rice hulls was cooperated with soil. For plant responses, application of bio-char in the corn field for carbon sequestration was not occurred the damage of corn growth. Conclusion: When bio-char from rice hulls was cooperated with soil, applications of aerobic swine digestate, cow compost, and pig compost could sequester C by 38.9%, 82.2% and 19.7% in soil, respectively. Therefore, addition of bio-char with organic composts could have a potential soil C sequestration in agricultural practices.
文摘This work presents the physicochemical and mineral analysis of compost samples made from waste materials of cassava, vegetable, banana, orange, and cow dung fortified each with 100g of NPK, 100g of kaolin and 100g of ammonium chloride. Microbial analysis of the fresh compost samples revealed that the unfortified compost possesses more microbial load than the fortified samples. The physicochemical analysis showed that the kaolin fortified compost (KFC) has the highest ash content and phosphorus content while the unfortified compost (UC) contains the highest organic matter. All the compost samples have little nitrogen when compared with NPK chemical fertilizer. However, the fortification with kaolin, NPK and ammonium chloride increased the percentage of nitrogen over that of the unfortified compost by 38.8%, 56.23%, and 71.17% respectively. The fortification with kaolin, NPK, and ammonium chloride also increased the phosphorus content over that of the unfortified by 56.31%, 53.21% and 36.75%, respectively. The result of the mineral content showed that the fortification with NPK and ammonium chloride increased the magnesium content of the compost sample while fortification with kaolin increases the magnesium and calcium content. The nitrate and sulfate contents are reduced by the fortification with kaolin, NPK and ammonium chloride.
基金We thank the Ministry of High Education and Scientific Research of Mali,and the Laval University of Quebec for financing this studyWe also thank the Rural Polytechnic Institute(IPR/IFRA)of Mali for collaboration.
文摘This study was conducted in context to preserve tomato healthiness and to improve its yield in field.It aimed to assess some effects of non-aerated sheep manure and water jacinthe(Eichhornia crassipes)composts teas.It specifically consisted to evaluate two teas effects on tomato’s:(a)A.solani foliar disease,(b)yield and(c)mycorrhization intensity.The experiments were conducted according to completely randomized Fisher block with four repetitions.Three treatments were considered:plants receiving non-aerated sheep manure compost tea(TCFM),plants receiving non-aerated water jacinthe compost tea(TCJE),and control plants(T0)without compost tea application.The experiments were repeated twice.Teas application started at four-leaf stage of tomato plants.It was weekly and insured by manual foliar spraying and watering of the plants.To determine the preventive suppressive effects of compost teas,three days after its initial application,plants were artificially inoculated by foliar spraying with Alternaria solani sporal suspension.Data were analyzed with R software.Tukey Contrasts test at 5%threshold was used to compare means.Results showed that TCFM was the most suppressive on A.solani and also had enhanced tomato yield in field.Both teas did not have a meaningful effect on tomato mycorrhization intensity.These results showed that TCFM can serve as biopesticide and biofertilizer in tomato culture.
文摘Several methods have been developed in the literature which allow the maturity of composts to be assessed before it is used in agriculture. The objective of this study is to assess the maturity of the composts produced at the platform of the NGO ENPRO in Lomé on the growth and agronomic parameters of maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L., var. IKENE). To do so, three types of compost (gargabe, fruit waste, animal litter) were made for at least 3 months. The chemical analysis, phytotoxicity and agronomic tests carried out made it possible to assess the maturity of these composts. Indeed, the evolution of the C/N ratio, of the electrical conductivity, the phytotoxicity tests and the growth parameters of the composts show that the composts N°1 and N°2 are mature at the end of the 3<sup>rd</sup> month of composting while the compost N°3 can only be considered mature at the end of the 5<sup>th</sup> month of composting. But, with a yield of 2.39 ± 0.28 t/ha and a mass of 1000 grains of 346 ± 4 g, the treatment at 5 t/ha of compost N°3, has the best agronomic parameters compared to other types of compost and treatment without organic amendment. These results also show that compost with a high electrical conductivity has an inhibitory effect on the growth of corn plants (<i>Zea mays</i> L., var. IKENE). Basic chemical analysis, phytotoxicity tests and height growth of maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L., var. IKENE) are relatively efficient methods for evaluating the maturity of composts.
文摘Despite the ability of biochar to enhance soil fertility and to sequester soil carbon, its potential reduction of green house gas emissions and profit analysis with different organic composts and cooperated with biochar for crop cultivation have been a few evaluated. This study was conducted to estimate their greenhouse gas emission reduction and profit analysis by soil carbon sequestration with different organic composts and cooperated with biochar application during corn cultivation periods. For the experiment, the treatments were consisted of aerobic digestate of swine wastes (AD), pig compost as the control (PC), cow compost (CC) and pig compost cooperated with 1% biochar (PC + 1% biochar). The soil texture used in this study was sandy loam, and application rates of chemical fertilizer were 190-39-221 kg·ha<sup>-1</sup> (N-P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>-K<sub>2</sub>O) as recommended amount after soil test. The soil samples were periodically taken at every 15 day intervals during the experimental periods. It was observed that soil carbon sequestration by AD, CC and PC + 1% biochar application was estimated to be 429 kg·ha<sup>-1</sup>, 2366 kg·ha<sup>-1</sup>, and 3978 kg·ha<sup>-1</sup>, and their CO<sub>2</sub>-e emission reductions were estimated to be 0.16 tones for AD, 0.87 tones for CC, and 14.58 tones for PC + 1% biochar per hectar for corn cultivation periods. Their profits were estimated at $14.58 for lowest and $451.90 for highest. In Korea Climate Exchange, it was estimated to be $115.20 per hectar of corn cultivation with PC + 1% biochar. So, the price of CO<sub>2</sub> per hectar for corn cultivation with PC + 1% biochar was high at 16.8 times relative to cow compost treatment only. For the plant growth response, it was observed that plant height and fresh ear yield were not significantly different among the treatments. Therefore, these experimental results might be fundamental data for assuming a carbon trading mechanism exists for biochar soil application in agricultural practices.
文摘The fact that Morocco is an agricultural country and the large volume of biodegradable waste produced by the population make composting so important.The degradation of organic matter is facilitated by faunal and floral macro and micro-organisms that act in different stages of maturation;studies on this fauna are quite rare both nationally and internationally.On a sample of two tons of household waste,we documented invertebrates that colonized compost heaps and then assessed the changes in the structure of the invertebrate population during the different phases.Our study revealed the presence of several zoological groups colonizing the compost heaps during the different composting phases;we noted the presence of:(1)Macroscopic invertebrates,in order of number of individuals:insect larvae,ants,earthworms,sowbugs,spiders,springtails,and millipedes,and(2)Microscopic invertebrates,the most abundant in terms of individuals:mites and nematodes.As for the order of appearance,we observed that insect larvae were the first to colonize the compost heap from the very first days of installation,followed by woodlice observed during the thermophilic phase and disappearing towards the end of the process.Earthworms were observed during the end of the thermophilic phase,while springtails were observed more during the cooling and maturation phases.Our study revealed the presence of a good quality of fauna during the composting process,which are indicators of good compost quality and play a major role in the circulation of nutrients,thus ensuring the provision of essential elements for plant nutrition.
文摘Enhancing A.bisporus L.culture media with nanomaterials and some biostimulants is important for in improving mushroom productivity quantitatively and qualitatively.Magnetic iron nanoparticles(N-FeO),carbon nanotube(CNTs)suspensions,effective microorganisms(EM)bio-fertilisers,and growth stimulants(Atonik)were used individually and in combination to enhance the compost culture media.Quantitative and qualitative traits of the mushroom yield were measured.In a simple oOne-Wway experiment that included 16 treatments—Ssingle agents,two-,three-,and four-way Ccombinations and three replications—,the statistical analysis results of Duncan’'s test showed.Tthat the individual impact of the applied study treatments and their combined synergistic effects resulted in a significant increase in the traits of the number of fruiting bodies,fruiting body rate,yield quantity,mushroom biological efficiency ratio,stem length,stem diameter,head diameter,head thickness,carbohydrates content,protein content,ash,and dry matter.The application of Atonik itself resulted in the highest values of fruiting body number,yield,biological efficiency,and stem length,which were respectively were 128.33 body bags^(-1),2814 g bag-1,37.52%,and 3.03 cm,compared to the control of 32.33 body bags^(-1),749 g bag-1,9.98%,and 1.72 cm.The treatments NFeO+CNT+EM+ATO resulted in a significant increase in the traits of the fruiting body rate,stem length,and carbohydrate content by 32.69 g,3.40 cm,and 16.78%,respectively,compared to the control of 22.97 g,1.72 cm,and 8.16%,respectively.
文摘Rice straw,which is produced after the harvest of rice,is a major agricultural waste in the world.Rice straw has a high carbon/nitrogen ratio and is more resistant to microbial degradation than other straws because its main constituents are cellulose and hemicelluloses encrusted by lignin.When rice straw is burned,hazardous substances such as carbon dioxide,methane,carbon monoxide,and nitrogen monoxide are released into the air as smoke(less than 10μm-sized particles).The rise in the burning of rice straw has contributed to too many accidents and health issues in the general population residing in Haryana,Punjab,and Uttar Pradesh of India.These states are being urged by the National Green Tribunal to generate money instead of burning rice straw.Even though these lignocellulosic materials might be beneficial,not much has been carried out with them.This overview covers the properties of rice straw and husks,the numerous procedures used to create valuable products,and various applications that may be made for them.These include energy sources,environmental adsorbents,building supplies,and specialist commodities.
文摘Although the efficiency of poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET)degradation has been successfully improved by depolymerase engineering,mostly by using Goodfellow-PET(gf-PET)as a substrate,efforts to degrade unpretreated PET materials with high crystallinity remain insufficient.Here,we endeavored to improve the degradation capability of a WCCG mutant of leaf-branch compost cutinase(LCC)on a unpretreated PET substrate(crystallinity>40%)by employing iterative saturation mutagenesis.Using this method,we developed a high-throughput screening strategy appropriate for unpretreated substrates.Through extensive screening of residues around the substrate-binding groove,two variants,WCCG-sup1 and WCCG-sup2,showed good depolymerization capabilities with both high-(42%)and low-crystallinity(9%)substrates.The WCCG-sup1 variant completely depolymerized a commercial unpretreated PET product in 36 h at 72℃.In addition to enzyme thermostability and catalytic efficiency,the adsorption of enzymes onto substrates plays an important role in PET degradation.This study provides valuable insights into the structure-function relationship of LCC.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Special Fund Project of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (No.CXZX2020073A)Project of Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology,China (No.2022N5007)。
文摘This study explored the combined effects of Bacillus subtilis inoculation with biochar on the evolution of bacterial communities,antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs),and mobile genetic elements(MGEs)during the composting of chicken manure.The results showed that B.subtilis inoculation combined with biochar increased bacterial abundance and diversity as well as prolonged the compost thermophilic period.Promoted organic matter biodegradation and facilitated the organic waste compost humification process,reduced the proliferation of ARGs by altering the bacterial composition.Firmicutes and Actinobacteriota were the main resistant bacteria related to ARGs and MGEs.The decrease in ARGs and MGEs was associated with the reduction in the abundance of related host bacteria.Compost inoculation with B.subtilis and the addition of biochar could promote nutrient transformation,reduce the increase in ARGs and MGEs,and increase the abundance of beneficial soil taxa.
基金supported by the Open Research Fund Program of State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control(No.FC2022YB01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32071552)+1 种基金the Independent Research Project of Science and Technology Innovation Base in Tibet Autonomous Region(No.XZ2022JR0007G)China Agricultural University-Dabeinong Group Professional degree graduate joint training reform project(No.CAUDBN PDG-JTRP).
文摘Microbial activity and interaction are the important driving factors in the start-up phase of food waste composting at low temperature.The aim of this study was to explore the effect of inoculating Bacillus licheniformis on the degradation of organic components and the potential microbe-driven mechanism from the aspects of organic matter degradation,enzyme activity,microbial community interaction,and microbial metabolic function.The results showed that after inoculating B.licheniformis,temperature increased to 47.8℃ on day2,and the degradation of readily degraded carbohydrates(RDC)increased by 31.2%,and the bioheat production increased by 16.5%.There was an obvious enhancement of extracellular enzymes activities after inoculation,especially amylase activity,which increased by 7.68 times on day 4.The inoculated B.licheniformis colonized in composting as key genus in the start-up phase.Modular network analysis and Mantel test indicated that inoculation drove the cooperation between microbial network modules who were responsible for various organic components(RDC,lipid,protein,and lignocellulose)degradation in the start-up phase.Metabolic function prediction suggested that carbohydrate metabolisms including starch and sucrose metabolism,glycolysis/gluconeogenesis,pyruvate metabolism,etc.,were improved by increasing the abundance of related functional genes after inoculation.In conclusion,inoculating B.licheniformis accelerated organic degradation by driving the cooperation between microbial network modules and enhancing microbial metabolism in the start-up phase of composting.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2022YFE0119100 and 2017YFE0198000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U21A2054,52273285,52061009 and 52262032)Guangxi Science and Technology Planning Project(No.AD21220056)。
文摘SiGe-based thermoelectric(TE)materials have gained increasing interests due to their low maintenance costs,environmental friendliness and long lifespan.However,the intrinsically high thermal conductivity of Si-based materials also results in poor TE properties.In this investigation,a zirconia(ZrO_(2))composite strategy was applied to an n-type SiGe alloy,tremendously elevating its TE performance.After mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering(SPS)processes,the ZrO_(2)induced the formation of nanopores in the SiGe matrix via phosphorus adsorption.Moreover,such increase in porosity enhanced the phonon scattering and dramatically suppressed lattice thermal conductivity,from 2.83 to 1.59 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)at 873 K.Additionally,reduced phosphorus doping led to an increase in Seebeck coefficients and a relatively minor decrease in electrical conductivity,The power factor didn't deteriorate significantly,either,as its maximum of~3.43 mW·m^(-1-)K^(-2)was achieved at 873 K with(Si_(0.8)Ge_(0.2))_(0.097)P_(0.03)(ZrO_(2))_(0.003).In short,a peak figure of merit(ZT)of~1.27 at 873 K and an average ZT~0.7 from 323 to 873 K were obtained.This study demonstrates that the electrical and thermal transportation of SiGe material can be synergistically tuned by compositing ZrO_(2),illustrating a novel strategy to optimize the TE properties of bulk materials.
