目的:探讨慢性间歇低氧(chronic intermittent hypoxia,CIH)对H9C2大鼠心肌细胞的影响,以及大麻素1型受体(cannabinoid type 1 receptor,CB1R)/AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)/过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅激...目的:探讨慢性间歇低氧(chronic intermittent hypoxia,CIH)对H9C2大鼠心肌细胞的影响,以及大麻素1型受体(cannabinoid type 1 receptor,CB1R)/AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)/过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅激活因子1α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γcoactivator-1α,PGC-1α)信号通路在其中发挥的作用。方法:将H9C2大鼠心肌细胞分为正常对照(normal control,NC)组、6 h CIH组、18 h CIH组和18 h CIH+AM251(CB1R拮抗剂)组,间歇低氧仓中制备CIH细胞模型。流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡及活性氧水平,JC-1检测线粒体膜电位,MitoTracker染色后激光共聚焦显微镜观察线粒体的形态。Western blot和细胞免疫荧光分析CB1R、AMPK、磷酸化AMPK(phosphorylated AMPK,p-AMPK)和PGC-1α的表达情况。结果:与NC组相比,6 h CIH组活性氧轻度增高,线粒体膜电位显著升高,线粒体明显增多,CB1R、AMPK、p-AMPK和PGC-1α蛋白水平显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);18h CIH组细胞凋亡增加,活性氧显著增高,线粒体膜电位显著降低,线粒体碎片化显著增多,CB1R表达显著增多,AMPK、p-AMPK和PGC-1α蛋白水平显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);与18 h CIH组相比,18 h CIH+AM251组细胞凋亡和活性氧减少,线粒体膜电位显著升高,线粒体碎片化显著减少,CB1R表达显著降低,AMPK、p-AMPK和PGC-1α蛋白水平显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:AMPK/PGC-1α信号通路参与了CIH对H9C2大鼠心肌细胞的影响,CB1R可作为CIH介导的H9C2大鼠心肌细胞损伤的治疗靶点。展开更多
Background:The expression,localization,and function of the endocannabinoid system has been well characterized in recent years in the monkey retina and in the primary thalamic relay,the lateral geniculate nucleus(dLGN)...Background:The expression,localization,and function of the endocannabinoid system has been well characterized in recent years in the monkey retina and in the primary thalamic relay,the lateral geniculate nucleus(dLGN).Few data are available on cortical recipients’structures of the dLGN,namely the primary visual cortex(V1).The goal of this study is to characterize the expression and localization of the metabotropic cannabinoid receptor type 1(CB1R),the synthesizing enzyme N-acyl phosphatidyl-ethanolamine phospholipase D(NAPE-PLD),and the degradation enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase(FAAH)in the vervet monkey area V1.Methods:Using Western blots and immunohistochemistry,we investigated the expression patterns of CB1R,NAPE-PLD,and FAAH in the vervet monkey primary visual cortex.Results:CB1R,NAPE-PLD,and FAAH were expressed in the primary visual cortex throughout the rostro-caudal axis.CB1R showed very low levels of staining in cortical layer 4,with higher expressions in all other cortical layers,especially layer 1.NAPE-PLD and FAAH expressions were highest in layers 1,2 and 3,and lowest in layer 4.Conclusions:Interestingly enough,CB1R was very low in layer 4 of V1 in comparison to the other cortical layers.The visual information coming from the dLGN and entering layer 4Calpha(magno cells)and 4Cbeta(parvo cells)may be therefore modulated by the higher expression levels of CB1R in cortical layers 2 and 3 on the way to the dorsal and ventral visual streams.This is further supported by the higher expression of NAPE-PLD and FAAH in the outer cortical layers.These data indicate that CB1R system can influence the network of activity patterns in the visual stream after the visual information has reached area V1.These novel results provide insights for understanding the role of the endocannabinoids in the modulation of cortical visual inputs,and hence,visual perception.展开更多
Background:The goal of this study is to determine the expression and localization of the cannabinoid receptor type 1(CB1R),the synthesizing enzyme N-acyl phosphatidyl-ethanolamine phospholipase D(NAPE-PLD),and the deg...Background:The goal of this study is to determine the expression and localization of the cannabinoid receptor type 1(CB1R),the synthesizing enzyme N-acyl phosphatidyl-ethanolamine phospholipase D(NAPE-PLD),and the degradation enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase(FAAH)in the vervet monkey area V1 to better understand the mechanisms underlying the effects of eCB system modulation on cortical visual processing.Methods:Using Western blots and immunohistochemistry,we investigated the laminar and cellular expression patterns of CB1R,NAPE-PLD,and FAAH across the rostrocaudal axis of the vervet monkey(Chlorocebus sabaeus)primary visual cortex.Results:CB1R,NAPE-PLD,and FAAH were expressed in V1 throughout the rostrocaudal axis.CB1R showed very low staining in layer(L)4,with higher expression in all other layers,especially L1,followed by L2 and L3.NAPE-PLD and FAAH expression patterns were similar,but not quite as low in L4.CB1R,NAPE-PLD,and FAAH were localized in vGlut2-positive cells,representing glutamatergic projection neurons,and in somatostatin(SST)-positive cells,a class of GABAergic interneurons.Conclusions:The low level of CB1R in L4 indicates less direct endocannabinoid modulation of V1 afferents from the dLGN,but that greater modulation may occur via the higher expression of CB1R in L2 and L3 on the way to the dorsal and ventral visual streams.This is further supported by the higher expression of NAPE-PLD and FAAH in these layers.Expression in vGlut2-positive and SST-positive cells represents a role at both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons.These data indicate that CB1R may influence the network of activity patterns in the visual streams after the visual information has reached V1,and thus may influence visual perception.展开更多
文摘目的:探讨慢性间歇低氧(chronic intermittent hypoxia,CIH)对H9C2大鼠心肌细胞的影响,以及大麻素1型受体(cannabinoid type 1 receptor,CB1R)/AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)/过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅激活因子1α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γcoactivator-1α,PGC-1α)信号通路在其中发挥的作用。方法:将H9C2大鼠心肌细胞分为正常对照(normal control,NC)组、6 h CIH组、18 h CIH组和18 h CIH+AM251(CB1R拮抗剂)组,间歇低氧仓中制备CIH细胞模型。流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡及活性氧水平,JC-1检测线粒体膜电位,MitoTracker染色后激光共聚焦显微镜观察线粒体的形态。Western blot和细胞免疫荧光分析CB1R、AMPK、磷酸化AMPK(phosphorylated AMPK,p-AMPK)和PGC-1α的表达情况。结果:与NC组相比,6 h CIH组活性氧轻度增高,线粒体膜电位显著升高,线粒体明显增多,CB1R、AMPK、p-AMPK和PGC-1α蛋白水平显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);18h CIH组细胞凋亡增加,活性氧显著增高,线粒体膜电位显著降低,线粒体碎片化显著增多,CB1R表达显著增多,AMPK、p-AMPK和PGC-1α蛋白水平显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);与18 h CIH组相比,18 h CIH+AM251组细胞凋亡和活性氧减少,线粒体膜电位显著升高,线粒体碎片化显著减少,CB1R表达显著降低,AMPK、p-AMPK和PGC-1α蛋白水平显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:AMPK/PGC-1α信号通路参与了CIH对H9C2大鼠心肌细胞的影响,CB1R可作为CIH介导的H9C2大鼠心肌细胞损伤的治疗靶点。
文摘Background:The expression,localization,and function of the endocannabinoid system has been well characterized in recent years in the monkey retina and in the primary thalamic relay,the lateral geniculate nucleus(dLGN).Few data are available on cortical recipients’structures of the dLGN,namely the primary visual cortex(V1).The goal of this study is to characterize the expression and localization of the metabotropic cannabinoid receptor type 1(CB1R),the synthesizing enzyme N-acyl phosphatidyl-ethanolamine phospholipase D(NAPE-PLD),and the degradation enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase(FAAH)in the vervet monkey area V1.Methods:Using Western blots and immunohistochemistry,we investigated the expression patterns of CB1R,NAPE-PLD,and FAAH in the vervet monkey primary visual cortex.Results:CB1R,NAPE-PLD,and FAAH were expressed in the primary visual cortex throughout the rostro-caudal axis.CB1R showed very low levels of staining in cortical layer 4,with higher expressions in all other cortical layers,especially layer 1.NAPE-PLD and FAAH expressions were highest in layers 1,2 and 3,and lowest in layer 4.Conclusions:Interestingly enough,CB1R was very low in layer 4 of V1 in comparison to the other cortical layers.The visual information coming from the dLGN and entering layer 4Calpha(magno cells)and 4Cbeta(parvo cells)may be therefore modulated by the higher expression levels of CB1R in cortical layers 2 and 3 on the way to the dorsal and ventral visual streams.This is further supported by the higher expression of NAPE-PLD and FAAH in the outer cortical layers.These data indicate that CB1R system can influence the network of activity patterns in the visual stream after the visual information has reached area V1.These novel results provide insights for understanding the role of the endocannabinoids in the modulation of cortical visual inputs,and hence,visual perception.
文摘Background:The goal of this study is to determine the expression and localization of the cannabinoid receptor type 1(CB1R),the synthesizing enzyme N-acyl phosphatidyl-ethanolamine phospholipase D(NAPE-PLD),and the degradation enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase(FAAH)in the vervet monkey area V1 to better understand the mechanisms underlying the effects of eCB system modulation on cortical visual processing.Methods:Using Western blots and immunohistochemistry,we investigated the laminar and cellular expression patterns of CB1R,NAPE-PLD,and FAAH across the rostrocaudal axis of the vervet monkey(Chlorocebus sabaeus)primary visual cortex.Results:CB1R,NAPE-PLD,and FAAH were expressed in V1 throughout the rostrocaudal axis.CB1R showed very low staining in layer(L)4,with higher expression in all other layers,especially L1,followed by L2 and L3.NAPE-PLD and FAAH expression patterns were similar,but not quite as low in L4.CB1R,NAPE-PLD,and FAAH were localized in vGlut2-positive cells,representing glutamatergic projection neurons,and in somatostatin(SST)-positive cells,a class of GABAergic interneurons.Conclusions:The low level of CB1R in L4 indicates less direct endocannabinoid modulation of V1 afferents from the dLGN,but that greater modulation may occur via the higher expression of CB1R in L2 and L3 on the way to the dorsal and ventral visual streams.This is further supported by the higher expression of NAPE-PLD and FAAH in these layers.Expression in vGlut2-positive and SST-positive cells represents a role at both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons.These data indicate that CB1R may influence the network of activity patterns in the visual streams after the visual information has reached V1,and thus may influence visual perception.
