A study was performed to estimate the prevalence of the external bacterial flora of two domestic cockroaches （Blattella germanica and Blatta orientalis） collected from households in Tebessa （northeast AIgeria）.Thr...A study was performed to estimate the prevalence of the external bacterial flora of two domestic cockroaches （Blattella germanica and Blatta orientalis） collected from households in Tebessa （northeast AIgeria）.Three major bacterial groups were cultured （total aerobic, enterobacteria, and staphylococci） from 14 specimens of cockroaches, and antibiotic susceptibility was tested for both Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas isolates. Culturing showed that the total bacterial load of cockroaches from different households were comparable （P〈0.001） and enterobacteria were the predominant colonizers of the insect surface, with a bacterial load of （2.1×10^5 CFU/insect）, whereas the staphylococci group was the minority. Twenty-eight bacterial species were isolated, and susceptibility patterns showed that most of the staphylococci isolates were highly susceptible to chloramphenicol, gentamycin, pristinamycin, ofloxacin, clindamycin, and vancomycin; however, Pseudomonas strains exhibited resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, imipenem, and the second-generation antibiotic cephalosporin cefuroxime.展开更多
The book, Cockroaches of Southeastern China, wrote by Xianwei Liu, Weibing Zhu, Li Dai and Hanqiang Wang, was published in 2017.In this book,the cockroachs fauna of the Southern China was observed,occupied Shandong, A...The book, Cockroaches of Southeastern China, wrote by Xianwei Liu, Weibing Zhu, Li Dai and Hanqiang Wang, was published in 2017.In this book,the cockroachs fauna of the Southern China was observed,occupied Shandong, Anhui,Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Guangdong and Hainan Provinces.展开更多
Parthenogenesis is an asexual mode of reproduction that plays an important role in the evolution of sex, sociality, and reproduction strategies in insects. Some species of cockroach exhibit thelytoky, a type of parthe...Parthenogenesis is an asexual mode of reproduction that plays an important role in the evolution of sex, sociality, and reproduction strategies in insects. Some species of cockroach exhibit thelytoky, a type of parthenogenesis in which female offspring are produced without fertilization. However, the cytological and genetic mecha? nisms of parthenogenesis in cockroaches are not well understood. Here we provide the first molecular genetic evidence that cockroaches can reproduce through automixis. Using the American cockroach Periplaneta aniericana, we performed microsatellite analysis to investigate the genetic relationship between parthenogenetically produced nymphs and the parent virgin females, and found that all parthenogenetic offspring were homozygous for autosomal microsatellite markers, whereas the female parents were heterozygous. In addition, flow cytometry analysis revealed that the parthenogenetic offspring were diploid. Taken together, our results demonstrate that P. americana exhibits automixis-type thelytoky, in which diploidy is restored by gamete duplication or terminal fusion. These findings highlight the unique reproduction strategies of cockroaches, which are more varied than was previously recognized.展开更多
Cockroaches are worldwide indoor pests carrying microorganisms of medical importance. German cockroaches （Blattella germanica） were sampled in five habitats （hospital, restaurant, office home, and market） in Beiji...Cockroaches are worldwide indoor pests carrying microorganisms of medical importance. German cockroaches （Blattella germanica） were sampled in five habitats （hospital, restaurant, office home, and market） in Beijing, and the bacteria were isolated from their external surface and alimentary tract and identified using a Biolog identification system. Cockroach densities significantly differed among habitats （market 〉 home 〉 office 〉 restaurant 〉 hospital）. However, no significant differences in bacterial abundance carried by individual German cockroaches （of either sex） were found among habitats. The bacterial abundance in the gut was significantly higher than that on the surface. There were no significant differences in bacterial species richness observed among habitats, sex, carrying position or their interaction. Cluster analysis showed that cockroach densities and bacterial abundance found in the market differed significantly from the other four habitats. The bacterial diversity was not significantly reduced in sensitive facilities such as hospital and restaurant, even though pesticide and bactericide were more frequently applied there. The implications of these findings were discussed in this article.展开更多
Blaptica dubia(Serville, 1838) and B. interior Hebard, 1921 were considered to be cryptic species. The characteristics originally proposed for their identification are not reliable.Thus the relationship between the tw...Blaptica dubia(Serville, 1838) and B. interior Hebard, 1921 were considered to be cryptic species. The characteristics originally proposed for their identification are not reliable.Thus the relationship between the two species should be re-considered. As a comparative approach and to analyze intraspecific variability, morphological and morphometric methods were performed. Traditional and new characters such as wing shape and pronotum contour were utilized. We found significant differences between both species(p <0.05) in the shape of the wing, but there was an overlap of values. We did not find differences in the body measurements or in the shape and size of the pronotum between the species. The variability gradient does not allow an accurate identification of species neither with the male genitalia or the pronotal macula.Based on the obtained results, B. interior Hebard 1921 is considered to be a junior synonym of B. dubia(Serville, 1838).展开更多
In this paper,five new species of Episymploce are reported,mainly distributed in Yunnan,Guizhou and Guangxi in China.Three new synonyms and a combination are proposed.Morphological descriptions of the new species,incl...In this paper,five new species of Episymploce are reported,mainly distributed in Yunnan,Guizhou and Guangxi in China.Three new synonyms and a combination are proposed.Morphological descriptions of the new species,including the male genitalia,are provided along with detailed photographs.A checklist to Episymploce from China is also given to indicate the diversity of species.展开更多
The brown-banded cockroach,Supella longipalpa(Blattaria:Blattellidae)(S.longipalpa),recently has infested the buildings and hospitals in wide areas of Iran,and this review was prepared to identify current knowledge an...The brown-banded cockroach,Supella longipalpa(Blattaria:Blattellidae)(S.longipalpa),recently has infested the buildings and hospitals in wide areas of Iran,and this review was prepared to identify current knowledge and knowledge gaps about the brown-banded cockroach.Scientific reports and peer-reviewed papers concerning S.longipalpa and relevant topics were collected and synthesized with the objective of learning more about health-related impacts and possible management of S.longipalpa in Iran.Like the German cockroach,the brown-banded cockroach is a known vector for food-borne diseases and drug resistant bacteria,contaminated by infectious disease agents,involved in human intestinal parasites and is the intermediate host of Tnchospirura leptostoma and Moniliformis moniliformis.Because its habitat is widespread,distributed throughout different areas of homes and buildings,it is difficult to control.Considering its possible resistance to insecticides,the control situation may be far more complex.For improved control of S.longipalpa an integrated pest management program is needed.Sanitation,indoor insecticide spraying in the initial cockroach control phase and insecticide formulation baits are recommended simultaneously.展开更多
Antennal sensilla are investigated in three xylophagous cockroaches： Cryptocercus meridianus, C. habaensis and C. changbaiensis, using scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. General morphology of the antenna is provid...Antennal sensilla are investigated in three xylophagous cockroaches： Cryptocercus meridianus, C. habaensis and C. changbaiensis, using scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. General morphology of the antenna is provided in detail, and no significant differences are found among the three species. Six primary types of sensilla are observed and measured： sensilla chaetica （Ch）, sensilla trichodea （Tr）, sensilla basiconica （Ba）, sensilla coeloconica （Co）, sensilla campaniformia （Ca） and sensilla capitula （Cp）. Sensilla trichodea 1 （Trl） is the most abundant sensillum in all three species. There are some statistical differences between sexes and among species. Comparing Cryptocercus with other cockroaches and termites, we briefly discuss the differences among them in terms of their habitat. According to the statistical analysis performed with the sensilla, these morphological characteristics are not enough to separate the three species and may not be suitable for a classification at species level.展开更多
Protein baitsprays were produced from many different sources for the controlling fruit flies in the integrated pest management program around the world.Here,fruit fly baits were formulated based on cost-effective bait...Protein baitsprays were produced from many different sources for the controlling fruit flies in the integrated pest management program around the world.Here,fruit fly baits were formulated based on cost-effective bait mixtures such as local jaggery,brewers spent grain(BSG),apple cider vinegar,wheat bran powder and local red wine with the fresh enzyme from papaya and pineapple.Fruit fly Baits were prepared by mixing the small amount of local detergent as insecticide.Our results indicated that the best efficient fruit fly bait for area wide integrated pest management(AW-IPM)is the BSG-based bait whereas the second efficient bait is local red wine-based bait.The highest fruit fly per trap per day(FTD)value by BSG-based bait traps was discovered.The highest female captured percentage is BSG-based bait with papaya solution.The field analysis of one week and one month old protein-based bait showed that FTD values decreased slightly while only one month old wheat bran-based bait dropped to the base.The BSG-based baits analysis is effective not only female fruit flies but also cockroaches male in Myanmar’s tropical region.Thus our results reveal that the efficient protein-based bait is the fresh BSG-based bait with papaya solution.展开更多
Background:The pathogenesis of allergic asthma is classically understood to involve allergens crosslinking Immunoglobulin E(IgE)bound to mast cells,leading to the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators....Background:The pathogenesis of allergic asthma is classically understood to involve allergens crosslinking Immunoglobulin E(IgE)bound to mast cells,leading to the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.Objective:This study aims to explore whether different allergens have distinct IgE-dependent mechanisms in mouse models of both asthma and anaphylaxis.Methods:Wild type(WT)and IgE knockout(IgE KO)mice were used to generate asthma mouse models.Lung inflammation was assessed by histological analysis and inflammatory cells in Bronchial Alveolar Lavage Fluids(BALF).Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis(PCA)was conducted to quantify IgE,and Toluidine Blue staining was used to visualize mast cell recruitment.Results:All allergen-treated mice exhibited significant airway inflammation.Compared to WT mice,HDM-treated IgE KO mice showed an attenuated inflammatory profile,particularly with reduced eosinophils.These mice had lower serum levels of HDM-specific IgE and IgG1 as well as reduced levels of Th2 cytokines interleukin 4(IL-4)and IL-5 in BALF.CRE-treated IgE KO mice also displayed a reduced inflammation,with significant differences only in eosinophils.Interestingly,no significant differences in airway inflammation were observed between OVA-treated IgE KO mice and WT mice.Furthermore,both HDM and CRE-induced PCA model showed significantly less Evan’s blue dye leakage and mast cell recruitment in the ears of IgE KO mice compared to WT mice,with no differences for OVA-induced PCA and mast cell recruitment.Conclusion:The results highlight the variability in IgE pathway dependence among different allergens,emphasizing the need for further research to delineate the underlying mechanisms.展开更多
A new species,Hemithyrsocera hemiptera sp.nov.,is described from Southwest China,based on its shortened tegmina,and the lack of hind wings,including the illustrations of its habitus and male genitalia.A key to the Chi...A new species,Hemithyrsocera hemiptera sp.nov.,is described from Southwest China,based on its shortened tegmina,and the lack of hind wings,including the illustrations of its habitus and male genitalia.A key to the Chinese species of the genus is provided.The type material is deposited in Shanghai Entomological Museum(SEM),Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).展开更多
Random amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） analysis was conducted for the differentiation of two most commonly occurring insect species Periplaneta americana and Blatella germanicana. This technique is proved to be a q...Random amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） analysis was conducted for the differentiation of two most commonly occurring insect species Periplaneta americana and Blatella germanicana. This technique is proved to be a quick and effective to establish genetic markers to differentiate morphologically similar populations. During the study cockroach species Periplanata americana and Blatella germanicana were considered. Ten random primers were used for polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. Many of such bands obtained, which differentiate between the two species. On the basis of interpretability, simplicity and reproducibility, six primers P1 （GATGACCGCC）, P3 （GGCACGTAAC）, P6 （GGTGCGCCTT）, P7 （GTCAGAGTCG）, P8 （GTCGCCGTCT） and PI0 （GTGCCCGATG） were considered positive for genetic differentiation and analysis. A series of bands ranging from -300 bp to -1,000 bp obtained indicates that these two species are related, however they exhibit some variations. It has also been observed that the same primers also amplified some DNA fragments of the same size in both the species, which indicates the presence of conserved regions, sharing ancestral relationship. Some of the fragments were unique in both the species which may be used for diagnostic purposes. The study concludes that the RAPD-PCR technique is useful for the study of molecular taxonomy in insects.展开更多
Entomophagy has gained popularity as a novel approach to addressing food and nutrition insecurity, particularly in sub-tropical and tropical countries. Cockroaches, for example, have the potential to alleviate nutriti...Entomophagy has gained popularity as a novel approach to addressing food and nutrition insecurity, particularly in sub-tropical and tropical countries. Cockroaches, for example, have the potential to alleviate nutritional deficiencies, as well as the erratic supply of protein in feeds. They can also be reared on locally available organic substrates. This study investigated growth performance and survival of german cockroach (Blattella germanica) reared on locally available organic matter substrates as treatments;spent brewers’ grain (Treatment A), Treatment B consisting of (40%: wheat bran: 40% spent brewers’ grain: 20% Caridina nilotica), wheat bran (Treatment C), and C. nilotica (Treatment D) and in a completely randomised design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated four times, while in each replicate 20 - 30 nymphs were reared for forty-two days. Feed intake for all the treatments was not significantly different. There was a significant difference (P 0.05) in mature weight, average daily weight gain, live weight, and survival during rearing period. Cockroach performed well on treatment B and recorded highest mature weight, overall performance index, survival was 90.25 mg, 197.35, 96%. The least perfomance was reported in Treatment C;1.78, 83, 143.17 and 72.5 for average growth rate, survival, overall perfomance and mature weight respectively. B. Based on these findings, a single feed as used in this study was inferior to the composite (Treatment B) in all parameters of growth performance and survival. The composite diet (Treatment B) could be suitable substrate for mass production of B. germanica for feed and food.展开更多
Cockroaches pose a significant global public health concern.However,besides the well-recognized cockroach-induced allergy,the potential impact of the cockroach microbiome on human health through various means is not y...Cockroaches pose a significant global public health concern.However,besides the well-recognized cockroach-induced allergy,the potential impact of the cockroach microbiome on human health through various means is not yet fully elucidated.This study aimed to clarify the health impacts of cockroaches by investigating the microbial interactions among cockroaches,the indoor environment,and humans.We simultaneously collected cockroach,indoor environment(indoor air and floor dust),and human(exhaled breath condensate and skin)samples from residential areas in five cities representing distinct climate zones in China.The 16S rDNA sequencing results revealed that cockroaches harbor diverse bacterial populations that vary across different cities.The prevalence of potential pathogenic bacteria(PPB)in cockroaches ranged from 1.1%to 58.9%,with dominant resistance genes conferring resistance to tetracycline,macrolide,and beta-lactam.The relationships between the cockroach microbiome and the associated environmental and human microbiomes were explored by using fast expectation-maximization microbial source tracking(FEAST).The potential contribution of cockroach bacteria to the floor dust-borne microbiome and indoor airborne microbiome was estimated to be 5.6%and 1.3%,respectively.Similarly,the potential contribution of cockroach PPB to the floor dust-borne microbiome and indoor airborne microbiome was calculated to be 4.0%and 1.2%,respectively.In residences with cockroach infestations,the contribution of other sources to the indoor environment was slightly increased.Collectively,the role of cockroaches in the transmission of microorganisms,particularly pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes,cannot be overlooked.展开更多
Background Cockroaches are an important indoor allergen source causing allergic rhinitis and asthma. The aim of this study was to investigate the cockroach prevalence in mainland of China and the cross-reactivity of I...Background Cockroaches are an important indoor allergen source causing allergic rhinitis and asthma. The aim of this study was to investigate the cockroach prevalence in mainland of China and the cross-reactivity of IgE between cockroach and house dust mite allergen in Chinese patients.Methods The cockroach sensitization pattern was based on a skin prick test （SPT） obtained from a national multicenter prevalence study, in which 6304 patients from 25 allergy centers across China participated. Factors, including different regions of China, age, gender and the correlations between the American and German cockroaches and house dust mite Der p were investigated. Eighteen out of 1236 clinical sera from south China were selected to perform the cross-inhibition assay between house dust mites and cockroaches.Results Totally 25.7% of patients were SPT positive to the American cockroach （Periplaneta Americana, Per a） and 18.7% SPT positive to the German cockroach （Blattella germanica, Bla g）. The prevalence of positive cockroach SPT was higher in southern than in northern China, higher in adults than in children, and higher in males than in females.Patients had relatively low levels of cockroach SPT reactions, mainly class 1 or 2. Of the SPT positive cockroach patients,88% were also SPT positive to house dust mite （Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Der p）. An IgE cross-inhibition study confirmed that Der P sensitization could cause false positive SPT reactions against cockroach.Conclusions A relatively high prevalence of cockroach sensitivity was found in mainland of China. However, a cross-inhibition study showed that only a small number of patients appear to have Bla g and/or Per a as primary sensitizing source. The importance of cockroaches as a risk factor for sensitization and triggers of allergic symptoms in mainland of China needs to be further investigated.展开更多
Cariblattoides labandeirai sp.n. from the Eocene sediments of Green River in Colorado, USA bear only two plesiomorphies, but also several significant autapomorphies within the advanced and highly derived living cockro...Cariblattoides labandeirai sp.n. from the Eocene sediments of Green River in Colorado, USA bear only two plesiomorphies, but also several significant autapomorphies within the advanced and highly derived living cockroach genus. Thus, Cariblattoides with extant occurrence in the Caribbean and South America was historically common in the Nearctic, and represents important evidence for the occurrence of derived living genera of cockroaches -50 Ma ago. Generally, the vast majority of living genera were absent during the Palaeocene, thus the diversification of most living cockroach lineages near the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary must have been extremely rapid. Females of living C. suave, the type species, have identical （sophisticated） coloration ofpronotum, but the most related living taxa are C. piraiensis and C.fontesi from Brazil （supported by phylogenetical analysis）.展开更多
Cockroaches, commonly found in urban dwellings worldwide, have long been considered vectors of various infectious diseases and cockroach allergens are one of the major etiologic risk factors for IgE-mediated allergic ...Cockroaches, commonly found in urban dwellings worldwide, have long been considered vectors of various infectious diseases and cockroach allergens are one of the major etiologic risk factors for IgE-mediated allergic respiratory illness throughout the world. A high prevalence of cockroach hypersensitivity in atopic （20-55 %） and asthmatic （49-60 %） populations has been documented. Cockroach allergens with molecular weights ranging from 6 to 120 kD have been identified by various standard immunochemical techniques. This article covers the characteristics of major cockroach allergens that have been purified, sequenced, cloned, and produced as recombinant proteins. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology. 2005;2（3）： 177-180.展开更多
The results of our research on the cuticular and internal lipids of Blattella germanica males provide new information on variation in the composition of the cuticular and internal lipids ofB. germanica males after exp...The results of our research on the cuticular and internal lipids of Blattella germanica males provide new information on variation in the composition of the cuticular and internal lipids ofB. germanica males after exposure to the presence of the insecticide. gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses were used to identify and quantify the cuticular and internal lipid composition in males and males exposed to insecticide. There were significantly more acids having an even number of carbon atoms in the molecule, and these were also generally in higher concentrations. The following acids were in a higher concentration： C16：0 and C18：1, C18：2, C18：0. In both males and males exposed to insecticide, 24 fatty acids ranging from C6 to C22 were determined. However, there was a significantly higher content of fatty acids in the surface lipids of B. germanica males after exposure to insecticide. Our results indicate a higher content of n-alkanes, sterols, particularly cholesterol, fatty acids, and fatty acid methyl esters in the B. germanica surface after exposure to chlorpyrifos than in males that were not exposed.展开更多
The vacuolar (H+)-ATPases (V-ATPases) are ATP-driven proton pumps with multiple functions in many organisms. In this study, we performed structural and functional analysis of vha55 gene that encodes V-ATPase subunit B...The vacuolar (H+)-ATPases (V-ATPases) are ATP-driven proton pumps with multiple functions in many organisms. In this study, we performed structural and functional analysis of vha55 gene that encodes V-ATPase subunit B in the smokybrown cockroach Periplaneta fuliginosa (Blattodea). We observed a high homology score of the deduced amino acid sequences between 10 species in seven orders. RNAi of the vha55 gene in R fuliginosa caused nymphal/nymphal molting defects with incomplete shedding of old cuticles, growth inhibition, as well as bent and wrinkled cuticles of thoraxes and abdominal segments. Since growth inhibition caused by vha55 RNAi did not interfere in the commencement of cockroach molting, molting timing and body growth might be controlled by independent mechanism. Our study suggested V-ATPases might be a good candidate molecule for evolutionary and developmental studies of insect molting.展开更多
The transcription factor grainy head(Grh)functions in the protection of the epithelium against the external environment by generating strongly adhesive layers,and this function is conserved in vertebrates and inverteb...The transcription factor grainy head(Grh)functions in the protection of the epithelium against the external environment by generating strongly adhesive layers,and this function is conserved in vertebrates and invertebrates.In Drosophila,the top model for holometabolous insects,Grh is necessary during embryonic development,epidermal differentiation,central nervous system specification and epithelial repair.However,the function of this gene in hemimetabolous insect epithelia remains unknown.To examine the function of Grh signaling in regulating epithelium development in Hemimetabola,we focused on the Blattella germanica epidermal layer using a gene knockdown strategy.The spatiotemporal expression pattern of BgGrh was detected,and knockdown of Bg-Grh and BgCad96ca,which provide positive feedback to BgGrh,caused severe defects in new epithelium development and impeded the molting process required to discard the old integument.Knockdown of the expression of BgGrh and BgCad96ca caused increased expression of chitin synthase gene{BgCHSl)and chitinase gene{BgCht5),the upregulations of which should be mediated by the higher level of hormone receptor 3{BgHr3)gene.In conclusion,epithelium development is regulated by Grh signaling,which might represent a potential target for the control of urban pest cockroaches.展开更多
文摘A study was performed to estimate the prevalence of the external bacterial flora of two domestic cockroaches （Blattella germanica and Blatta orientalis） collected from households in Tebessa （northeast AIgeria）.Three major bacterial groups were cultured （total aerobic, enterobacteria, and staphylococci） from 14 specimens of cockroaches, and antibiotic susceptibility was tested for both Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas isolates. Culturing showed that the total bacterial load of cockroaches from different households were comparable （P〈0.001） and enterobacteria were the predominant colonizers of the insect surface, with a bacterial load of （2.1×10^5 CFU/insect）, whereas the staphylococci group was the minority. Twenty-eight bacterial species were isolated, and susceptibility patterns showed that most of the staphylococci isolates were highly susceptible to chloramphenicol, gentamycin, pristinamycin, ofloxacin, clindamycin, and vancomycin; however, Pseudomonas strains exhibited resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, imipenem, and the second-generation antibiotic cephalosporin cefuroxime.
文摘The book, Cockroaches of Southeastern China, wrote by Xianwei Liu, Weibing Zhu, Li Dai and Hanqiang Wang, was published in 2017.In this book,the cockroachs fauna of the Southern China was observed,occupied Shandong, Anhui,Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Guangdong and Hainan Provinces.
文摘Parthenogenesis is an asexual mode of reproduction that plays an important role in the evolution of sex, sociality, and reproduction strategies in insects. Some species of cockroach exhibit thelytoky, a type of parthenogenesis in which female offspring are produced without fertilization. However, the cytological and genetic mecha? nisms of parthenogenesis in cockroaches are not well understood. Here we provide the first molecular genetic evidence that cockroaches can reproduce through automixis. Using the American cockroach Periplaneta aniericana, we performed microsatellite analysis to investigate the genetic relationship between parthenogenetically produced nymphs and the parent virgin females, and found that all parthenogenetic offspring were homozygous for autosomal microsatellite markers, whereas the female parents were heterozygous. In addition, flow cytometry analysis revealed that the parthenogenetic offspring were diploid. Taken together, our results demonstrate that P. americana exhibits automixis-type thelytoky, in which diploidy is restored by gamete duplication or terminal fusion. These findings highlight the unique reproduction strategies of cockroaches, which are more varied than was previously recognized.
基金supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of CAS (No. KZCX2-YW-422)the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology.
文摘Cockroaches are worldwide indoor pests carrying microorganisms of medical importance. German cockroaches （Blattella germanica） were sampled in five habitats （hospital, restaurant, office home, and market） in Beijing, and the bacteria were isolated from their external surface and alimentary tract and identified using a Biolog identification system. Cockroach densities significantly differed among habitats （market 〉 home 〉 office 〉 restaurant 〉 hospital）. However, no significant differences in bacterial abundance carried by individual German cockroaches （of either sex） were found among habitats. The bacterial abundance in the gut was significantly higher than that on the surface. There were no significant differences in bacterial species richness observed among habitats, sex, carrying position or their interaction. Cluster analysis showed that cockroach densities and bacterial abundance found in the market differed significantly from the other four habitats. The bacterial diversity was not significantly reduced in sensitive facilities such as hospital and restaurant, even though pesticide and bactericide were more frequently applied there. The implications of these findings were discussed in this article.
基金funded by the Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales,Universidad de Buenos AiresCentro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias,Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr.Carlos G.Malbrán"
文摘Blaptica dubia(Serville, 1838) and B. interior Hebard, 1921 were considered to be cryptic species. The characteristics originally proposed for their identification are not reliable.Thus the relationship between the two species should be re-considered. As a comparative approach and to analyze intraspecific variability, morphological and morphometric methods were performed. Traditional and new characters such as wing shape and pronotum contour were utilized. We found significant differences between both species(p <0.05) in the shape of the wing, but there was an overlap of values. We did not find differences in the body measurements or in the shape and size of the pronotum between the species. The variability gradient does not allow an accurate identification of species neither with the male genitalia or the pronotal macula.Based on the obtained results, B. interior Hebard 1921 is considered to be a junior synonym of B. dubia(Serville, 1838).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772506,32070468)。
文摘In this paper,five new species of Episymploce are reported,mainly distributed in Yunnan,Guizhou and Guangxi in China.Three new synonyms and a combination are proposed.Morphological descriptions of the new species,including the male genitalia,are provided along with detailed photographs.A checklist to Episymploce from China is also given to indicate the diversity of species.
文摘The brown-banded cockroach,Supella longipalpa(Blattaria:Blattellidae)(S.longipalpa),recently has infested the buildings and hospitals in wide areas of Iran,and this review was prepared to identify current knowledge and knowledge gaps about the brown-banded cockroach.Scientific reports and peer-reviewed papers concerning S.longipalpa and relevant topics were collected and synthesized with the objective of learning more about health-related impacts and possible management of S.longipalpa in Iran.Like the German cockroach,the brown-banded cockroach is a known vector for food-borne diseases and drug resistant bacteria,contaminated by infectious disease agents,involved in human intestinal parasites and is the intermediate host of Tnchospirura leptostoma and Moniliformis moniliformis.Because its habitat is widespread,distributed throughout different areas of homes and buildings,it is difficult to control.Considering its possible resistance to insecticides,the control situation may be far more complex.For improved control of S.longipalpa an integrated pest management program is needed.Sanitation,indoor insecticide spraying in the initial cockroach control phase and insecticide formulation baits are recommended simultaneously.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing (cstc2014jcyj80018)
文摘Antennal sensilla are investigated in three xylophagous cockroaches： Cryptocercus meridianus, C. habaensis and C. changbaiensis, using scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. General morphology of the antenna is provided in detail, and no significant differences are found among the three species. Six primary types of sensilla are observed and measured： sensilla chaetica （Ch）, sensilla trichodea （Tr）, sensilla basiconica （Ba）, sensilla coeloconica （Co）, sensilla campaniformia （Ca） and sensilla capitula （Cp）. Sensilla trichodea 1 （Trl） is the most abundant sensillum in all three species. There are some statistical differences between sexes and among species. Comparing Cryptocercus with other cockroaches and termites, we briefly discuss the differences among them in terms of their habitat. According to the statistical analysis performed with the sensilla, these morphological characteristics are not enough to separate the three species and may not be suitable for a classification at species level.
文摘Protein baitsprays were produced from many different sources for the controlling fruit flies in the integrated pest management program around the world.Here,fruit fly baits were formulated based on cost-effective bait mixtures such as local jaggery,brewers spent grain(BSG),apple cider vinegar,wheat bran powder and local red wine with the fresh enzyme from papaya and pineapple.Fruit fly Baits were prepared by mixing the small amount of local detergent as insecticide.Our results indicated that the best efficient fruit fly bait for area wide integrated pest management(AW-IPM)is the BSG-based bait whereas the second efficient bait is local red wine-based bait.The highest fruit fly per trap per day(FTD)value by BSG-based bait traps was discovered.The highest female captured percentage is BSG-based bait with papaya solution.The field analysis of one week and one month old protein-based bait showed that FTD values decreased slightly while only one month old wheat bran-based bait dropped to the base.The BSG-based baits analysis is effective not only female fruit flies but also cockroaches male in Myanmar’s tropical region.Thus our results reveal that the efficient protein-based bait is the fresh BSG-based bait with papaya solution.
文摘Background:The pathogenesis of allergic asthma is classically understood to involve allergens crosslinking Immunoglobulin E(IgE)bound to mast cells,leading to the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.Objective:This study aims to explore whether different allergens have distinct IgE-dependent mechanisms in mouse models of both asthma and anaphylaxis.Methods:Wild type(WT)and IgE knockout(IgE KO)mice were used to generate asthma mouse models.Lung inflammation was assessed by histological analysis and inflammatory cells in Bronchial Alveolar Lavage Fluids(BALF).Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis(PCA)was conducted to quantify IgE,and Toluidine Blue staining was used to visualize mast cell recruitment.Results:All allergen-treated mice exhibited significant airway inflammation.Compared to WT mice,HDM-treated IgE KO mice showed an attenuated inflammatory profile,particularly with reduced eosinophils.These mice had lower serum levels of HDM-specific IgE and IgG1 as well as reduced levels of Th2 cytokines interleukin 4(IL-4)and IL-5 in BALF.CRE-treated IgE KO mice also displayed a reduced inflammation,with significant differences only in eosinophils.Interestingly,no significant differences in airway inflammation were observed between OVA-treated IgE KO mice and WT mice.Furthermore,both HDM and CRE-induced PCA model showed significantly less Evan’s blue dye leakage and mast cell recruitment in the ears of IgE KO mice compared to WT mice,with no differences for OVA-induced PCA and mast cell recruitment.Conclusion:The results highlight the variability in IgE pathway dependence among different allergens,emphasizing the need for further research to delineate the underlying mechanisms.
基金sponsored by the Science-technology basic condition platform from The Ministry of Science and Technology of People’s Republic of China(2005DKA21402)
文摘A new species,Hemithyrsocera hemiptera sp.nov.,is described from Southwest China,based on its shortened tegmina,and the lack of hind wings,including the illustrations of its habitus and male genitalia.A key to the Chinese species of the genus is provided.The type material is deposited in Shanghai Entomological Museum(SEM),Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).
文摘Random amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） analysis was conducted for the differentiation of two most commonly occurring insect species Periplaneta americana and Blatella germanicana. This technique is proved to be a quick and effective to establish genetic markers to differentiate morphologically similar populations. During the study cockroach species Periplanata americana and Blatella germanicana were considered. Ten random primers were used for polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. Many of such bands obtained, which differentiate between the two species. On the basis of interpretability, simplicity and reproducibility, six primers P1 （GATGACCGCC）, P3 （GGCACGTAAC）, P6 （GGTGCGCCTT）, P7 （GTCAGAGTCG）, P8 （GTCGCCGTCT） and PI0 （GTGCCCGATG） were considered positive for genetic differentiation and analysis. A series of bands ranging from -300 bp to -1,000 bp obtained indicates that these two species are related, however they exhibit some variations. It has also been observed that the same primers also amplified some DNA fragments of the same size in both the species, which indicates the presence of conserved regions, sharing ancestral relationship. Some of the fragments were unique in both the species which may be used for diagnostic purposes. The study concludes that the RAPD-PCR technique is useful for the study of molecular taxonomy in insects.
文摘Entomophagy has gained popularity as a novel approach to addressing food and nutrition insecurity, particularly in sub-tropical and tropical countries. Cockroaches, for example, have the potential to alleviate nutritional deficiencies, as well as the erratic supply of protein in feeds. They can also be reared on locally available organic substrates. This study investigated growth performance and survival of german cockroach (Blattella germanica) reared on locally available organic matter substrates as treatments;spent brewers’ grain (Treatment A), Treatment B consisting of (40%: wheat bran: 40% spent brewers’ grain: 20% Caridina nilotica), wheat bran (Treatment C), and C. nilotica (Treatment D) and in a completely randomised design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated four times, while in each replicate 20 - 30 nymphs were reared for forty-two days. Feed intake for all the treatments was not significantly different. There was a significant difference (P 0.05) in mature weight, average daily weight gain, live weight, and survival during rearing period. Cockroach performed well on treatment B and recorded highest mature weight, overall performance index, survival was 90.25 mg, 197.35, 96%. The least perfomance was reported in Treatment C;1.78, 83, 143.17 and 72.5 for average growth rate, survival, overall perfomance and mature weight respectively. B. Based on these findings, a single feed as used in this study was inferior to the composite (Treatment B) in all parameters of growth performance and survival. The composite diet (Treatment B) could be suitable substrate for mass production of B. germanica for feed and food.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC3708201)Beijing Natural Science Foundation-Xiaomi Innovation Joint Fund(Frontier Project L233014)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42075117&42375113).
文摘Cockroaches pose a significant global public health concern.However,besides the well-recognized cockroach-induced allergy,the potential impact of the cockroach microbiome on human health through various means is not yet fully elucidated.This study aimed to clarify the health impacts of cockroaches by investigating the microbial interactions among cockroaches,the indoor environment,and humans.We simultaneously collected cockroach,indoor environment(indoor air and floor dust),and human(exhaled breath condensate and skin)samples from residential areas in five cities representing distinct climate zones in China.The 16S rDNA sequencing results revealed that cockroaches harbor diverse bacterial populations that vary across different cities.The prevalence of potential pathogenic bacteria(PPB)in cockroaches ranged from 1.1%to 58.9%,with dominant resistance genes conferring resistance to tetracycline,macrolide,and beta-lactam.The relationships between the cockroach microbiome and the associated environmental and human microbiomes were explored by using fast expectation-maximization microbial source tracking(FEAST).The potential contribution of cockroach bacteria to the floor dust-borne microbiome and indoor airborne microbiome was estimated to be 5.6%and 1.3%,respectively.Similarly,the potential contribution of cockroach PPB to the floor dust-borne microbiome and indoor airborne microbiome was calculated to be 4.0%and 1.2%,respectively.In residences with cockroach infestations,the contribution of other sources to the indoor environment was slightly increased.Collectively,the role of cockroaches in the transmission of microorganisms,particularly pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes,cannot be overlooked.
文摘Background Cockroaches are an important indoor allergen source causing allergic rhinitis and asthma. The aim of this study was to investigate the cockroach prevalence in mainland of China and the cross-reactivity of IgE between cockroach and house dust mite allergen in Chinese patients.Methods The cockroach sensitization pattern was based on a skin prick test （SPT） obtained from a national multicenter prevalence study, in which 6304 patients from 25 allergy centers across China participated. Factors, including different regions of China, age, gender and the correlations between the American and German cockroaches and house dust mite Der p were investigated. Eighteen out of 1236 clinical sera from south China were selected to perform the cross-inhibition assay between house dust mites and cockroaches.Results Totally 25.7% of patients were SPT positive to the American cockroach （Periplaneta Americana, Per a） and 18.7% SPT positive to the German cockroach （Blattella germanica, Bla g）. The prevalence of positive cockroach SPT was higher in southern than in northern China, higher in adults than in children, and higher in males than in females.Patients had relatively low levels of cockroach SPT reactions, mainly class 1 or 2. Of the SPT positive cockroach patients,88% were also SPT positive to house dust mite （Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Der p）. An IgE cross-inhibition study confirmed that Der P sensitization could cause false positive SPT reactions against cockroach.Conclusions A relatively high prevalence of cockroach sensitivity was found in mainland of China. However, a cross-inhibition study showed that only a small number of patients appear to have Bla g and/or Per a as primary sensitizing source. The importance of cockroaches as a risk factor for sensitization and triggers of allergic symptoms in mainland of China needs to be further investigated.
文摘Cariblattoides labandeirai sp.n. from the Eocene sediments of Green River in Colorado, USA bear only two plesiomorphies, but also several significant autapomorphies within the advanced and highly derived living cockroach genus. Thus, Cariblattoides with extant occurrence in the Caribbean and South America was historically common in the Nearctic, and represents important evidence for the occurrence of derived living genera of cockroaches -50 Ma ago. Generally, the vast majority of living genera were absent during the Palaeocene, thus the diversification of most living cockroach lineages near the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary must have been extremely rapid. Females of living C. suave, the type species, have identical （sophisticated） coloration ofpronotum, but the most related living taxa are C. piraiensis and C.fontesi from Brazil （supported by phylogenetical analysis）.
文摘Cockroaches, commonly found in urban dwellings worldwide, have long been considered vectors of various infectious diseases and cockroach allergens are one of the major etiologic risk factors for IgE-mediated allergic respiratory illness throughout the world. A high prevalence of cockroach hypersensitivity in atopic （20-55 %） and asthmatic （49-60 %） populations has been documented. Cockroach allergens with molecular weights ranging from 6 to 120 kD have been identified by various standard immunochemical techniques. This article covers the characteristics of major cockroach allergens that have been purified, sequenced, cloned, and produced as recombinant proteins. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology. 2005;2（3）： 177-180.
文摘The results of our research on the cuticular and internal lipids of Blattella germanica males provide new information on variation in the composition of the cuticular and internal lipids ofB. germanica males after exposure to the presence of the insecticide. gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses were used to identify and quantify the cuticular and internal lipid composition in males and males exposed to insecticide. There were significantly more acids having an even number of carbon atoms in the molecule, and these were also generally in higher concentrations. The following acids were in a higher concentration： C16：0 and C18：1, C18：2, C18：0. In both males and males exposed to insecticide, 24 fatty acids ranging from C6 to C22 were determined. However, there was a significantly higher content of fatty acids in the surface lipids of B. germanica males after exposure to insecticide. Our results indicate a higher content of n-alkanes, sterols, particularly cholesterol, fatty acids, and fatty acid methyl esters in the B. germanica surface after exposure to chlorpyrifos than in males that were not exposed.
文摘The vacuolar (H+)-ATPases (V-ATPases) are ATP-driven proton pumps with multiple functions in many organisms. In this study, we performed structural and functional analysis of vha55 gene that encodes V-ATPase subunit B in the smokybrown cockroach Periplaneta fuliginosa (Blattodea). We observed a high homology score of the deduced amino acid sequences between 10 species in seven orders. RNAi of the vha55 gene in R fuliginosa caused nymphal/nymphal molting defects with incomplete shedding of old cuticles, growth inhibition, as well as bent and wrinkled cuticles of thoraxes and abdominal segments. Since growth inhibition caused by vha55 RNAi did not interfere in the commencement of cockroach molting, molting timing and body growth might be controlled by independent mechanism. Our study suggested V-ATPases might be a good candidate molecule for evolutionary and developmental studies of insect molting.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31702055,No.31572325 and No.31702021)CR.SL and ED,by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2020A1515011267)+4 种基金CR,by the National Key Research and Development Project(Grant No.2019YFD1002102)CR and YL,by the Department of Science and Technology in Guangdong Province(Grant No.2019B090905003 and 2019A0102006)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant No.KQTD20180411143628272)SL.The strategies for cockroach management mentioned in this work have been included in a Chinese patent application(201910977154.9201910976989.2).
文摘The transcription factor grainy head(Grh)functions in the protection of the epithelium against the external environment by generating strongly adhesive layers,and this function is conserved in vertebrates and invertebrates.In Drosophila,the top model for holometabolous insects,Grh is necessary during embryonic development,epidermal differentiation,central nervous system specification and epithelial repair.However,the function of this gene in hemimetabolous insect epithelia remains unknown.To examine the function of Grh signaling in regulating epithelium development in Hemimetabola,we focused on the Blattella germanica epidermal layer using a gene knockdown strategy.The spatiotemporal expression pattern of BgGrh was detected,and knockdown of Bg-Grh and BgCad96ca,which provide positive feedback to BgGrh,caused severe defects in new epithelium development and impeded the molting process required to discard the old integument.Knockdown of the expression of BgGrh and BgCad96ca caused increased expression of chitin synthase gene{BgCHSl)and chitinase gene{BgCht5),the upregulations of which should be mediated by the higher level of hormone receptor 3{BgHr3)gene.In conclusion,epithelium development is regulated by Grh signaling,which might represent a potential target for the control of urban pest cockroaches.
