Chestnuts are a kind of nut and are popular with all ages. When you pass food shops in Beijing in autumn or winter, a sweet and warm smell meals the nostrils. It makes the mouth water and one cannot help buying a bag ...Chestnuts are a kind of nut and are popular with all ages. When you pass food shops in Beijing in autumn or winter, a sweet and warm smell meals the nostrils. It makes the mouth water and one cannot help buying a bag of chestnuts, roasted in sand with brown sugar. It is no exaggeration to say that chestnuts are the king of nuts. China has a long history of chestnut cultivation. A chestnut fossil was展开更多
[Objectives] This study conducted investigations on the climate and soil nutrients of different chestnut orchards in the Yanshan region, selected key ecological factors affecting the growth and fruit quality of chestn...[Objectives] This study conducted investigations on the climate and soil nutrients of different chestnut orchards in the Yanshan region, selected key ecological factors affecting the growth and fruit quality of chestnuts, and provided a theoretical basis for the cultivation, introduction, and scientific planting of high-quality chestnuts. [Methods] The ‘Yanshanzaofeng’ chestnuts in four orchards located in Qianxi, Qianan, Funing, and Qinglong of Hebei Science and Technology Normal University were selected. The climate and soil nutrient conditions of the four orchards were investigated. Growth indicators such as branch length and diameter, nut weight, and internal quality indicators such as starch, fat, and protein content were analyzed. Principal component analysis was conducted on nine climate factors and twelve soil factors in the four chestnut orchards to identify the most closely related ecological factors influencing chestnut growth and quality. [Results] (i) Different orchards had varying climate conditions, with Qianan orchard having higher rainfall than the others, Funing orchard having the highest number of sunshine hours in the growing season, and Qinglong orchard experiencing the greatest temperature difference during the growing season. (ii) Significant differences were found in soil nutrient content among the orchards, with the coefficient of variation for organic matter and mineral elements ranging from 19.1% (S) to 80.3% (available phosphorus). (iii) The main ecological factor influencing chestnut growth was the photosynthetic factor, while fruit quality was influenced by a combination of climatic factors, photosynthetic factors, and nutrient factors. Key ecological factor indicators included: annual precipitation, annual sunshine hours, growing season precipitation, growing season sunshine hours, soil organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium, alkali nitrogen, copper, zinc, available boron, and sulfur. Soluble solids were significantly positively correlated with growing season sunshine hours, and fat was significantly positively correlated with available potassium and alkali nitrogen, and significantly positively correlated with available phosphorus. [Conclusions] Orchards with high growing season precipitation, long sunshine hours, and high organic matter and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium content in the soil are more conducive to promoting the growth of ‘Yanshanzaofeng’ chestnuts and improving fruit quality.展开更多
Shanghai doesn't produce chest nuts Locally,yet its residents hold a deep sen time ntaL attachment to them.Every Late autumn,some streetside shops set up giant pitch-black cast-iron woks filled with dark sand,whic...Shanghai doesn't produce chest nuts Locally,yet its residents hold a deep sen time ntaL attachment to them.Every Late autumn,some streetside shops set up giant pitch-black cast-iron woks filled with dark sand,which ensure even heating for the chest nuts during roasting.展开更多
Fresh-cut Chinese water chestnuts(CWCs)are prone to quality deterioration during storage,which does not meet consumer demand.In this study,the effect of exogenous melatonin(5 mmol·L^(-1))on the quality and potent...Fresh-cut Chinese water chestnuts(CWCs)are prone to quality deterioration during storage,which does not meet consumer demand.In this study,the effect of exogenous melatonin(5 mmol·L^(-1))on the quality and potential mechanisms in fresh-cut CWC was investigated.The results showed that melatonin treatment alleviated the cut-surface discoloration of CWCs.Not only did this treatment significantly slow down the in-crease in browning degree and yellowness(b*)as well as the decrease in lightness(L*),but it also significantly delayed the loss of weight and total soluble solids.Further investigations indicated that melatonin-treated fresh-cut CWCs exhibited significantly lower total phenolics and soluble quinones and suppressed the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,polyphenol oxidase,and peroxidase.Meanwhile,when fresh-cut CWCs were treated with melatonin,the total flavonoid concentration was significantly decreased compared to the control.Ad ditionally,melatonin significantly inhibited the accumulation of H_(2)O_(2)and malondialdehyde as well as enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase by promoting the production of O_(2)^(-·).In summary,melatonin treatment may delay the surface discoloration of fresh-cut CWCs by inhibiting phenolic compound metabolism and improving antioxidant capacity,thereby effectively maintaining the quality and prolonging the shelf life of fresh-cut CWCs.展开更多
Tannins are polyphenols widely present in the plant kingdom,commonly divided into two groups:condensed and hydrolysable tannins.Sustainable furanic bio-foams based on condensed tannins have been largely studied,but li...Tannins are polyphenols widely present in the plant kingdom,commonly divided into two groups:condensed and hydrolysable tannins.Sustainable furanic bio-foams based on condensed tannins have been largely studied,but little is described about the use of hydrolysable tannins for this material.This study examined the potential of hydrolysable chestnut tannin in comparison to condensed mimosa tannins to produce furanic foams by chemical expansion.Due to the low reactivity of the hydrolysable tannin,the use of an external source for its polymerization and curing was necessary.Through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)chromatography,it was possible to observe that the new foams presented small differences in functional groups compared to the condensed tannin foams,presenting peaks related to carboxyl groups.In terms of physical properties,the chestnut foams showed an apparent density 36%higher than the conventional mimosa tannin foams and a superior hydrophilic character.In terms of thermal properties,both foams exhibit high thermal stability,with the acacia tannin foam being slightly superior.In summary,this research paves the way for new applications of hydrolysable tannins in bio-foams and materials science.展开更多
In order to further promote the chestnut industrial chain,a large number of chestnut byproducts(chestnut leaves,chestnut shells,chestnut flowers,etc.)are produced every year.These chestnut byproducts will be comprehen...In order to further promote the chestnut industrial chain,a large number of chestnut byproducts(chestnut leaves,chestnut shells,chestnut flowers,etc.)are produced every year.These chestnut byproducts will be comprehensively developed and utilized in different degrees,such as in-depth research and development in the fields of animal husbandry,agriculture,and cosmetics,so as to achieve the effects of accelerating the high-quality development of chestnut industry,realizing the green cycle of resources,reducing waste and promoting the development of rural industries.展开更多
Chinese chestnut is an important economic forest tree species with enormous application value in the wood,medical,and chemical industries.Currently,the limited genome-wide SSR molecular marker information on chestnut ...Chinese chestnut is an important economic forest tree species with enormous application value in the wood,medical,and chemical industries.Currently,the limited genome-wide SSR molecular marker information on chestnut resources significantly restricts research on the genetic diversity and identification of chestnut resources.To address this issue,we used GMATA to screen simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers throughout the Chinese chestnut genome.A total of 312,302 molecular markers were obtained with a density of 434.38 Mb-1.Subsequently,all SSR markers were examined for polymorphism using the Hip STR program and 138,208 polymorphic loci were ultimately obtained.To verify the capability of the developed SSR for identification,we randomly selected 36 markers on 12 chromosomes to construct fingerprint maps of 96 ancient Chinese chestnut resources from the Yanshan Mountains.The results showed that only six pairs of primers were required to create a unique DNA fingerprint of the tested ancient trees,showing that the developed markers have good potential for identification.We then evaluated the inter-specific universality and polymorphism of these markers using 91 Castanea plants of three different species.The molecular markers amplified 94%of the interspecies with a polymorphic information content(PIC)value of 0.859.Cluster analysis revealed that the resources can be well differentiated using these developed markers,and these markers can be widely used to identify interspecific boundaries.The results of this study proved that the developed molecular markers have the potential for assessing genotypic diversity,which can provide references for genetic diversity research,variety identification,kinship analysis,the selection of good products,and the construction of core germplasm resources of chestnut and even chestnut plants.Also these markers provide a solid foundation for the molecular design of hybrids,improved breeding and development of germplasm resources.展开更多
[Objectives]The 14-3-3 proteins are a class of highly conserved adapter proteins in eukaryotes that play a central role in signal transduction by recognizing phosphorylated target proteins and are crucial for plant gr...[Objectives]The 14-3-3 proteins are a class of highly conserved adapter proteins in eukaryotes that play a central role in signal transduction by recognizing phosphorylated target proteins and are crucial for plant growth and development.Chinese chestnut(Castanea mollissima)is an important woody grain crop in China.This study aimed to systematically identify the 14-3-3 gene family in chestnut and investigate their fundamental characteristics and functional clues,thereby laying a foundation for further elucidating the biological functions of this family in Chinese chestnut.[Methods]Using a combination of bioinformatics and molecular biology approaches,we conducted a comprehensive identification of the 14-3-3 family members in Chinese chestnut.Subsequently,we systematically analyzed their physicochemical properties,gene structures,conserved domains and motifs,gene duplication events,phylogenetic relationships,tissue-specific expression patterns,and codon usage bias.[Results]A total of nine 14-3-3 family members,designated CmGRF1 to CmGRF9,were identified and classified into two subgroups:epsilon(5 members)and non-epsilon(4 members).All CmGRF proteins were predicted to be hydrophilic.Phylogenetic analysis revealed a strong correlation between the clustering of CmGRFs and their respective gene structures,conserved domains,and motif compositions.Transcriptome data analysis indicated significant differences in the expression levels of different CmGRF members across various tissues and developmental stages.Codon preference analysis showed that CmGRFs tend to use codons ending with A/U,and their evolution is primarily driven by natural selection pressure.[Conclusions]This study provides the first genome-wide systematic analysis of the gene family in Chinese chestnut.The findings offer important theoretical insights and candidate genes for further research into the specific functions of these family members in chestnut growth,development,and stress responses.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to study the genetic diversities between Xiaogan water chestnut and wild chestnut with randomly amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） technology. [Method] Genetic diversities of the local cultivat...[Objective] The aim was to study the genetic diversities between Xiaogan water chestnut and wild chestnut with randomly amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） technology. [Method] Genetic diversities of the local cultivated water chestnut,wild chestnut,Lepironia articulata and Scirpus planiculmis Fr. Schmidt were analyzed by RAPD technology. [Result] Among the screened random primers 841,842,807 and 840,the polymorphism of amplification product of 841 was evident,and the obtained bands in electrophoresis were clear and showed good repeatability. Cluster analysis result showed that the affinity of cultivated water chestnut and wild water chestnut was nearer than that between Lepironia articulata and Scirpus planiculmis. [Conclusion] The research provides theoretical basis for cultivating high-quality new varieties of water chestnut.展开更多
This study was conducted to investigate the alleviating effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on chestnut seedlings under salt stress. The effects of different concentrations of （0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mmol/L）...This study was conducted to investigate the alleviating effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on chestnut seedlings under salt stress. The effects of different concentrations of （0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mmol/L） sodium hydrosulfide （NariS） on the photosynthesis of ＇Hongli 2＇ chestnut seedlings and the chlorophyll content, proline content and malondialdehyde （MDA） content in chestnut leaves under 100 mM NaCI stress were investigated. According to the results, spraying exogenous NariS had positive effects on photosynthesis of chestnut leaves. The application of NariS could alleviate the damage caused by salt stress on the leaves of chestnut seedlings to different degrees. Compared with the sole treatment with 100 mmol/L NaCI, the chlorophyll content and the proline content were improved. Moreover, MDA content had a significant drop, which effectively reduced the damage of cell membrane under salt stress, The alleviating effect was not obvious with the in- crease of treatment concentration, and the 0.5 and 1.0 mmol/L NariS treatments exhibited better effects.展开更多
[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the crossbreeding method for Chinese water chestnut. [Method] The growth of Chinese water chestnut stalk and inflorescence was observed. Chinese water chestnut flowe...[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the crossbreeding method for Chinese water chestnut. [Method] The growth of Chinese water chestnut stalk and inflorescence was observed. Chinese water chestnut flowering law and stamen and pistil growth were investigated in an artificial pollination experiment. [Result] Stamens and pistils reached their full bloom stages when the flower stalk lengths were approximate 37.0 and 46.9 cm, respectively, with a height difference of 9.84 cm and time difference of 28.5 h; and 9：00-11：00 a.m. was the optimal period for artificial pollination. Seven hours after artificial pollination, pistils wilted rapidly. The seed setting rates under artificial pollination and a natural condition was 43% and 15.5%, respectively. [Conclusion} The time difference between the full bloom stages of stamens and pistils is crucial to the success of artificial pollination of Chinese water chestnut. The seed setting rate under artificial pollination is much higher than that under a natural condition.展开更多
[Objective]This paper aimed at studying the liquefaction technology of chestnut shells [Method]Effects on chestnut shells liquefaction of six catalysts were studied,which were sodium hydroxide,sodium carbonate,acetic ...[Objective]This paper aimed at studying the liquefaction technology of chestnut shells [Method]Effects on chestnut shells liquefaction of six catalysts were studied,which were sodium hydroxide,sodium carbonate,acetic acid（99.5%）,phosphoric acid（85%）,hydrochloric acid（37%）,sulfuric acid（98%）.The research had analyzed the liquefaction effects of chestnut shells in presence of phenol and at liquefaction temperatures of 130,150 and 170 ℃,in which the proportion of added quantities of concentrated sulfuric acid,phosphoric acid,concentrated hydrochloric acid to phenol were 1%-6%.Properties of phenolic resin made from formaldehyde and phenol-liquefied products of chestnut shells catalyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid with an added amount of 4% at 150 ℃（WPF）were analyzed and compared with traditional phenolic formaldehyde resin（PF）.[Result]Acid catalysts were better than alkaline ones in the phenol-liquefaction of chestnut shells,and the liquefaction ratio increased with the increasing of acidic intensity.The liquefaction ratio had attained the maximum as 92.11 % when catalyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid with an added amount of 4% at 150 ℃.The phenolic resin made from the liquefied products of chestnut shells was basically in accordance with the standard of GB/T 14732-93 when the mass ratio of chestnut shells powders to phenol was 1∶3.[Conclusion]It was possible to produce phenolic resin with liquefied chestnut shells.展开更多
[Objective] In order to take full advantage of processing by-product of water chestnut, the microwave extraction method of flavonoids from water chestnut skin dregs was optimized. The extracted flavonoids had a relati...[Objective] In order to take full advantage of processing by-product of water chestnut, the microwave extraction method of flavonoids from water chestnut skin dregs was optimized. The extracted flavonoids had a relatively high yield. [Method] The Box-Behnken design-based response surface method was adopted to optimize the microwave extraction of flavonoids from water chestnut skin dregs, a by-product of water chestnut starch. The mathematical relationships between various influencing factors and flavonoids yield were established. [Result] The optimum extraction conditions of flavonoids from water chestnut skin dregs were as follows： ethanol concentration of 55.4%, solid/liquid ratio of 1：30 g/ml, microwave power of 320 W, microwave time of 3 min and microwave time of 2 times. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the theoretical flavonoids yield was 2.376%. However, the actual flavonoids yield under the optimum extraction conditions was 2.365%. The relative error between actual values and theoretically predicted values was 0.461%. [Conclusion] The results showed the optimized extraction method is reliable, and it can provide a reference for the comprehensive and highly efficient utilization of water chestnut processing wastes.展开更多
To produce Fenghuang Dancong tea and chestnut sauce that is more in line with people s health needs and has better flavor,the dosage of tea,tea powder,white sugar and milk was analyzed,and the optimal formula of Fengh...To produce Fenghuang Dancong tea and chestnut sauce that is more in line with people s health needs and has better flavor,the dosage of tea,tea powder,white sugar and milk was analyzed,and the optimal formula of Fenghuang Dancong tea and chestnut sauce was studied through a single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment.The results showed that the best formula of Fenghuang Dancong tea and chestnut sauce was composed of 4.5 g of tea,1.5 g of tea powder,60 g of milk and 5 g of white sugar.The Fenghuang Dancong tea and chestnut sauce made under these conditions was light brown,and had suitable viscosity,delicate and rich taste.It had the fragrance of Fenghuang Dancong tea and the sweet aroma of chestnuts.展开更多
[Objective] The study aimed to explore the occurrence conditions of Tegra novaehollandiae viridinotata on chestnut.[Method] Life history was observed by the combination of indoor-rearing and field observation,as well ...[Objective] The study aimed to explore the occurrence conditions of Tegra novaehollandiae viridinotata on chestnut.[Method] Life history was observed by the combination of indoor-rearing and field observation,as well as the relationship between occurrence and surroundings in field.[Result] T.novaehollandiae viridinotata has one generation each year in Yunhe County,Zhejiang Province,and overwinters by laying eggs in chestnut trunk with diameter of 5.0 cm.Adults and the nymphs feed on Glochidion puberum leaves,adults damage trunks of young chestnut by oviposition.Nymphs hatch in early April,adults moult in last June and lay eggs in middle July.[Conclusion] T.novaehollandiae viridinotata could be controlled by eliminating shrubs such asGlochidion puberum.,cutting the eggs in dormancy by an knife,spraying pesticides in middle April or June and July,coating stem in winter etc.展开更多
The effect of the inclusion of chestnut in pigs ifnishing diet on volatile compounds of dry-cured Celta ham was studied. Twelve hams of each type （from three different pigs ifnishing diets：concentrate （CO）, mixed ...The effect of the inclusion of chestnut in pigs ifnishing diet on volatile compounds of dry-cured Celta ham was studied. Twelve hams of each type （from three different pigs ifnishing diets：concentrate （CO）, mixed （MI） and chestnut （CH）） were used. Volatiles were extracted using a purge-and-trap method and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （GC/MS）. Thirty-nine volatile compounds were identified in dry-cured Celta ham samples. Most abundant volatiles in ham samples were aldehydes, which represented respectively, 53% （CO）, 51% （MI） and 46% （CH） of the total volatile composition. With the exception of 2-butenal, 2-methyl, all aldehydes were affected by feeding system. On the other hand, hydrocarbons n-alkanes were the second major group in the volatile proifle of dry-cured Celta hams and represented 28.9, 35.7 and 32.4%of the total volatile composition for CO, MI and CH groups, respectively. Ham samples from chestnut group showed a higher content of alcohols and this result could be related with the inclusion of chestnut in the ifnishing diet of pigs. Principal component analysis showed a good separation among groups. The discriminant analysis selected eight variables （butanoic acid, hexanal, octanal, nonenal （E）, decenal （E）, tetradecane, decane trimethyl and pyridine 2-methyl） and calculated two discriminating functions to predict if chestnut has been included in the ifnishing diet. Thus, it was possible to discriminate between groups fed with ifnishing diets containing chestnuts in their composition （mixed and chestnut group）.展开更多
Growing fruit trees on the slopes of rolling hills in South China was causing serious environmental problems because of heavy application of chemical fertilizers and soil erosion. Suitable sources of fertilizers and p...Growing fruit trees on the slopes of rolling hills in South China was causing serious environmental problems because of heavy application of chemical fertilizers and soil erosion. Suitable sources of fertilizers and proper rates of applications were of key importance to both crop yields and environmental protection. In this article, the impact of four fertilizers, i.e., inorganic compound fertilizer, organic compound fertilizer, pig manure compost, and peanut cake （peanut oil pressing residue）, on chestnut （Castanea mollissima Blume） growth on a slope in South China, and on the total N and total P concentrations in runoff waters have been investigated during two years of study, with an orthogonal experimental design. Results show that the organic compound fertilizer and peanut cake promote the heights of young chestnut trees compared to the control. In addition, peanut cake increases single-fruit weights and organic compound fertilizer raises single-seed weights. All the fertilizers increased the concentrations of total N and total P in runoff waters, except for organic compound fertilizer, in the first year experiment. The observed mean concentrations of total N varied from 1.6 mg/L to 3.2 mg/L and P from 0.12 mg/L to 0.22 mg/L, which were increased with the amount of fertilizer applications, with no pattern of direct proportion. On the basis of these experiment results, organic compound fertilizer at 2 kg/tree and peanut cake at 1 kg/tree are recommended to maximize chestnut growth and minimize water pollution.展开更多
文摘Chestnuts are a kind of nut and are popular with all ages. When you pass food shops in Beijing in autumn or winter, a sweet and warm smell meals the nostrils. It makes the mouth water and one cannot help buying a bag of chestnuts, roasted in sand with brown sugar. It is no exaggeration to say that chestnuts are the king of nuts. China has a long history of chestnut cultivation. A chestnut fossil was
基金Supported by Sub-project of National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2200405-4)。
文摘[Objectives] This study conducted investigations on the climate and soil nutrients of different chestnut orchards in the Yanshan region, selected key ecological factors affecting the growth and fruit quality of chestnuts, and provided a theoretical basis for the cultivation, introduction, and scientific planting of high-quality chestnuts. [Methods] The ‘Yanshanzaofeng’ chestnuts in four orchards located in Qianxi, Qianan, Funing, and Qinglong of Hebei Science and Technology Normal University were selected. The climate and soil nutrient conditions of the four orchards were investigated. Growth indicators such as branch length and diameter, nut weight, and internal quality indicators such as starch, fat, and protein content were analyzed. Principal component analysis was conducted on nine climate factors and twelve soil factors in the four chestnut orchards to identify the most closely related ecological factors influencing chestnut growth and quality. [Results] (i) Different orchards had varying climate conditions, with Qianan orchard having higher rainfall than the others, Funing orchard having the highest number of sunshine hours in the growing season, and Qinglong orchard experiencing the greatest temperature difference during the growing season. (ii) Significant differences were found in soil nutrient content among the orchards, with the coefficient of variation for organic matter and mineral elements ranging from 19.1% (S) to 80.3% (available phosphorus). (iii) The main ecological factor influencing chestnut growth was the photosynthetic factor, while fruit quality was influenced by a combination of climatic factors, photosynthetic factors, and nutrient factors. Key ecological factor indicators included: annual precipitation, annual sunshine hours, growing season precipitation, growing season sunshine hours, soil organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium, alkali nitrogen, copper, zinc, available boron, and sulfur. Soluble solids were significantly positively correlated with growing season sunshine hours, and fat was significantly positively correlated with available potassium and alkali nitrogen, and significantly positively correlated with available phosphorus. [Conclusions] Orchards with high growing season precipitation, long sunshine hours, and high organic matter and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium content in the soil are more conducive to promoting the growth of ‘Yanshanzaofeng’ chestnuts and improving fruit quality.
文摘Shanghai doesn't produce chest nuts Locally,yet its residents hold a deep sen time ntaL attachment to them.Every Late autumn,some streetside shops set up giant pitch-black cast-iron woks filled with dark sand,which ensure even heating for the chest nuts during roasting.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32001764)the Student Scientific Research Program of Wuhan Polytechnic University(No.xsky2021002),China.
文摘Fresh-cut Chinese water chestnuts(CWCs)are prone to quality deterioration during storage,which does not meet consumer demand.In this study,the effect of exogenous melatonin(5 mmol·L^(-1))on the quality and potential mechanisms in fresh-cut CWC was investigated.The results showed that melatonin treatment alleviated the cut-surface discoloration of CWCs.Not only did this treatment significantly slow down the in-crease in browning degree and yellowness(b*)as well as the decrease in lightness(L*),but it also significantly delayed the loss of weight and total soluble solids.Further investigations indicated that melatonin-treated fresh-cut CWCs exhibited significantly lower total phenolics and soluble quinones and suppressed the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,polyphenol oxidase,and peroxidase.Meanwhile,when fresh-cut CWCs were treated with melatonin,the total flavonoid concentration was significantly decreased compared to the control.Ad ditionally,melatonin significantly inhibited the accumulation of H_(2)O_(2)and malondialdehyde as well as enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase by promoting the production of O_(2)^(-·).In summary,melatonin treatment may delay the surface discoloration of fresh-cut CWCs by inhibiting phenolic compound metabolism and improving antioxidant capacity,thereby effectively maintaining the quality and prolonging the shelf life of fresh-cut CWCs.
基金supported by a grant overseen by the French National Research Agency(ANR),as part of the“Investissements d’Avenir”program(ANR-11-LABX-0002-01,Lab of Excellence ARBRE)supported by“Lorraine Universitéd’Excellence”Master Grant,ORION program and by the French Ministry of Foreign Office through EIFFEL program.
文摘Tannins are polyphenols widely present in the plant kingdom,commonly divided into two groups:condensed and hydrolysable tannins.Sustainable furanic bio-foams based on condensed tannins have been largely studied,but little is described about the use of hydrolysable tannins for this material.This study examined the potential of hydrolysable chestnut tannin in comparison to condensed mimosa tannins to produce furanic foams by chemical expansion.Due to the low reactivity of the hydrolysable tannin,the use of an external source for its polymerization and curing was necessary.Through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)chromatography,it was possible to observe that the new foams presented small differences in functional groups compared to the condensed tannin foams,presenting peaks related to carboxyl groups.In terms of physical properties,the chestnut foams showed an apparent density 36%higher than the conventional mimosa tannin foams and a superior hydrophilic character.In terms of thermal properties,both foams exhibit high thermal stability,with the acacia tannin foam being slightly superior.In summary,this research paves the way for new applications of hydrolysable tannins in bio-foams and materials science.
基金Supported by The Fourth Batch of High-end Talent Project in Hebei ProvinceAgricultural Science and Technology Achievement Promotion Project in Hebei Province(JNK 24083).
文摘In order to further promote the chestnut industrial chain,a large number of chestnut byproducts(chestnut leaves,chestnut shells,chestnut flowers,etc.)are produced every year.These chestnut byproducts will be comprehensively developed and utilized in different degrees,such as in-depth research and development in the fields of animal husbandry,agriculture,and cosmetics,so as to achieve the effects of accelerating the high-quality development of chestnut industry,realizing the green cycle of resources,reducing waste and promoting the development of rural industries.
基金supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(2024YFD2200602)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32471917)。
文摘Chinese chestnut is an important economic forest tree species with enormous application value in the wood,medical,and chemical industries.Currently,the limited genome-wide SSR molecular marker information on chestnut resources significantly restricts research on the genetic diversity and identification of chestnut resources.To address this issue,we used GMATA to screen simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers throughout the Chinese chestnut genome.A total of 312,302 molecular markers were obtained with a density of 434.38 Mb-1.Subsequently,all SSR markers were examined for polymorphism using the Hip STR program and 138,208 polymorphic loci were ultimately obtained.To verify the capability of the developed SSR for identification,we randomly selected 36 markers on 12 chromosomes to construct fingerprint maps of 96 ancient Chinese chestnut resources from the Yanshan Mountains.The results showed that only six pairs of primers were required to create a unique DNA fingerprint of the tested ancient trees,showing that the developed markers have good potential for identification.We then evaluated the inter-specific universality and polymorphism of these markers using 91 Castanea plants of three different species.The molecular markers amplified 94%of the interspecies with a polymorphic information content(PIC)value of 0.859.Cluster analysis revealed that the resources can be well differentiated using these developed markers,and these markers can be widely used to identify interspecific boundaries.The results of this study proved that the developed molecular markers have the potential for assessing genotypic diversity,which can provide references for genetic diversity research,variety identification,kinship analysis,the selection of good products,and the construction of core germplasm resources of chestnut and even chestnut plants.Also these markers provide a solid foundation for the molecular design of hybrids,improved breeding and development of germplasm resources.
基金Supported by The Hebei Province Key R&D Program Project(21326304D)The Engineering Research Center of Chestnut Industry Technology,Ministry of Education,Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology(202202).
文摘[Objectives]The 14-3-3 proteins are a class of highly conserved adapter proteins in eukaryotes that play a central role in signal transduction by recognizing phosphorylated target proteins and are crucial for plant growth and development.Chinese chestnut(Castanea mollissima)is an important woody grain crop in China.This study aimed to systematically identify the 14-3-3 gene family in chestnut and investigate their fundamental characteristics and functional clues,thereby laying a foundation for further elucidating the biological functions of this family in Chinese chestnut.[Methods]Using a combination of bioinformatics and molecular biology approaches,we conducted a comprehensive identification of the 14-3-3 family members in Chinese chestnut.Subsequently,we systematically analyzed their physicochemical properties,gene structures,conserved domains and motifs,gene duplication events,phylogenetic relationships,tissue-specific expression patterns,and codon usage bias.[Results]A total of nine 14-3-3 family members,designated CmGRF1 to CmGRF9,were identified and classified into two subgroups:epsilon(5 members)and non-epsilon(4 members).All CmGRF proteins were predicted to be hydrophilic.Phylogenetic analysis revealed a strong correlation between the clustering of CmGRFs and their respective gene structures,conserved domains,and motif compositions.Transcriptome data analysis indicated significant differences in the expression levels of different CmGRF members across various tissues and developmental stages.Codon preference analysis showed that CmGRFs tend to use codons ending with A/U,and their evolution is primarily driven by natural selection pressure.[Conclusions]This study provides the first genome-wide systematic analysis of the gene family in Chinese chestnut.The findings offer important theoretical insights and candidate genes for further research into the specific functions of these family members in chestnut growth,development,and stress responses.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2005ABA084)Major Projects of Hubei Provincial Department of Education (04Z002)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study the genetic diversities between Xiaogan water chestnut and wild chestnut with randomly amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） technology. [Method] Genetic diversities of the local cultivated water chestnut,wild chestnut,Lepironia articulata and Scirpus planiculmis Fr. Schmidt were analyzed by RAPD technology. [Result] Among the screened random primers 841,842,807 and 840,the polymorphism of amplification product of 841 was evident,and the obtained bands in electrophoresis were clear and showed good repeatability. Cluster analysis result showed that the affinity of cultivated water chestnut and wild water chestnut was nearer than that between Lepironia articulata and Scirpus planiculmis. [Conclusion] The research provides theoretical basis for cultivating high-quality new varieties of water chestnut.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31301733,31501742)Youth Foundation of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2016YQN29)the Special Fund for Agricultural Fine Seed Project in Shandong Province(2016LZGC012)~~
文摘This study was conducted to investigate the alleviating effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on chestnut seedlings under salt stress. The effects of different concentrations of （0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mmol/L） sodium hydrosulfide （NariS） on the photosynthesis of ＇Hongli 2＇ chestnut seedlings and the chlorophyll content, proline content and malondialdehyde （MDA） content in chestnut leaves under 100 mM NaCI stress were investigated. According to the results, spraying exogenous NariS had positive effects on photosynthesis of chestnut leaves. The application of NariS could alleviate the damage caused by salt stress on the leaves of chestnut seedlings to different degrees. Compared with the sole treatment with 100 mmol/L NaCI, the chlorophyll content and the proline content were improved. Moreover, MDA content had a significant drop, which effectively reduced the damage of cell membrane under salt stress, The alleviating effect was not obvious with the in- crease of treatment concentration, and the 0.5 and 1.0 mmol/L NariS treatments exhibited better effects.
文摘[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the crossbreeding method for Chinese water chestnut. [Method] The growth of Chinese water chestnut stalk and inflorescence was observed. Chinese water chestnut flowering law and stamen and pistil growth were investigated in an artificial pollination experiment. [Result] Stamens and pistils reached their full bloom stages when the flower stalk lengths were approximate 37.0 and 46.9 cm, respectively, with a height difference of 9.84 cm and time difference of 28.5 h; and 9：00-11：00 a.m. was the optimal period for artificial pollination. Seven hours after artificial pollination, pistils wilted rapidly. The seed setting rates under artificial pollination and a natural condition was 43% and 15.5%, respectively. [Conclusion} The time difference between the full bloom stages of stamens and pistils is crucial to the success of artificial pollination of Chinese water chestnut. The seed setting rate under artificial pollination is much higher than that under a natural condition.
基金Supported by Project of Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(Z07090500550704)the Key Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province(102102210447)~~
文摘[Objective]This paper aimed at studying the liquefaction technology of chestnut shells [Method]Effects on chestnut shells liquefaction of six catalysts were studied,which were sodium hydroxide,sodium carbonate,acetic acid（99.5%）,phosphoric acid（85%）,hydrochloric acid（37%）,sulfuric acid（98%）.The research had analyzed the liquefaction effects of chestnut shells in presence of phenol and at liquefaction temperatures of 130,150 and 170 ℃,in which the proportion of added quantities of concentrated sulfuric acid,phosphoric acid,concentrated hydrochloric acid to phenol were 1%-6%.Properties of phenolic resin made from formaldehyde and phenol-liquefied products of chestnut shells catalyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid with an added amount of 4% at 150 ℃（WPF）were analyzed and compared with traditional phenolic formaldehyde resin（PF）.[Result]Acid catalysts were better than alkaline ones in the phenol-liquefaction of chestnut shells,and the liquefaction ratio increased with the increasing of acidic intensity.The liquefaction ratio had attained the maximum as 92.11 % when catalyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid with an added amount of 4% at 150 ℃.The phenolic resin made from the liquefied products of chestnut shells was basically in accordance with the standard of GB/T 14732-93 when the mass ratio of chestnut shells powders to phenol was 1∶3.[Conclusion]It was possible to produce phenolic resin with liquefied chestnut shells.
文摘[Objective] In order to take full advantage of processing by-product of water chestnut, the microwave extraction method of flavonoids from water chestnut skin dregs was optimized. The extracted flavonoids had a relatively high yield. [Method] The Box-Behnken design-based response surface method was adopted to optimize the microwave extraction of flavonoids from water chestnut skin dregs, a by-product of water chestnut starch. The mathematical relationships between various influencing factors and flavonoids yield were established. [Result] The optimum extraction conditions of flavonoids from water chestnut skin dregs were as follows： ethanol concentration of 55.4%, solid/liquid ratio of 1：30 g/ml, microwave power of 320 W, microwave time of 3 min and microwave time of 2 times. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the theoretical flavonoids yield was 2.376%. However, the actual flavonoids yield under the optimum extraction conditions was 2.365%. The relative error between actual values and theoretically predicted values was 0.461%. [Conclusion] The results showed the optimized extraction method is reliable, and it can provide a reference for the comprehensive and highly efficient utilization of water chestnut processing wastes.
基金Supported by the Teaching Reform and Practice Project of Continuing Education in Guangdong Province in 2022(JXJYGC2022GX516).
文摘To produce Fenghuang Dancong tea and chestnut sauce that is more in line with people s health needs and has better flavor,the dosage of tea,tea powder,white sugar and milk was analyzed,and the optimal formula of Fenghuang Dancong tea and chestnut sauce was studied through a single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment.The results showed that the best formula of Fenghuang Dancong tea and chestnut sauce was composed of 4.5 g of tea,1.5 g of tea powder,60 g of milk and 5 g of white sugar.The Fenghuang Dancong tea and chestnut sauce made under these conditions was light brown,and had suitable viscosity,delicate and rich taste.It had the fragrance of Fenghuang Dancong tea and the sweet aroma of chestnuts.
基金Supported by the Project of Lishui Science and Technology Bureau of Zhejiang Province(2001206)~~
文摘[Objective] The study aimed to explore the occurrence conditions of Tegra novaehollandiae viridinotata on chestnut.[Method] Life history was observed by the combination of indoor-rearing and field observation,as well as the relationship between occurrence and surroundings in field.[Result] T.novaehollandiae viridinotata has one generation each year in Yunhe County,Zhejiang Province,and overwinters by laying eggs in chestnut trunk with diameter of 5.0 cm.Adults and the nymphs feed on Glochidion puberum leaves,adults damage trunks of young chestnut by oviposition.Nymphs hatch in early April,adults moult in last June and lay eggs in middle July.[Conclusion] T.novaehollandiae viridinotata could be controlled by eliminating shrubs such asGlochidion puberum.,cutting the eggs in dormancy by an knife,spraying pesticides in middle April or June and July,coating stem in winter etc.
基金financially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation(AGL2008-05274-C02-01/ALI)
文摘The effect of the inclusion of chestnut in pigs ifnishing diet on volatile compounds of dry-cured Celta ham was studied. Twelve hams of each type （from three different pigs ifnishing diets：concentrate （CO）, mixed （MI） and chestnut （CH）） were used. Volatiles were extracted using a purge-and-trap method and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （GC/MS）. Thirty-nine volatile compounds were identified in dry-cured Celta ham samples. Most abundant volatiles in ham samples were aldehydes, which represented respectively, 53% （CO）, 51% （MI） and 46% （CH） of the total volatile composition. With the exception of 2-butenal, 2-methyl, all aldehydes were affected by feeding system. On the other hand, hydrocarbons n-alkanes were the second major group in the volatile proifle of dry-cured Celta hams and represented 28.9, 35.7 and 32.4%of the total volatile composition for CO, MI and CH groups, respectively. Ham samples from chestnut group showed a higher content of alcohols and this result could be related with the inclusion of chestnut in the ifnishing diet of pigs. Principal component analysis showed a good separation among groups. The discriminant analysis selected eight variables （butanoic acid, hexanal, octanal, nonenal （E）, decenal （E）, tetradecane, decane trimethyl and pyridine 2-methyl） and calculated two discriminating functions to predict if chestnut has been included in the ifnishing diet. Thus, it was possible to discriminate between groups fed with ifnishing diets containing chestnuts in their composition （mixed and chestnut group）.
基金Project supported by the Science and Technology Department of Guang-dong Province (No: 2004B33301007)the Rockefeller Brothers Fund
文摘Growing fruit trees on the slopes of rolling hills in South China was causing serious environmental problems because of heavy application of chemical fertilizers and soil erosion. Suitable sources of fertilizers and proper rates of applications were of key importance to both crop yields and environmental protection. In this article, the impact of four fertilizers, i.e., inorganic compound fertilizer, organic compound fertilizer, pig manure compost, and peanut cake （peanut oil pressing residue）, on chestnut （Castanea mollissima Blume） growth on a slope in South China, and on the total N and total P concentrations in runoff waters have been investigated during two years of study, with an orthogonal experimental design. Results show that the organic compound fertilizer and peanut cake promote the heights of young chestnut trees compared to the control. In addition, peanut cake increases single-fruit weights and organic compound fertilizer raises single-seed weights. All the fertilizers increased the concentrations of total N and total P in runoff waters, except for organic compound fertilizer, in the first year experiment. The observed mean concentrations of total N varied from 1.6 mg/L to 3.2 mg/L and P from 0.12 mg/L to 0.22 mg/L, which were increased with the amount of fertilizer applications, with no pattern of direct proportion. On the basis of these experiment results, organic compound fertilizer at 2 kg/tree and peanut cake at 1 kg/tree are recommended to maximize chestnut growth and minimize water pollution.
