In this paper, the effect and mechanism of calcareous stone powder with size less than 0.074 mm are investigated in stone chippings concrete. The results show that the stone powder can participate in hydration reactio...In this paper, the effect and mechanism of calcareous stone powder with size less than 0.074 mm are investigated in stone chippings concrete. The results show that the stone powder can participate in hydration reaction and acts as crystal nucleus in hydration process, namely, it has hydration activity to an extent. The strength of stone chippings concrete is enhanced and the easy-mixing capacity of the concrete mortar is modified when stone chippings contain a proper amount of stone powder. The stone powder has little effect on the wearability of the concrete.展开更多
Mechanical cutting provides one of the most flexible and environmentally friendly excavation methods.It has attracted numerous efforts to model the rock chipping and fragmentation process,especially using the explicit...Mechanical cutting provides one of the most flexible and environmentally friendly excavation methods.It has attracted numerous efforts to model the rock chipping and fragmentation process,especially using the explicit finite element method(FEM) and bonded particle model(BPM),in order to improve cutting efficiency.This study investigates the application of a general-purpose graphic-processing-unit parallelised hybrid finite-discrete element method(FDEM) which enjoys the advantages of both explicit FEM and BPM,in modelling the rock chipping and fragmentation process in the rock scratch test of mechanical rock cutting.The input parameters of FDEM are determined through a calibration procedure of modelling conventional Brazilian tensile and uniaxial compressive tests of limestone,A series of scratch tests with various cutting velocities,cutter rake angles and cutting depths is then modelled using FDEM with calibrated input parameters.A few cycles of cutter/rock interactions,including their engagement and detachment process,are modelled for each case,which is conducted for the first time to the best knowledge of the authors,thanks to the general purpose graphic processing units(GPGPU) parallelisation.The failure mechanism,cutting force,chipping morphology and effect of various factors on them are discussed on the basis of the modelled results.Finally,it is concluded that GPGPU-parallelised FDEM provides a powerful tool to further study rock cutting and improve cutting efficiencies since it can explicitly capture different fracture mechanisms contributing to the rock chipping as well as chip formation and the separation process in mechanical cutting.Moreover,it is concluded that chipping is mostly owed to the mix-mode Ⅰ-Ⅱ fracture in all cases although mode Ⅱ cracks and mode Ⅰ cracks are the dominant failures in rock cutting with shallow and deep cutting depths,respectively.The chip morphology is found to be a function of cutter velocdty,cutting depth and cutter rake angle.展开更多
The transition from grinding to chipping can be observed in tunnel boring machine(TBM) penetration test data by plotting the penetration rate(distance/revolution) against the net cutter thrust(force per cutter) over t...The transition from grinding to chipping can be observed in tunnel boring machine(TBM) penetration test data by plotting the penetration rate(distance/revolution) against the net cutter thrust(force per cutter) over the full range of penetration rates in the test.Correlating penetration test data to the geological and geomechanical characteristics of rock masses through which a penetration test is conducted provides the ability to reveal the efficiency of the chipping process in response to changing geological conditions.Penetration test data can also be used to identify stress-induced tunnel face instability.This research shows that the strength of the rock is an important parameter for controlling how much net cutter thrust is required to transition from grinding to chipping.It also shows that the geological characteristics of a rock will determine how efficient chipping occurs once it has begun.In particular,geological characteristics that lead to efficient fracture propagation,such as fabric and mica contents,will lead to efficient chipping.These findings will enable a better correlation between TBM performance and geological conditions for use in TBM design,as a basis for contractual payments where penetration rate dominates the excavation cycle and in further academic investigations into the TBM excavation process.展开更多
Heavy metals have been viewed as hazardous environmental pollutants, and anthropogenic activities due to their high toxicity and persistent nature in the environment. Anthropogenic activities such as artisanal mining,...Heavy metals have been viewed as hazardous environmental pollutants, and anthropogenic activities due to their high toxicity and persistent nature in the environment. Anthropogenic activities such as artisanal mining, industrial activities, improper usage of fertilizers and pesticides, and indiscriminate open waste disposal bring about an increase in the presence of heavy metals in the environment. In the Keffi Metropolis, different elements lead to land contamination which debilitates soil quality, plant survival, human well-being, and the environment as a result of extensive dispersion or quantity of heavy metals in the soil and water. In recent years, biochar has emerged as a promising soil amendment for mitigating heavy metal pollution due to its unique physicochemical properties. This paper provides the effects of softwood pellet biochar on the retention of heavy metals in contaminated soils. A microcosm experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of biochar on the retention of heavy metals in contaminated soils. This research aimed to give an overview of the effects of softwood biochar at different temperatures (550˚C and 700˚C) on the retention of heavy metals and metalloids released from the soil during water inundation. The results show that the addition of organic matter (grass chippings) minimizes heavy metal mobilization. Also, biochar at high temperatures is more effective than those at low temperatures. The expected outcome of the research analysis includes providing insights into the role of biochar in retaining heavy metal contamination and further understanding the use of biochar as a sorbent for the management of contaminated soil.展开更多
Using tunnel boring machines to excavate high-strength intact rock masses is becoming more common.Due to the interactions between disc cutters and rocks,abnormal wear of disc cutters,especially cutter chipping,has bec...Using tunnel boring machines to excavate high-strength intact rock masses is becoming more common.Due to the interactions between disc cutters and rocks,abnormal wear of disc cutters,especially cutter chipping,has become a common phenomenon.Existing research has mainly focused on normal wear of disc cutters without addressing abnormal wear cases.This study used the disc cutter consumption data of a tunnel project in China to investigate the abovementioned problem based on field research.According to the fail-ure patterns and fracture surface characteristics,the cutter chipping patterns were mainly categorized into four types:granule chipping,patch chipping,primary collapse,and secondary collapse.To further simulate the evolution of disc cutter chipping,based on the linear plastic bond model,a new contact model called the modified plastic bond(MPB)model was proposed to solve the metal simulation prob-lem in Particle Flow Code software.To this end,a set of uniaxial tensile and compressive tests were initially conducted to verify the applicability of the MPB model.Then,a series of three-dimensional rock-cutting simulation tests were conducted to reflect the evolu-tionary processes involved in each type of cutter chipping.The cutter chipping mechanism and morphological characteristics were clas-sified and summarized in detail.The results revealed that the cutting speed and penetration growth led to a rising trend in the probability and intensity of the cutter chipping.The presence of initial defects also induced an adverse effect on the service life of the cutter.The results indicated suitable working conditions for the cutter and suggested ways to control tunneling parameters and avoid frequent cutter chipping cases.展开更多
Recent years have witnessed transformative changes brought about by artificial intelligence(AI)techniques with billions of parameters for the realization of high accuracy,proposing high demand for the advanced and AI ...Recent years have witnessed transformative changes brought about by artificial intelligence(AI)techniques with billions of parameters for the realization of high accuracy,proposing high demand for the advanced and AI chip to solve these AI tasks efficiently and powerfully.Rapid progress has been made in the field of advanced chips recently,such as the development of photonic computing,the advancement of the quantum processors,the boost of the biomimetic chips,and so on.Designs tactics of the advanced chips can be conducted with elaborated consideration of materials,algorithms,models,architectures,and so on.Though a few reviews present the development of the chips from their unique aspects,reviews in the view of the latest design for advanced and AI chips are few.Here,the newest development is systematically reviewed in the field of advanced chips.First,background and mechanisms are summarized,and subsequently most important considerations for co-design of the software and hardware are illustrated.Next,strategies are summed up to obtain advanced and AI chips with high excellent performance by taking the important information processing steps into consideration,after which the design thought for the advanced chips in the future is proposed.Finally,some perspectives are put forward.展开更多
With the development of the semiconductor industry below the 7 nm scale,critical dimension small-angle X-ray scattering(CD-SAXS)has emerged as a powerful tool for quantitatively measuring nanoscale deviations.In this ...With the development of the semiconductor industry below the 7 nm scale,critical dimension small-angle X-ray scattering(CD-SAXS)has emerged as a powerful tool for quantitatively measuring nanoscale deviations.In this study,the effects of X-ray beam size and photon energy on the accuracy of critical dimension measurements were investigated.Critical dimensions measured using beams with different spot sizes showed different deviations from the expected values.Beam sizes that were either too large or too small did not improve confidence intervals.As the incident energy increased,the X-ray transmission rate increased,while the scattering cross section decreased,resulting in a gradual decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio of the diffraction peaks,which reduced the accuracy of the CD-SAXS measurements.An optimal accuracy was obtained at 12 keV with a smaller beam size.Using an effective trapezoid model,the results yielded an average pitch of 100.4±0.2 nm,width of 49.8±0.2 nm,height of 130.0±0.2 nm,and a sidewall angle below 1.1°±0.1°.These results provide crucial guidance for the future development of CD-SAXS laboratories and the construction of X-ray machines as well as robust support for research in related fields.展开更多
We are sorry for the mistakes of Affiliation,"a State Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials,Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials,Donghua University,Shanghai 201620,China"should be replaced by&quo...We are sorry for the mistakes of Affiliation,"a State Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials,Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials,Donghua University,Shanghai 201620,China"should be replaced by"a State Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials,Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials,College of Materials Science and Engineering,Donghua University,Shanghai 201620,China".We apologized for the inconvenience caused by this error.展开更多
[Objectives]This study aimed to evaluate the detection sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy products utilizing the chip digital PCR(cdPCR)technique.[Methods]Specific primers and probes were designed and synth...[Objectives]This study aimed to evaluate the detection sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy products utilizing the chip digital PCR(cdPCR)technique.[Methods]Specific primers and probes were designed and synthesized based on the conserved sequence of the heat-resistant nuclease gene nuc of S.aureus.cdPCR was employed to detect S.aureus,and the sensitivity of this technique was systematically assessed in samples exhibiting low levels of contamination.[Results]cdPCR demonstrated precise quantification when the initial concentration of the sample enrichment solution was equal to or greater than 50 CFU/mL.The detection dynamic range extended across at least five orders of magnitude,with a minimum DNA detection limit of 0.2304 pg/μL.In artificially contaminated cheese samples,the method s lower limit of quantification for detecting S.aureus was 8×10^(2) CFU/g.Regression analysis demonstrated that the gene copy number concentration measured by cdPCR exhibited a strong linear correlation with bacterial contamination concentration across a broad range.[Conclusions]The cdPCR method developed in this study demonstrates high sensitivity and robust quantitative capabilities,offering a reliable technical approach for the precise detection of low-level S.aureus contamination in dairy products.展开更多
The 193 nm deep-ultraviolet(DUV)laser plays a critical role in advanced semiconductor chip manufacturing[1,2],micro-nano material characterization[3,4]and biomedical analysis[5,6],due to its high spatial resolution an...The 193 nm deep-ultraviolet(DUV)laser plays a critical role in advanced semiconductor chip manufacturing[1,2],micro-nano material characterization[3,4]and biomedical analysis[5,6],due to its high spatial resolution and short wavelength.Efficient and compact 193 nm DUV laser source thus becomes a hot research area.Currently,193 nm Ar F excimer gas laser is widely employed in DUV lithography systems and serves as the enabling technology for 7 and 5 nm semiconductor fabrication.展开更多
In recent years,microfluidic technology has emerged as a powerful and innovative tool,attracting significant attention for its ability to provide real-time visualization of CO_(2)flow,mass transfer,and reaction proces...In recent years,microfluidic technology has emerged as a powerful and innovative tool,attracting significant attention for its ability to provide real-time visualization of CO_(2)flow,mass transfer,and reaction processes in porous media.This review examines the application of microfluidic technology in CO_(2)sequestration in saline aquifers,emphasizing the advantages of saline aquifer for geological sequestration,including safety,high storage capacity,stability,and cost-effectiveness.The materials used for microfluidic chips and the design of microchannels are systematically reviewed,offering forward-looking recommendations for chip selection and microchannel characterization in future research on CO_(2)sequestration in saline aquifer.Based on a detailed analysis of advancements in microfluidic technology,this review highlights key findings related to CO_(2)trapping mechanisms,salt precipitation,and CO_(2)-water-rock chemical interactions within saline aquifers.Although microfluidic technology shows great promise in these areas,this review identifies limitations in current studies and outlines future research directions,aiming to promote further innovation and broader application of microfluidic technology in the field of CO_(2)sequestration in saline aquifer.展开更多
Optimizing the microchannel design of the next generation of chips requires an understanding of the in situ property evolution of the chip-based materials under fast cooling.This work overcomes the conventional relian...Optimizing the microchannel design of the next generation of chips requires an understanding of the in situ property evolution of the chip-based materials under fast cooling.This work overcomes the conventional reliance on reheating data of melt-quenched glasses by demonstrating direct observations of glass transition on cooling curves utilizing the most advanced fast differential scanning calorimetry.By leveraging an MEMS chip sensor that allows for rapid heat extraction from microgram-sized samples to a purged gas coolant,the device is able to reach ultra-fast cooling rates of up to 40,000 K·s^(−1).Four thermal regions are identified by examining the cooling behaviors of two metallic glasses.This is because the actual rate of the specimen can differ from the programmed rate,especially at high set rate when the actual rate decreases before the glass transition is completed.We define the operational window for reliable cooling curve analysis,build models with empirical and theoretical analyses to determine the maximum feasible cooling rate,and demonstrate how optimizing sample mass and environment temperature broaden this window.The method avoids deceptive structural relaxation effects verified by fictivetemperature analysis and permits the capture of full glass transition during cooling.展开更多
Multi-organ-on-a-chip(MOOC)technology represents a pivotal direction in the organ-on-a-chip field,seeking to emulate the complex interactions of multiple human organs in vitro through microfluidic systems.This technol...Multi-organ-on-a-chip(MOOC)technology represents a pivotal direction in the organ-on-a-chip field,seeking to emulate the complex interactions of multiple human organs in vitro through microfluidic systems.This technology overcomes the limitations of traditional single-organ models,providing a novel platform for investigating complex disease mechanisms and evaluating drug efficacy and toxicity.Although it demonstrates broad application prospects,its development still faces critical bottlenecks,including inadequate physiological coupling between organs,short functional maintenance durations,and limited real-time monitoring capabilities.Contemporary research is advancing along three key directions,including functional coupling,sensor integration,and full-process automation systems,to propel the technology toward enhanced levels of physiological relevance and predictive accuracy.展开更多
Glass,with its valuable properties,finds extensive use in aerospace,optics,and biomedical fields.Owing to its low fracture toughness,glass typically fractures in a brittle manner during machining,resulting in poor sur...Glass,with its valuable properties,finds extensive use in aerospace,optics,and biomedical fields.Owing to its low fracture toughness,glass typically fractures in a brittle manner during machining,resulting in poor surface quality.This paper presents an experimental investigation of vibration-assisted machining(VAM)techniques to enhance the machining of glass materials.A novel high-frequency two-dimensional VAM system specifically designed for glass is introduced,and slot milling experiments are conducted using ultrasonic high-frequency vibrations.A low-frequency nonresonant VAM system is also employed for comparison purposes.A comprehensive examination is made of the effects of various machining parameters,such as feed rate,cutting speeds,and vibration parameters,including vibration modes and amplitudes,on the machining performance of glass.Surface roughness,edge chipping generation,and tool wear are thoroughly characterized using scanning electron microscopy.The findings demonstrate that under specific machining and vibration parameters,the proposed ultrasonic vibration-assisted micro-milling(UVAMM)system can achieve a nanometric surface roughness Ra for glass.The UVAMM system offers enhanced surface quality,improved edge quality,and reduced tool wear compared with conventional machining techniques.This study provides valuable insights and directions for the application of 2D VAM systems in achieving superior machining results for glass components at small scales with nanometric surface finishes.展开更多
Zirconia(ZrO_(2))ceramic material has been widely applied to various fields due to its unique properties of high strength,high hardness,and excessive temperature resistance.However,the high-quality micro-hole machinin...Zirconia(ZrO_(2))ceramic material has been widely applied to various fields due to its unique properties of high strength,high hardness,and excessive temperature resistance.However,the high-quality micro-hole machining of zirconia ceramic material remains a significant challenge at present.In this study,experiments on peck drilling of 0.2 mm and 0.5 mm micro-holes in zirconia ceramics using diamond-coated drills are conducted.The characteristics of the force signal during the drilling process,the influence of drilling parameters on the drlling force and the chipping size at the hole exit,and features of the tool wear stages of the diamond coated drill are analyzed.Experimental results suggest that when machining micro-holes in zirconia ceramics,there is a positive correlation between the axial force and the size of the chipping at the exit.The axial force increases with the increase of the feed rate and the step distance,and it shows a trend of first increasing and next decreasing with the increase of the spindle speed.The wear of the drll bit has a significant impact on the quality of the hole exit.It is found that with the continuous drilling of seven holes,the axial force increases by 144.2%,and the size of edge chipping at the exit increases from about 20μm to more than 130μm.This study can provide some valuable references for improving the micro-hole processing quality of material.展开更多
Percussive drilling is gaining interest for both shallow and deep applications due to its potential for higher drilling rates in hard rocks.Therefore,for efficient rock breaking,the development of advanced percussive ...Percussive drilling is gaining interest for both shallow and deep applications due to its potential for higher drilling rates in hard rocks.Therefore,for efficient rock breaking,the development of advanced percussive drilling simulation tools has the potential to be transformative.Such tools must accurately capture the rock’s response to enable an effective analysis of the fragmentation process.Traditional continuum numerical methods,such as the finite element method(FEM),do not simulate discrete cracks or the contact interaction between rock fragments.The finite-discrete element method(FDEM)is a three-dimensional hybrid method that combines FEM with the discrete element method(DEM)that addresses these limitations.New FDEM simulation results of impacts on Kuru Grey granite show good agreement with published experimental data.The interpretation focuses on two significant processes in percussive drilling:crack propagation and chipping generation.FDEM successfully simulates the evolution of cracks,including radial,side,and inclined cracks,as well as crushed and cracked zones.The simulation also reproduces the coalescence of adjacent craters to generate more chippings.Additionally,the stress state,velocity field and discrete fractures simulated by FDEM provide detailed insights into the different fracture patterns for Kuru Grey granite,enhancing understanding of the fundamental underlying mechanisms.展开更多
文摘In this paper, the effect and mechanism of calcareous stone powder with size less than 0.074 mm are investigated in stone chippings concrete. The results show that the stone powder can participate in hydration reaction and acts as crystal nucleus in hydration process, namely, it has hydration activity to an extent. The strength of stone chippings concrete is enhanced and the easy-mixing capacity of the concrete mortar is modified when stone chippings contain a proper amount of stone powder. The stone powder has little effect on the wearability of the concrete.
基金the support of CSIRO and the Australia-Japan Foundation(Grant No.17/20470)supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI(Grant No.JP18K14165)for Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists。
文摘Mechanical cutting provides one of the most flexible and environmentally friendly excavation methods.It has attracted numerous efforts to model the rock chipping and fragmentation process,especially using the explicit finite element method(FEM) and bonded particle model(BPM),in order to improve cutting efficiency.This study investigates the application of a general-purpose graphic-processing-unit parallelised hybrid finite-discrete element method(FDEM) which enjoys the advantages of both explicit FEM and BPM,in modelling the rock chipping and fragmentation process in the rock scratch test of mechanical rock cutting.The input parameters of FDEM are determined through a calibration procedure of modelling conventional Brazilian tensile and uniaxial compressive tests of limestone,A series of scratch tests with various cutting velocities,cutter rake angles and cutting depths is then modelled using FDEM with calibrated input parameters.A few cycles of cutter/rock interactions,including their engagement and detachment process,are modelled for each case,which is conducted for the first time to the best knowledge of the authors,thanks to the general purpose graphic processing units(GPGPU) parallelisation.The failure mechanism,cutting force,chipping morphology and effect of various factors on them are discussed on the basis of the modelled results.Finally,it is concluded that GPGPU-parallelised FDEM provides a powerful tool to further study rock cutting and improve cutting efficiencies since it can explicitly capture different fracture mechanisms contributing to the rock chipping as well as chip formation and the separation process in mechanical cutting.Moreover,it is concluded that chipping is mostly owed to the mix-mode Ⅰ-Ⅱ fracture in all cases although mode Ⅱ cracks and mode Ⅰ cracks are the dominant failures in rock cutting with shallow and deep cutting depths,respectively.The chip morphology is found to be a function of cutter velocdty,cutting depth and cutter rake angle.
文摘The transition from grinding to chipping can be observed in tunnel boring machine(TBM) penetration test data by plotting the penetration rate(distance/revolution) against the net cutter thrust(force per cutter) over the full range of penetration rates in the test.Correlating penetration test data to the geological and geomechanical characteristics of rock masses through which a penetration test is conducted provides the ability to reveal the efficiency of the chipping process in response to changing geological conditions.Penetration test data can also be used to identify stress-induced tunnel face instability.This research shows that the strength of the rock is an important parameter for controlling how much net cutter thrust is required to transition from grinding to chipping.It also shows that the geological characteristics of a rock will determine how efficient chipping occurs once it has begun.In particular,geological characteristics that lead to efficient fracture propagation,such as fabric and mica contents,will lead to efficient chipping.These findings will enable a better correlation between TBM performance and geological conditions for use in TBM design,as a basis for contractual payments where penetration rate dominates the excavation cycle and in further academic investigations into the TBM excavation process.
文摘Heavy metals have been viewed as hazardous environmental pollutants, and anthropogenic activities due to their high toxicity and persistent nature in the environment. Anthropogenic activities such as artisanal mining, industrial activities, improper usage of fertilizers and pesticides, and indiscriminate open waste disposal bring about an increase in the presence of heavy metals in the environment. In the Keffi Metropolis, different elements lead to land contamination which debilitates soil quality, plant survival, human well-being, and the environment as a result of extensive dispersion or quantity of heavy metals in the soil and water. In recent years, biochar has emerged as a promising soil amendment for mitigating heavy metal pollution due to its unique physicochemical properties. This paper provides the effects of softwood pellet biochar on the retention of heavy metals in contaminated soils. A microcosm experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of biochar on the retention of heavy metals in contaminated soils. This research aimed to give an overview of the effects of softwood biochar at different temperatures (550˚C and 700˚C) on the retention of heavy metals and metalloids released from the soil during water inundation. The results show that the addition of organic matter (grass chippings) minimizes heavy metal mobilization. Also, biochar at high temperatures is more effective than those at low temperatures. The expected outcome of the research analysis includes providing insights into the role of biochar in retaining heavy metal contamination and further understanding the use of biochar as a sorbent for the management of contaminated soil.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52078377)the Key Field Science and Technology Project of Yunnan Province(Grant No.202002AC080002)supported by the China Atomic Energy Authority(CAEA)through the Geological Disposal Program.
文摘Using tunnel boring machines to excavate high-strength intact rock masses is becoming more common.Due to the interactions between disc cutters and rocks,abnormal wear of disc cutters,especially cutter chipping,has become a common phenomenon.Existing research has mainly focused on normal wear of disc cutters without addressing abnormal wear cases.This study used the disc cutter consumption data of a tunnel project in China to investigate the abovementioned problem based on field research.According to the fail-ure patterns and fracture surface characteristics,the cutter chipping patterns were mainly categorized into four types:granule chipping,patch chipping,primary collapse,and secondary collapse.To further simulate the evolution of disc cutter chipping,based on the linear plastic bond model,a new contact model called the modified plastic bond(MPB)model was proposed to solve the metal simulation prob-lem in Particle Flow Code software.To this end,a set of uniaxial tensile and compressive tests were initially conducted to verify the applicability of the MPB model.Then,a series of three-dimensional rock-cutting simulation tests were conducted to reflect the evolu-tionary processes involved in each type of cutter chipping.The cutter chipping mechanism and morphological characteristics were clas-sified and summarized in detail.The results revealed that the cutting speed and penetration growth led to a rising trend in the probability and intensity of the cutter chipping.The presence of initial defects also induced an adverse effect on the service life of the cutter.The results indicated suitable working conditions for the cutter and suggested ways to control tunneling parameters and avoid frequent cutter chipping cases.
基金supported by the Hong Kong Polytechnic University(1-WZ1Y,1-W34U,4-YWER).
文摘Recent years have witnessed transformative changes brought about by artificial intelligence(AI)techniques with billions of parameters for the realization of high accuracy,proposing high demand for the advanced and AI chip to solve these AI tasks efficiently and powerfully.Rapid progress has been made in the field of advanced chips recently,such as the development of photonic computing,the advancement of the quantum processors,the boost of the biomimetic chips,and so on.Designs tactics of the advanced chips can be conducted with elaborated consideration of materials,algorithms,models,architectures,and so on.Though a few reviews present the development of the chips from their unique aspects,reviews in the view of the latest design for advanced and AI chips are few.Here,the newest development is systematically reviewed in the field of advanced chips.First,background and mechanisms are summarized,and subsequently most important considerations for co-design of the software and hardware are illustrated.Next,strategies are summed up to obtain advanced and AI chips with high excellent performance by taking the important information processing steps into consideration,after which the design thought for the advanced chips in the future is proposed.Finally,some perspectives are put forward.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12175295)the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFA1601000)the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project。
文摘With the development of the semiconductor industry below the 7 nm scale,critical dimension small-angle X-ray scattering(CD-SAXS)has emerged as a powerful tool for quantitatively measuring nanoscale deviations.In this study,the effects of X-ray beam size and photon energy on the accuracy of critical dimension measurements were investigated.Critical dimensions measured using beams with different spot sizes showed different deviations from the expected values.Beam sizes that were either too large or too small did not improve confidence intervals.As the incident energy increased,the X-ray transmission rate increased,while the scattering cross section decreased,resulting in a gradual decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio of the diffraction peaks,which reduced the accuracy of the CD-SAXS measurements.An optimal accuracy was obtained at 12 keV with a smaller beam size.Using an effective trapezoid model,the results yielded an average pitch of 100.4±0.2 nm,width of 49.8±0.2 nm,height of 130.0±0.2 nm,and a sidewall angle below 1.1°±0.1°.These results provide crucial guidance for the future development of CD-SAXS laboratories and the construction of X-ray machines as well as robust support for research in related fields.
文摘We are sorry for the mistakes of Affiliation,"a State Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials,Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials,Donghua University,Shanghai 201620,China"should be replaced by"a State Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials,Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials,College of Materials Science and Engineering,Donghua University,Shanghai 201620,China".We apologized for the inconvenience caused by this error.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Program of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region"Research and Demonstration of Novel Molecular Biological Identification Technology for Multiple Source Components in Milk and Dairy Products"(2025YFSH0029).
文摘[Objectives]This study aimed to evaluate the detection sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy products utilizing the chip digital PCR(cdPCR)technique.[Methods]Specific primers and probes were designed and synthesized based on the conserved sequence of the heat-resistant nuclease gene nuc of S.aureus.cdPCR was employed to detect S.aureus,and the sensitivity of this technique was systematically assessed in samples exhibiting low levels of contamination.[Results]cdPCR demonstrated precise quantification when the initial concentration of the sample enrichment solution was equal to or greater than 50 CFU/mL.The detection dynamic range extended across at least five orders of magnitude,with a minimum DNA detection limit of 0.2304 pg/μL.In artificially contaminated cheese samples,the method s lower limit of quantification for detecting S.aureus was 8×10^(2) CFU/g.Regression analysis demonstrated that the gene copy number concentration measured by cdPCR exhibited a strong linear correlation with bacterial contamination concentration across a broad range.[Conclusions]The cdPCR method developed in this study demonstrates high sensitivity and robust quantitative capabilities,offering a reliable technical approach for the precise detection of low-level S.aureus contamination in dairy products.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62450006,62304217,62274157,62127807,62234011,62034008,62074142,62074140)Tianshan Innovation Team Program(Grant No.2022TSYCTD0005)+1 种基金Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB0880000)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.2023124,Y2023032)。
文摘The 193 nm deep-ultraviolet(DUV)laser plays a critical role in advanced semiconductor chip manufacturing[1,2],micro-nano material characterization[3,4]and biomedical analysis[5,6],due to its high spatial resolution and short wavelength.Efficient and compact 193 nm DUV laser source thus becomes a hot research area.Currently,193 nm Ar F excimer gas laser is widely employed in DUV lithography systems and serves as the enabling technology for 7 and 5 nm semiconductor fabrication.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U23A20671 and 12302344)the Creative Groups of Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province,China(Grant No.2021CFA030).
文摘In recent years,microfluidic technology has emerged as a powerful and innovative tool,attracting significant attention for its ability to provide real-time visualization of CO_(2)flow,mass transfer,and reaction processes in porous media.This review examines the application of microfluidic technology in CO_(2)sequestration in saline aquifers,emphasizing the advantages of saline aquifer for geological sequestration,including safety,high storage capacity,stability,and cost-effectiveness.The materials used for microfluidic chips and the design of microchannels are systematically reviewed,offering forward-looking recommendations for chip selection and microchannel characterization in future research on CO_(2)sequestration in saline aquifer.Based on a detailed analysis of advancements in microfluidic technology,this review highlights key findings related to CO_(2)trapping mechanisms,salt precipitation,and CO_(2)-water-rock chemical interactions within saline aquifers.Although microfluidic technology shows great promise in these areas,this review identifies limitations in current studies and outlines future research directions,aiming to promote further innovation and broader application of microfluidic technology in the field of CO_(2)sequestration in saline aquifer.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.92580120 and 52471188)。
文摘Optimizing the microchannel design of the next generation of chips requires an understanding of the in situ property evolution of the chip-based materials under fast cooling.This work overcomes the conventional reliance on reheating data of melt-quenched glasses by demonstrating direct observations of glass transition on cooling curves utilizing the most advanced fast differential scanning calorimetry.By leveraging an MEMS chip sensor that allows for rapid heat extraction from microgram-sized samples to a purged gas coolant,the device is able to reach ultra-fast cooling rates of up to 40,000 K·s^(−1).Four thermal regions are identified by examining the cooling behaviors of two metallic glasses.This is because the actual rate of the specimen can differ from the programmed rate,especially at high set rate when the actual rate decreases before the glass transition is completed.We define the operational window for reliable cooling curve analysis,build models with empirical and theoretical analyses to determine the maximum feasible cooling rate,and demonstrate how optimizing sample mass and environment temperature broaden this window.The method avoids deceptive structural relaxation effects verified by fictivetemperature analysis and permits the capture of full glass transition during cooling.
基金supported by the Shenzhen Medical Research Fund(Grant No.A2303049)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research(Grant No.2023A1515010647)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22004135)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant No.RCBS20210706092409020,GXWD20201231165807008,20200824162253002).
文摘Multi-organ-on-a-chip(MOOC)technology represents a pivotal direction in the organ-on-a-chip field,seeking to emulate the complex interactions of multiple human organs in vitro through microfluidic systems.This technology overcomes the limitations of traditional single-organ models,providing a novel platform for investigating complex disease mechanisms and evaluating drug efficacy and toxicity.Although it demonstrates broad application prospects,its development still faces critical bottlenecks,including inadequate physiological coupling between organs,short functional maintenance durations,and limited real-time monitoring capabilities.Contemporary research is advancing along three key directions,including functional coupling,sensor integration,and full-process automation systems,to propel the technology toward enhanced levels of physiological relevance and predictive accuracy.
文摘Glass,with its valuable properties,finds extensive use in aerospace,optics,and biomedical fields.Owing to its low fracture toughness,glass typically fractures in a brittle manner during machining,resulting in poor surface quality.This paper presents an experimental investigation of vibration-assisted machining(VAM)techniques to enhance the machining of glass materials.A novel high-frequency two-dimensional VAM system specifically designed for glass is introduced,and slot milling experiments are conducted using ultrasonic high-frequency vibrations.A low-frequency nonresonant VAM system is also employed for comparison purposes.A comprehensive examination is made of the effects of various machining parameters,such as feed rate,cutting speeds,and vibration parameters,including vibration modes and amplitudes,on the machining performance of glass.Surface roughness,edge chipping generation,and tool wear are thoroughly characterized using scanning electron microscopy.The findings demonstrate that under specific machining and vibration parameters,the proposed ultrasonic vibration-assisted micro-milling(UVAMM)system can achieve a nanometric surface roughness Ra for glass.The UVAMM system offers enhanced surface quality,improved edge quality,and reduced tool wear compared with conventional machining techniques.This study provides valuable insights and directions for the application of 2D VAM systems in achieving superior machining results for glass components at small scales with nanometric surface finishes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51805242,52475463).
文摘Zirconia(ZrO_(2))ceramic material has been widely applied to various fields due to its unique properties of high strength,high hardness,and excessive temperature resistance.However,the high-quality micro-hole machining of zirconia ceramic material remains a significant challenge at present.In this study,experiments on peck drilling of 0.2 mm and 0.5 mm micro-holes in zirconia ceramics using diamond-coated drills are conducted.The characteristics of the force signal during the drilling process,the influence of drilling parameters on the drlling force and the chipping size at the hole exit,and features of the tool wear stages of the diamond coated drill are analyzed.Experimental results suggest that when machining micro-holes in zirconia ceramics,there is a positive correlation between the axial force and the size of the chipping at the exit.The axial force increases with the increase of the feed rate and the step distance,and it shows a trend of first increasing and next decreasing with the increase of the spindle speed.The wear of the drll bit has a significant impact on the quality of the hole exit.It is found that with the continuous drilling of seven holes,the axial force increases by 144.2%,and the size of edge chipping at the exit increases from about 20μm to more than 130μm.This study can provide some valuable references for improving the micro-hole processing quality of material.
文摘Percussive drilling is gaining interest for both shallow and deep applications due to its potential for higher drilling rates in hard rocks.Therefore,for efficient rock breaking,the development of advanced percussive drilling simulation tools has the potential to be transformative.Such tools must accurately capture the rock’s response to enable an effective analysis of the fragmentation process.Traditional continuum numerical methods,such as the finite element method(FEM),do not simulate discrete cracks or the contact interaction between rock fragments.The finite-discrete element method(FDEM)is a three-dimensional hybrid method that combines FEM with the discrete element method(DEM)that addresses these limitations.New FDEM simulation results of impacts on Kuru Grey granite show good agreement with published experimental data.The interpretation focuses on two significant processes in percussive drilling:crack propagation and chipping generation.FDEM successfully simulates the evolution of cracks,including radial,side,and inclined cracks,as well as crushed and cracked zones.The simulation also reproduces the coalescence of adjacent craters to generate more chippings.Additionally,the stress state,velocity field and discrete fractures simulated by FDEM provide detailed insights into the different fracture patterns for Kuru Grey granite,enhancing understanding of the fundamental underlying mechanisms.
