BACKGROUND De novo malignancy is a leading cause of late morbidity and mortality in liver transplant recipients.Cumulative immunosuppression has been shown to contribute to post-transplant malignancy(PTM)risk.There is...BACKGROUND De novo malignancy is a leading cause of late morbidity and mortality in liver transplant recipients.Cumulative immunosuppression has been shown to contribute to post-transplant malignancy(PTM)risk.There is emerging evidence on the differential carcinogenic risk profile of individual immunosuppressive drugs,independent of the net effect of immunosuppression.Calcineurin inhibitors such as tacrolimus may promote tumourigenesis,whereas mycophenolic acid(MPA),the active metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil,may limit tumour progression.Liver transplantation(LT)is relatively unique among solid organ transplantation in that immunosuppression monotherapy with either tacrolimus or MPA is often achievable,which makes careful consideration of the risk-benefit profile of these immunosuppression agents particularly relevant for this cohort.However,there is limited clinical data on this subject in both LT and other solid organ transplant recipients.AIM To investigate the relative carcinogenicity of tacrolimus and MPA in solid organ transplantation.METHODS A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE and Embase databases using the key terms“solid organ transplantation”,“tacrolimus”,“mycophenolic acid”,and“carcinogenicity”,in order to identify relevant articles published in English between 1st January 2002 to 11th August 2022.Related terms,synonyms and explosion of MeSH terms,Boolean operators and truncations were also utilised in the search.Reference lists of retrieved articles were also reviewed to identify any additional articles.Excluding duplicates,abstracts from 1230 records were screened by a single reviewer,whereby 31 records were reviewed in detail.Full-text articles were assessed for eligibility based on pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria.RESULTS A total of 6 studies were included in this review.All studies were large population registries or cohort studies,which varied in transplant era,type of organ transplanted and immunosuppression protocol used.Overall,there was no clear difference demonstrated between tacrolimus and MPA in de novo PTM risk following solid organ transplantation.Furthermore,no study provided a direct comparison of carcinogenic risk between tacrolimus and MPA monotherapy in solid organ transplantation recipients.CONCLUSION The contrasting carcinogenic risk profiles of tacrolimus and MPA demonstrated in previous experimental studies,and its application in solid organ transplantation,is yet to be confirmed in clinical studies.Thus,the optimal choice of immunosuppression drug to use as maintenance monotherapy in LT recipients is not supported by a strong evidence base and remains unclear.展开更多
The mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of fish sauce (FS) sample from Changle County, a high gastric cancer mortality (113.20/105) area, were investigated with the biologic short-term tests and laboratory animal experim...The mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of fish sauce (FS) sample from Changle County, a high gastric cancer mortality (113.20/105) area, were investigated with the biologic short-term tests and laboratory animal experiment. The results showed that the extract of FS was markedly direct mutagenic toward S. typhimurium TA100, induced high sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and micronucleus (MN) in V79 cells after nitrosation with sodium nitrite. But the non-nitrosated FS did not. The nitrosated fish sauce (NFS) also induced SOS in E. coli PQ37 and alkylation of calfthymus DNA. The potency of NFS to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in human normal gastric mucosal cells was increased about fivefold compared with FS. When the NFS extract was given to newborn rats by gavage, dys-plasia and adenocaroinoma were induced in the glandular stomach in the 4th and 16th experimental week, respectively. N-nitrosamides were also found in NFS, which may account for the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of NFS. It is indicated that FS, a traditional daily eaten seasoning, may contribute to the causes of the high gastric cancer mortality for the local residents.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the toxic and carcinogenic potential of ozone alone or in combination with 4-（N-methyl-N-nitrosamino）-1-（3-pyridyl）-1-butanone （NNK） and/or dibutyl phthalate （DBP）. Methods Male and femal...Objective To evaluate the toxic and carcinogenic potential of ozone alone or in combination with 4-（N-methyl-N-nitrosamino）-1-（3-pyridyl）-1-butanone （NNK） and/or dibutyl phthalate （DBP）. Methods Male and female B6C3F1 mice were exposed, through inhalation, intravenous administration and diet, to 0.5 ppm of ozone, 1.0 mg/kg of NNK and 5000 ppm of DBP, individually and in combination for 16 and 32 weeks. Results No treatment-related death was seen, but significant differences in body and organ weights between control and treated mice were observed during the study. No incidence of lung tumor incidence was recorded in mice exposed to either ozone alone or combined treatment. Oviductal carcinomas were observed in female mice exposed to ozone or DBP alone for 16 weeks and ozone in combination with NNK and DBP for 32 weeks. Conclusion Although ozone alone and in conjunction with NNK and/or DBP does not induce lung cancer under our experimental conditions, they induce oviductal carcinomas in B6C3F1 mice.展开更多
Kuianchun is a newly synthesized antibacterial and growth-promoting drug. This paper selected a battery of three short-term tests, including Ames test, micronucleus test and sperm abnormality test, to detect the mutag...Kuianchun is a newly synthesized antibacterial and growth-promoting drug. This paper selected a battery of three short-term tests, including Ames test, micronucleus test and sperm abnormality test, to detect the mutagenicity of Kuianchun. The carcinogenicity prediction and battery selection method (CPBS method) was used to determine the probability of carcinogenicity of Kuianchun based upon the results of short-term tests mentioned above. In addition, traditional teratogenic test was selected to study teratogenicity of Kuianchun. In Ames test, Kuianchun showed mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 in the absence and presence of microsomal metabolic activation system (S9-mix). However, the mutagenicity was reduced by the addition of S9-mix. In micronucleus test, Kuianchun was administered intra-peritoneally to male mouse 30 hours and 6 hours before they were killed respectively. The result indicated that there was no significant difference on the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) in the mouse bone marrow induced by Kuianchun compared with the negative contrast (50% DMSO) (P>0.05). In sperm abnormality test, Kuianchun was administered through a gastric incubation to male mouse as a suspension in 2% Tween-80. The dosage levels were 450, 750, 1000 and 1500mg/kg per day for 5 days. The result indicated that the percentage of abnormal sperms induced by Kuianchun was not significant compared with the negative contrast (P > 0.05). In traditional teratogenic test, Kuianchun was given orally to pregnant mouse at 1730, 1/20 and 1/15 LD50 during 6 - 15days of pregnancy period (the LD50 = 9000mg/kg). No toxicity was found either on mother and embryo in mouse, and teratogenic effects were also not observed at all tested dosages.The probability of carcinogenicity of Kuianchun is 23.8%(6 = 0.238). The result demonstrated that Kuianchun is a non-carcinogen.展开更多
Certain hexavalent chromium (Cr^(6+)) compounds when administered via inhalation at high doses have the potential to induce lung tumors in humans and experimental animals. Trivalent chromium (Cr^(3+)) is an essential ...Certain hexavalent chromium (Cr^(6+)) compounds when administered via inhalation at high doses have the potential to induce lung tumors in humans and experimental animals. Trivalent chromium (Cr^(3+)) is an essential human and animal nutrient at levels of 50 to 200 μg/day. Recent data have shown that the human body is able to reduce Cr^(6+) to Cr^(3+). This reduction occurs in bodily fluids such as gastric juice, epithelial lining fluid of.the respiratory tract, blood, and other fluids. Secondary reduction occurs at the cellular level by the cytosol, mitochondria, and microsomes. Thus, at low levels of exposure hexavalent chromium ions are reduced befor the 6+ ions can interact with DNA unless the dose is sufficient to overwhelm the body's reduction capacity. This paper summarizes the available data concerning the reducing ability of the body and formulates the steps in the mechanism of cancer induction. These steps include: (1) only certain Cr^(6+) compounds have the capacity to interact with cellular components; (2) Cr^(6+) is reduced by body fluids and excess Cr^(6+) enters the cell (Cr^(3+) is poorly absorbed across membranes); (3) cellular organelles and the cytoplasm reduce Cr^(6+) to Cr^(3+); (4) excess Cr^(6+) can enter the nucleus; (5) Cr^(6+) reduction through 5+ and 4+ to 3+ has a potential to interact with the DNA molecule; and (6) if unrepaired, this DNA damage can lead to cancer induction. On the basis of current evidence Cr^(6+) has a threshold for carcinogenic potential in humans that is greater than the current TLV. 1990 Academic Press. Inc.展开更多
Analysis of carcinogenicity data generally involves a trend test across all dose groups and a pairwise comparison of the high dose group with the control. The most commonly used test for a positive trend is the Cochra...Analysis of carcinogenicity data generally involves a trend test across all dose groups and a pairwise comparison of the high dose group with the control. The most commonly used test for a positive trend is the Cochran-Armitage test. This test is asymptotically normal. For the pairwise comparison of the high dose group with the control group, we propose two modifications: the first modification is to apply the test on the data from high dose and control groups after dropping the data from the low and the medium dose groups;the second modification is to adjust the test conditional on data from all dose groups. We compare the power performance of these two modifications for the pairwise comparisons.展开更多
Fusarium monilljorme, a fungus of established carcinogenic potential, is one of the most common fungal contaminants of maize, millet and other grains in Linxian County, China. Fusarin C, a major product of F. monilljo...Fusarium monilljorme, a fungus of established carcinogenic potential, is one of the most common fungal contaminants of maize, millet and other grains in Linxian County, China. Fusarin C, a major product of F. monilljorme grown on corn in the laboratory, is mutagenic in Salmonella tester strains and in V79 cells. Fusarin C showed several characteristics of malignant transformation including the implantation of the rat esophageal epithelial cell line (RE ?525) in nude mice. The present work demonstrated that fusarin C can induce esophageal and forestomach carcinomas in DBA mice and Wistar rats, and thus the experimental results substantiated further the carcinogenicity of fusarin C.展开更多
Objective：To establish the integrity experiment method of short（ medium）- term carcinogenicity test pursuant to GLP, make into relative SOP and improve the safeguard in the center. Methods：Diethylinitrosamine（DEN...Objective：To establish the integrity experiment method of short（ medium）- term carcinogenicity test pursuant to GLP, make into relative SOP and improve the safeguard in the center. Methods：Diethylinitrosamine（DEN） is known as carcinogenic agent, whose target organ is liver. Using the two-stage carcinogenesis test method, DEN was treated to F344 rats via intraperitoneal injection singly（200 mg/kg） , and peros administrated for 90 days（10 ppm）. The liver in any group rat will be examined by light microscopy. Results：In pathologic examination, no liver cell tumor was shown in the livers of the rats that were singly treated with a carcinogenic chemical-DEN. Foci of cellular alteration were observed in the livers of these rats. The proliferation lesions of liver from slight to seveity （foci of cellular aherationepatocelluar adenoma-hepatocellular carcinoma） were observed in the livers of the rats which exposed peros to a low dose of DEN for 90 days after initiation by a single intraperitoneal injection. The incidence of hepatocelluar tumor was 35% in male animal ,which was not shown in the liver of female rat. Conclusion：For current results, it may be possible that low-dose DEN acts as a promotor of hepatocelluar tumor if it was exposed in a population for a long time. It is considered that male hormone has a synergistic effect on hepatocelluar tumor development of DEN. This two-stage carcinogenesis test might be a new model for the study of drug induced and promoted carcinogenesis, which could be used to evaluate the carcinogenesis of chemical compound fast.展开更多
Dear Editor,On March 8–15,2022,a board of international scientists assembled in Lyon to evaluate the carcinogenicity of cobalt metal,cobalt(Ⅱ)salts,antimony trioxide,and weaponsgrade tungsten alloy harboring nickel ...Dear Editor,On March 8–15,2022,a board of international scientists assembled in Lyon to evaluate the carcinogenicity of cobalt metal,cobalt(Ⅱ)salts,antimony trioxide,and weaponsgrade tungsten alloy harboring nickel and cobalt[1].The 131st International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC)Monograph is the result of a 6–9-month work of perusing the literature,slide evaluation,data interpretation,and interim meetings.The assessment of cobalt,antimony,and nickelcontaining alloys will have tremendous consequences for the industry,health,and defense departments[1].展开更多
Fish constitutes the main protein source for the Amazonian population.However,the impact of different anthropogenic activities on trace element and metal accumulation in fish and their risks for human health at a regi...Fish constitutes the main protein source for the Amazonian population.However,the impact of different anthropogenic activities on trace element and metal accumulation in fish and their risks for human health at a regional scale remain largely unexplored.Here we assessed exposure levels of 10 trace elements andmetals(Cr,Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb,and Hg)in 56 samples belonging to 11 different species of fish from the Brazilian Amazon.We studied the relationship between exposure levels,fish origin,and fish feeding habits,and assessed toxicological and carcinogenic risks for the Amazonian population.No significant correlation was found between sampling site and exposure levels to the studied elements,but a significant difference was found between the accumulation of some metals and the position of the fish species in the food chain.The concentrations of Cr and Hg in fish flesh were found to exceed the Brazilian limits for human consumption.This study shows that current fish consumption patterns can lead to estimated daily intakes of Hg,As and Cr that exceed the oral reference dose,thus posing a toxicological concern.Furthermore,carcinogenic risks may be expected due to the continued exposure to Cr and As.The results of this study show that the consumption of wild caught fish in the Amazon region should be controlled.Moreover,continued monitoring of trace element and metal contamination in fish and on the health of the Amazonian population is recommended,particularly for riverine and indigenous communities.展开更多
Pollution of transboundary rivers can result from anthropogenic activities in their watersheds.In this study,sediment traps were deployed to determine the fluxes,concentrations,and health risks associated with arsenic...Pollution of transboundary rivers can result from anthropogenic activities in their watersheds.In this study,sediment traps were deployed to determine the fluxes,concentrations,and health risks associated with arsenic,cadmium,mercury,lead,and iron in the estuaries of three transboundary rivers(Comoé,Bia,and Tanoé)in West Africa.Thus,the analysis of metal-associated sedimentation particle samples collected in rainy,flood,and dry seasons was required.Sediment traps were used to calculate the metal fluxes associated with sedimentation particles towards the Atlantic Ocean.Finally,the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of ingestion and dermal contact associated with sedimentation particles were assessed.The results showed that the total concentrations of trace metals in particulate matter were higher than in the UCC(Upper Crust Continental),with the exception of lead.The highest fluxes of lead,mercury,iron and arsenic associated with sedimented particles were observed during flood periods in the estuary of the Comoé,Bia and Tanoérivers.Cadmium fluxes associated with sedimentation particles were highest in the rainy season in the Bia and Comoéestuaries and in the flood season in the Tanoéestuary.Pearson’s correlation analysis and the enrichment factor showed that the trace metals were derived from anthropogenic activities such as mining and farming.In addition,contamination indices showed that sediment particles in the estuaries of the three rivers were severely contaminated with mercury.However,the results of potential human health risks associated with trace metals show that there is no probability of exposure of the community to harmful and carcinogenic effects through ingestion and dermal absorption of sediment particles.It is essential to integrate the information from this study into policy-and decision-making processes for better management of transboundary river water resources in coastal countries,particularly the Côte d’Ivoire.展开更多
Long-term mining activities can result in the release of heavy metals into soil,ultimately posing a threat to human health.In arid and semi-arid regions,wind-driven transport of these toxic metals from mining areas re...Long-term mining activities can result in the release of heavy metals into soil,ultimately posing a threat to human health.In arid and semi-arid regions,wind-driven transport of these toxic metals from mining areas represents a primary mechanism for their spatial distribution.To evaluate pollution levels and associated health risks of eight metals,A total of 95 soil samples,corresponding 25 vegetable samples and 3 tailing samples were collected from various land types surrounding a typical Pb-Zn mine in northern China’s semi-arid region.The mean concentrations of As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Ni,Pb and Zn in soils were 62.8,0.27,29.6,11.5,0.02,14.4,49.9 and 109.5 mg/kg,respectively.Among these,As,Cd,Pb,and Zn emerged as the predominant pollutants,with some samples exceeding national risk screening values.The results of contamination factor(CF),pollution load index(PLI)and geo-accumulation index(I_(geo))indicated that heavy metals in most soils exhibited non-polluted level or slight pollution level,though localized severe contamination by As,Cd,Pb,and Zn was observed.Spatial distribution analysis demonstrated similar dispersion patterns for As,Cd,Pb,and Zn,with wind-mediated transport extending up to 2.0 km from contamination sources.Pearson’s correlation analysis and principal component analysis(PCA)suggested that As,Cd,Pb and Zn mainly originated from mining activities,and Cr,Ni,Cu and Hg derived from soil parent materials.All vegetable samples contained metal concentrations below food safety thresholds.Health risk assessment showed hazard quotient(HQ)values for individual metals below 1 across all exposure groups,indicating negligible non-carcinogenic risk.Similarly,carcinogenic risk(CR)values for As,Cd,Cr,and Pb fell within acceptable ranges.While mining activities have induced significant localized contamination,the overall affected area remains limited in arid and semi-arid regions.However,greater attention should be directed toward potential health implications from vegetable consumption in proximity to mining operations within arid and semi-arid regions.展开更多
Xining,a river valley city in China’s arid region,serves as an important industrial hub with a fragile ecological environment.While groundwater heavy metal pollution in this area has drawn increasing concern,the sour...Xining,a river valley city in China’s arid region,serves as an important industrial hub with a fragile ecological environment.While groundwater heavy metal pollution in this area has drawn increasing concern,the sources and associated human health risks remain inadequately understood.This study analyzed 144 shallow groundwater samples from urban Xining for 14 heavy metals(Fe,Al,B,Mn,Ba,Zn,Pb,Cr^(6+),Ni,Cu,Co,Sb,Cd,and As)using the Nemerow comprehensive pollution index,correlation analysis,and the USEPA health risk assessment model.Results identified Fe,Al,B,Mn,Ba,Pb,Cd,and As as the primary pollutants,especially concentrated in river valley plains.These contaminants primarily originate from natural sedimentary conditions and human activities such as industrial and agricultural development.The pollution indices for Al,Pb,Mn,and Fe exceeded clean water thresholds,indicating serious contamination and the need for enhanced regulation.Health risk assessments revealed that children face greater exposure risks than adults,with arsenic and nickel being the main contributors to carcinogenic risk.Sensitivity analysis further showed that As,Fe,and Cd posed the greatest non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks,particularly in human-impacted areas such as the Nanchuan and Beichuan valleys and Ganhegou.These findings provide essential insights for groundwater safety management in plateau river valley cities and similar vulnerable regions.展开更多
To investigate the presence of metal elements and assess their health risk for the populace in the Nandong Underground River Basin(NURB),we conducted an analysis of eleven common heavy metals in the water body.A Healt...To investigate the presence of metal elements and assess their health risk for the populace in the Nandong Underground River Basin(NURB),we conducted an analysis of eleven common heavy metals in the water body.A Health risk assessment(HRA)model was employed to analyze 84 water samples from the NURB.The detection results revealed the following order of heavy metals concentrations:Fe>Al>Mn>Zn>As>Cd>Pb>Cr>Ni>Cu>Hg.Correlation analysis indicated a certain similarity in material source and migration transformation among these eleven metal elements.Our study identified that the health risks for local residents exposed to metal elements in the water of NURB primarily stem from carcinogenic risk(10^(−6)–10^(−4)a^(−1))through the drinking water pathway.Moreover,the health risk of heavy metal exposure for children through drinking water was notably higher than for adults.The maximum health risks of Cr in both underground and surface water exceeded the recommendation standard(5.0×10^(−5)a^(−1))from ICRP,surpassing the values recommended by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency,the Dutch Ministry of Construction and Environment and the British Royal Society(5.0×10^(−6)a^(−1)).The results of the health risk assessment indicate that Cr in the water of NURB is the primary source of carcinogenic risk for local residents,followed by Cd and As.Consequently,it is imperative to control these three carcinogenic metals when the water was used as drinking water resource.展开更多
The presence of N-nitroso compounds,particularly N-nitrosamines,in pharmaceutical products has raised global safety concerns due to their significant genotoxic and mutagenic effects.This systematic review investigates...The presence of N-nitroso compounds,particularly N-nitrosamines,in pharmaceutical products has raised global safety concerns due to their significant genotoxic and mutagenic effects.This systematic review investigates their toxicity in active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs),drug products,and pharmaceutical excipients,along with novel analytical strategies for detection,root cause analysis,reformulation strategies,and regulatory guidelines for nitrosamines.This review emphasizes the molecular toxicity of N-nitroso compounds,focusing on genotoxic,mutagenic,carcinogenic,and other physiological effects.Additionally,it addresses the ongoing nitrosamine crisis,the development of nitrosamine-free products,and the importance of sensitive detection methods and precise risk evaluation.This comprehensive overview will aid molecular biologists,analytical scientists,formulation scientists in research and development sector,and researchers involved in management of nitrosamine-induced toxicity and promoting safer pharmaceutical products.展开更多
To understand the levels of potentially toxic elements(PTEs)contamination in soils and their effects on human health from different agricultural land use in Sanya,China.128 soil samples(64 topsoil samples and correspo...To understand the levels of potentially toxic elements(PTEs)contamination in soils and their effects on human health from different agricultural land use in Sanya,China.128 soil samples(64 topsoil samples and corresponding subsoil samples)were collected from the five representative land-use patterns.Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS),Atomic fluorescence spectrometry(AFS),and Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES)were used to determine the content of PTEs(As,Cd,Hg,Cu,Cr,Ni,Pb,Zn,Co,Mo,Sb,and V).Correlation analysis and factor analysis were used to determine the source of PTEs.Geo-accumulation index(I_(geo)),hazard quotient(HQ),and total carcinogenic risk index(TR)were used to measure the PTEs contamination and its relative health impacts.Results showed that the average values of 12 PTEs in topsoil were higher than the Hainan soil geochemical baseline,showing different degrees of PTEs accumulation effect.The concentration of PTEs in the topsoil was lower than those in the subsoil except for Cd and Hg.The I_(geo)revealed that the major accumulated element in soils was As followed by Mo.Source apportionment suggested that parent materials and agricultural practices were the dominant factors for PTEs accumulation in the topsoil.Noncarcinogenic risks of soil samples from five land-use patterns presented a trend of paddy field>dry field>woodland>orchard>garden plot.However,the HQ values of 12 PTEs were less than the recommended limit of HQ=1,representing that there are no non-carcinogenic risks of PTEs for children and adults in the study area.The TR values are within 6.95×10^(-6)-1.38×10^(-5),which corresponds to the low level.Therefore the PTEs in the agricultural soil of the study area show little influence on the health status of the local population.展开更多
Unani medicine is an oldest system of traditional medicine,where drugs of animal,mineral and herbal origin are used for centuries to cure diseases.Unani remedies are now available not only in drug stores,but also in f...Unani medicine is an oldest system of traditional medicine,where drugs of animal,mineral and herbal origin are used for centuries to cure diseases.Unani remedies are now available not only in drug stores,but also in food stores and super markets.Therefore the efficacy and safety of these drugs is very crucial.One of the most serious risks associated with these remedies is,consumer assumes that they are natural,so they are safe.But biological contamination(bacterial,fungal and insect)of herbal medicines is a serious concern.The Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus are the fungal species that occur naturally,release aflatoxins and is a threat to the natural drugs.The World Health Organization has recommended determination of aflatoxins in natural drugs(Unani)as one of the parameter of their safety studies as Aflatoxin contamination is concerned significantly with health and economic loss affecting humans,animals,and agriculture.Aflatoxin B1 is categorized as a group 1 carcinogen by The International Agency for Research on Cancer that causes a variety of health issues.Thus keeping in mind the deleterious health effects of aflatoxins,here,in this review we have made an attempt to summarize the aflatoxins with respect to their origin,occurrence,structure and properties to generate the awareness among the people dealing mainly with Unani herbal drugs.Besides these their toxicity and effects on health have also been discussed.The analytical methods for their determination and some measures to prevent their contamination are also suggested to improve the efficacy and safety of Unani herbal drugs.展开更多
AIM: To observe the growth suppression effect of exogenous introduction of early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1 gene) on esophageal carcinoma tissue as well as on esophageal carcinoma cell line Eca109 and to explore th...AIM: To observe the growth suppression effect of exogenous introduction of early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1 gene) on esophageal carcinoma tissue as well as on esophageal carcinoma cell line Eca109 and to explore the potential application of Egr-1 gene in gene therapy of tumor. METHODS: Eukaryotic expression vector of PCMV-Egr-1 plasmid was introduced into Eca109 cell line which expressed no Egr-1 protein originally with lipofectamine transfection method. The introduction and expression of PCMV-Egr-1 plasmid into Eca109 cell line was confirmed by G418 selection culture, PCR amplification of neogene contained in the vector, Western blot analysis and immunocytochemical analysis. The cell growth curve, soft agar colony formation rate and tumorigenicity in SCID mice were examined to demonstrate the growth suppression effect of exogenous Egr-1 gene on Eca109 cell line. The Egr-1 mRNA and Egr-1 protein were also detected in 50 surgical specimens of esophageal carcinoma by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Exogenous Egr-1 gene was introduced successfully into Eca109 cell line and expressed Egr-1 protein stably. The transfected Eca109 cell line grew more slowly than control Eca109 as shown by cell growth curves, the soft agar colony formation rate (4.0% vs 6.9%, P 【 0.01) and the average growth rate of tumor in SCID mice (35.5 +/- 7.6 vs 65.8 +/- 7.6, P 【 0.05). The expression level of Egr-1 mRNA and protein significantly increased in dysplastic epithelia adjacent to cancer rather than in cancer tissues (65.8% vs 20.0% by ISH and 57.9% vs 0.01). CONCLUSION: Exogenous Egr-1 gene shows the strong effect of growth inhibition in Eca109 cell line. Egr-1 in the cancer tissue shows down-regulated expression that supports the inhibited function of Egr-1 in cancer growth and suggests Egr-1 may have an important role in gene therapy of esophageal carcinoma.展开更多
INTRODUCTIONHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the mostcommon human malignancies worldwide[1,2], and isclosely associated with infection of HBV and HCVand contamination of aflatoxin B1[3-6]. Althoughthe molecula...INTRODUCTIONHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the mostcommon human malignancies worldwide[1,2], and isclosely associated with infection of HBV and HCVand contamination of aflatoxin B1[3-6]. Althoughthe molecular mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesisremain poorly understood, an increasing number ofgenetic abnormalities have been recognized[7-10],for example, the p16 gene[11,12] the p53gene[13-18], the E-cadherin gene[19], and the c-mycgene[20].展开更多
Transboundary haze from biomass burning is one of the most important air pollutions in Southeast Asia.The most recent serious haze episode occurred in 2015.Southern Thailand was affected by the haze during September t...Transboundary haze from biomass burning is one of the most important air pollutions in Southeast Asia.The most recent serious haze episode occurred in 2015.Southern Thailand was affected by the haze during September to October when the particulate matter concentration hit a record high.We investigated physical and chemical characteristics of aerosols,including concentration and aerosol size distribution down to sub-micron sizes during haze episodes in 2013 and 2015 and,for reference,an insignificant haze period in 2017.The highest total suspended particulates and PM 10 levels in Hat Yai city were 340.1 and 322.5μg/m^3.The mass fractions were nanoparticles(<100 nm)3.1%-14.8%and fine particles(<1μm)54.6%-59.1%.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon size distributions in haze periods peaked at 0.75μm and the concentrations are 2-30 times higher than the normal period.High molecular weight(4-6 ring)PAHs during the haze episode contribute to about 56.7%-88.0%for nanoparticles.The average values of benzo(a)pyrene toxic equivalency quotient were 3.34±2.54ng/m^3 in the 2015 haze period but only 0.89±0.17 ng/m^3 in 2017.It is clear that particles smaller than 1μm,were highly toxic.Nanoparticles contributed 19.4%-26.0%of total BaP-TEQ,whereas the mass fraction is 13.1%-14.8%.Thus the nanoparticles were more carcinogenic and can cause greater health effect than larger particles.The fraction of BaP-TEQ for nanoparticles during 2017 non-haze period was nearly the same,while the mass fraction was lower.This indicates that nanoparticles are the significant source of carcinogenic aerosols both during haze and non-haze periods.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND De novo malignancy is a leading cause of late morbidity and mortality in liver transplant recipients.Cumulative immunosuppression has been shown to contribute to post-transplant malignancy(PTM)risk.There is emerging evidence on the differential carcinogenic risk profile of individual immunosuppressive drugs,independent of the net effect of immunosuppression.Calcineurin inhibitors such as tacrolimus may promote tumourigenesis,whereas mycophenolic acid(MPA),the active metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil,may limit tumour progression.Liver transplantation(LT)is relatively unique among solid organ transplantation in that immunosuppression monotherapy with either tacrolimus or MPA is often achievable,which makes careful consideration of the risk-benefit profile of these immunosuppression agents particularly relevant for this cohort.However,there is limited clinical data on this subject in both LT and other solid organ transplant recipients.AIM To investigate the relative carcinogenicity of tacrolimus and MPA in solid organ transplantation.METHODS A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE and Embase databases using the key terms“solid organ transplantation”,“tacrolimus”,“mycophenolic acid”,and“carcinogenicity”,in order to identify relevant articles published in English between 1st January 2002 to 11th August 2022.Related terms,synonyms and explosion of MeSH terms,Boolean operators and truncations were also utilised in the search.Reference lists of retrieved articles were also reviewed to identify any additional articles.Excluding duplicates,abstracts from 1230 records were screened by a single reviewer,whereby 31 records were reviewed in detail.Full-text articles were assessed for eligibility based on pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria.RESULTS A total of 6 studies were included in this review.All studies were large population registries or cohort studies,which varied in transplant era,type of organ transplanted and immunosuppression protocol used.Overall,there was no clear difference demonstrated between tacrolimus and MPA in de novo PTM risk following solid organ transplantation.Furthermore,no study provided a direct comparison of carcinogenic risk between tacrolimus and MPA monotherapy in solid organ transplantation recipients.CONCLUSION The contrasting carcinogenic risk profiles of tacrolimus and MPA demonstrated in previous experimental studies,and its application in solid organ transplantation,is yet to be confirmed in clinical studies.Thus,the optimal choice of immunosuppression drug to use as maintenance monotherapy in LT recipients is not supported by a strong evidence base and remains unclear.
文摘The mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of fish sauce (FS) sample from Changle County, a high gastric cancer mortality (113.20/105) area, were investigated with the biologic short-term tests and laboratory animal experiment. The results showed that the extract of FS was markedly direct mutagenic toward S. typhimurium TA100, induced high sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and micronucleus (MN) in V79 cells after nitrosation with sodium nitrite. But the non-nitrosated FS did not. The nitrosated fish sauce (NFS) also induced SOS in E. coli PQ37 and alkylation of calfthymus DNA. The potency of NFS to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in human normal gastric mucosal cells was increased about fivefold compared with FS. When the NFS extract was given to newborn rats by gavage, dys-plasia and adenocaroinoma were induced in the glandular stomach in the 4th and 16th experimental week, respectively. N-nitrosamides were also found in NFS, which may account for the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of NFS. It is indicated that FS, a traditional daily eaten seasoning, may contribute to the causes of the high gastric cancer mortality for the local residents.
文摘Objective To evaluate the toxic and carcinogenic potential of ozone alone or in combination with 4-（N-methyl-N-nitrosamino）-1-（3-pyridyl）-1-butanone （NNK） and/or dibutyl phthalate （DBP）. Methods Male and female B6C3F1 mice were exposed, through inhalation, intravenous administration and diet, to 0.5 ppm of ozone, 1.0 mg/kg of NNK and 5000 ppm of DBP, individually and in combination for 16 and 32 weeks. Results No treatment-related death was seen, but significant differences in body and organ weights between control and treated mice were observed during the study. No incidence of lung tumor incidence was recorded in mice exposed to either ozone alone or combined treatment. Oviductal carcinomas were observed in female mice exposed to ozone or DBP alone for 16 weeks and ozone in combination with NNK and DBP for 32 weeks. Conclusion Although ozone alone and in conjunction with NNK and/or DBP does not induce lung cancer under our experimental conditions, they induce oviductal carcinomas in B6C3F1 mice.
文摘Kuianchun is a newly synthesized antibacterial and growth-promoting drug. This paper selected a battery of three short-term tests, including Ames test, micronucleus test and sperm abnormality test, to detect the mutagenicity of Kuianchun. The carcinogenicity prediction and battery selection method (CPBS method) was used to determine the probability of carcinogenicity of Kuianchun based upon the results of short-term tests mentioned above. In addition, traditional teratogenic test was selected to study teratogenicity of Kuianchun. In Ames test, Kuianchun showed mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 in the absence and presence of microsomal metabolic activation system (S9-mix). However, the mutagenicity was reduced by the addition of S9-mix. In micronucleus test, Kuianchun was administered intra-peritoneally to male mouse 30 hours and 6 hours before they were killed respectively. The result indicated that there was no significant difference on the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) in the mouse bone marrow induced by Kuianchun compared with the negative contrast (50% DMSO) (P>0.05). In sperm abnormality test, Kuianchun was administered through a gastric incubation to male mouse as a suspension in 2% Tween-80. The dosage levels were 450, 750, 1000 and 1500mg/kg per day for 5 days. The result indicated that the percentage of abnormal sperms induced by Kuianchun was not significant compared with the negative contrast (P > 0.05). In traditional teratogenic test, Kuianchun was given orally to pregnant mouse at 1730, 1/20 and 1/15 LD50 during 6 - 15days of pregnancy period (the LD50 = 9000mg/kg). No toxicity was found either on mother and embryo in mouse, and teratogenic effects were also not observed at all tested dosages.The probability of carcinogenicity of Kuianchun is 23.8%(6 = 0.238). The result demonstrated that Kuianchun is a non-carcinogen.
文摘Certain hexavalent chromium (Cr^(6+)) compounds when administered via inhalation at high doses have the potential to induce lung tumors in humans and experimental animals. Trivalent chromium (Cr^(3+)) is an essential human and animal nutrient at levels of 50 to 200 μg/day. Recent data have shown that the human body is able to reduce Cr^(6+) to Cr^(3+). This reduction occurs in bodily fluids such as gastric juice, epithelial lining fluid of.the respiratory tract, blood, and other fluids. Secondary reduction occurs at the cellular level by the cytosol, mitochondria, and microsomes. Thus, at low levels of exposure hexavalent chromium ions are reduced befor the 6+ ions can interact with DNA unless the dose is sufficient to overwhelm the body's reduction capacity. This paper summarizes the available data concerning the reducing ability of the body and formulates the steps in the mechanism of cancer induction. These steps include: (1) only certain Cr^(6+) compounds have the capacity to interact with cellular components; (2) Cr^(6+) is reduced by body fluids and excess Cr^(6+) enters the cell (Cr^(3+) is poorly absorbed across membranes); (3) cellular organelles and the cytoplasm reduce Cr^(6+) to Cr^(3+); (4) excess Cr^(6+) can enter the nucleus; (5) Cr^(6+) reduction through 5+ and 4+ to 3+ has a potential to interact with the DNA molecule; and (6) if unrepaired, this DNA damage can lead to cancer induction. On the basis of current evidence Cr^(6+) has a threshold for carcinogenic potential in humans that is greater than the current TLV. 1990 Academic Press. Inc.
文摘Analysis of carcinogenicity data generally involves a trend test across all dose groups and a pairwise comparison of the high dose group with the control. The most commonly used test for a positive trend is the Cochran-Armitage test. This test is asymptotically normal. For the pairwise comparison of the high dose group with the control group, we propose two modifications: the first modification is to apply the test on the data from high dose and control groups after dropping the data from the low and the medium dose groups;the second modification is to adjust the test conditional on data from all dose groups. We compare the power performance of these two modifications for the pairwise comparisons.
文摘Fusarium monilljorme, a fungus of established carcinogenic potential, is one of the most common fungal contaminants of maize, millet and other grains in Linxian County, China. Fusarin C, a major product of F. monilljorme grown on corn in the laboratory, is mutagenic in Salmonella tester strains and in V79 cells. Fusarin C showed several characteristics of malignant transformation including the implantation of the rat esophageal epithelial cell line (RE ?525) in nude mice. The present work demonstrated that fusarin C can induce esophageal and forestomach carcinomas in DBA mice and Wistar rats, and thus the experimental results substantiated further the carcinogenicity of fusarin C.
基金‘863’Foundation of National Science and Technology MinistryGrant number:2002AA2Z3771
文摘Objective：To establish the integrity experiment method of short（ medium）- term carcinogenicity test pursuant to GLP, make into relative SOP and improve the safeguard in the center. Methods：Diethylinitrosamine（DEN） is known as carcinogenic agent, whose target organ is liver. Using the two-stage carcinogenesis test method, DEN was treated to F344 rats via intraperitoneal injection singly（200 mg/kg） , and peros administrated for 90 days（10 ppm）. The liver in any group rat will be examined by light microscopy. Results：In pathologic examination, no liver cell tumor was shown in the livers of the rats that were singly treated with a carcinogenic chemical-DEN. Foci of cellular alteration were observed in the livers of these rats. The proliferation lesions of liver from slight to seveity （foci of cellular aherationepatocelluar adenoma-hepatocellular carcinoma） were observed in the livers of the rats which exposed peros to a low dose of DEN for 90 days after initiation by a single intraperitoneal injection. The incidence of hepatocelluar tumor was 35% in male animal ,which was not shown in the liver of female rat. Conclusion：For current results, it may be possible that low-dose DEN acts as a promotor of hepatocelluar tumor if it was exposed in a population for a long time. It is considered that male hormone has a synergistic effect on hepatocelluar tumor development of DEN. This two-stage carcinogenesis test might be a new model for the study of drug induced and promoted carcinogenesis, which could be used to evaluate the carcinogenesis of chemical compound fast.
文摘Dear Editor,On March 8–15,2022,a board of international scientists assembled in Lyon to evaluate the carcinogenicity of cobalt metal,cobalt(Ⅱ)salts,antimony trioxide,and weaponsgrade tungsten alloy harboring nickel and cobalt[1].The 131st International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC)Monograph is the result of a 6–9-month work of perusing the literature,slide evaluation,data interpretation,and interim meetings.The assessment of cobalt,antimony,and nickelcontaining alloys will have tremendous consequences for the industry,health,and defense departments[1].
基金supported by the National Geographic Society through an early career grant to A.Rico (EC-59809C-19)Support Programme-PlanGenT (CIDEGENT/2020/043)of the Generalitat ValencianaR.Oliveira acknowledges"Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo"-FAPESP (Project 2018/03108-0).
文摘Fish constitutes the main protein source for the Amazonian population.However,the impact of different anthropogenic activities on trace element and metal accumulation in fish and their risks for human health at a regional scale remain largely unexplored.Here we assessed exposure levels of 10 trace elements andmetals(Cr,Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb,and Hg)in 56 samples belonging to 11 different species of fish from the Brazilian Amazon.We studied the relationship between exposure levels,fish origin,and fish feeding habits,and assessed toxicological and carcinogenic risks for the Amazonian population.No significant correlation was found between sampling site and exposure levels to the studied elements,but a significant difference was found between the accumulation of some metals and the position of the fish species in the food chain.The concentrations of Cr and Hg in fish flesh were found to exceed the Brazilian limits for human consumption.This study shows that current fish consumption patterns can lead to estimated daily intakes of Hg,As and Cr that exceed the oral reference dose,thus posing a toxicological concern.Furthermore,carcinogenic risks may be expected due to the continued exposure to Cr and As.The results of this study show that the consumption of wild caught fish in the Amazon region should be controlled.Moreover,continued monitoring of trace element and metal contamination in fish and on the health of the Amazonian population is recommended,particularly for riverine and indigenous communities.
文摘Pollution of transboundary rivers can result from anthropogenic activities in their watersheds.In this study,sediment traps were deployed to determine the fluxes,concentrations,and health risks associated with arsenic,cadmium,mercury,lead,and iron in the estuaries of three transboundary rivers(Comoé,Bia,and Tanoé)in West Africa.Thus,the analysis of metal-associated sedimentation particle samples collected in rainy,flood,and dry seasons was required.Sediment traps were used to calculate the metal fluxes associated with sedimentation particles towards the Atlantic Ocean.Finally,the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of ingestion and dermal contact associated with sedimentation particles were assessed.The results showed that the total concentrations of trace metals in particulate matter were higher than in the UCC(Upper Crust Continental),with the exception of lead.The highest fluxes of lead,mercury,iron and arsenic associated with sedimented particles were observed during flood periods in the estuary of the Comoé,Bia and Tanoérivers.Cadmium fluxes associated with sedimentation particles were highest in the rainy season in the Bia and Comoéestuaries and in the flood season in the Tanoéestuary.Pearson’s correlation analysis and the enrichment factor showed that the trace metals were derived from anthropogenic activities such as mining and farming.In addition,contamination indices showed that sediment particles in the estuaries of the three rivers were severely contaminated with mercury.However,the results of potential human health risks associated with trace metals show that there is no probability of exposure of the community to harmful and carcinogenic effects through ingestion and dermal absorption of sediment particles.It is essential to integrate the information from this study into policy-and decision-making processes for better management of transboundary river water resources in coastal countries,particularly the Côte d’Ivoire.
基金financially supported by the Institute of Mineral Resources,CAGS Research Fund(KK2416)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41807134),China Geological Survey(DD20190182).
文摘Long-term mining activities can result in the release of heavy metals into soil,ultimately posing a threat to human health.In arid and semi-arid regions,wind-driven transport of these toxic metals from mining areas represents a primary mechanism for their spatial distribution.To evaluate pollution levels and associated health risks of eight metals,A total of 95 soil samples,corresponding 25 vegetable samples and 3 tailing samples were collected from various land types surrounding a typical Pb-Zn mine in northern China’s semi-arid region.The mean concentrations of As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Ni,Pb and Zn in soils were 62.8,0.27,29.6,11.5,0.02,14.4,49.9 and 109.5 mg/kg,respectively.Among these,As,Cd,Pb,and Zn emerged as the predominant pollutants,with some samples exceeding national risk screening values.The results of contamination factor(CF),pollution load index(PLI)and geo-accumulation index(I_(geo))indicated that heavy metals in most soils exhibited non-polluted level or slight pollution level,though localized severe contamination by As,Cd,Pb,and Zn was observed.Spatial distribution analysis demonstrated similar dispersion patterns for As,Cd,Pb,and Zn,with wind-mediated transport extending up to 2.0 km from contamination sources.Pearson’s correlation analysis and principal component analysis(PCA)suggested that As,Cd,Pb and Zn mainly originated from mining activities,and Cr,Ni,Cu and Hg derived from soil parent materials.All vegetable samples contained metal concentrations below food safety thresholds.Health risk assessment showed hazard quotient(HQ)values for individual metals below 1 across all exposure groups,indicating negligible non-carcinogenic risk.Similarly,carcinogenic risk(CR)values for As,Cd,Cr,and Pb fell within acceptable ranges.While mining activities have induced significant localized contamination,the overall affected area remains limited in arid and semi-arid regions.However,greater attention should be directed toward potential health implications from vegetable consumption in proximity to mining operations within arid and semi-arid regions.
基金supported by the projects of the Geological Survey(DD20240501104,DD20230422).
文摘Xining,a river valley city in China’s arid region,serves as an important industrial hub with a fragile ecological environment.While groundwater heavy metal pollution in this area has drawn increasing concern,the sources and associated human health risks remain inadequately understood.This study analyzed 144 shallow groundwater samples from urban Xining for 14 heavy metals(Fe,Al,B,Mn,Ba,Zn,Pb,Cr^(6+),Ni,Cu,Co,Sb,Cd,and As)using the Nemerow comprehensive pollution index,correlation analysis,and the USEPA health risk assessment model.Results identified Fe,Al,B,Mn,Ba,Pb,Cd,and As as the primary pollutants,especially concentrated in river valley plains.These contaminants primarily originate from natural sedimentary conditions and human activities such as industrial and agricultural development.The pollution indices for Al,Pb,Mn,and Fe exceeded clean water thresholds,indicating serious contamination and the need for enhanced regulation.Health risk assessments revealed that children face greater exposure risks than adults,with arsenic and nickel being the main contributors to carcinogenic risk.Sensitivity analysis further showed that As,Fe,and Cd posed the greatest non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks,particularly in human-impacted areas such as the Nanchuan and Beichuan valleys and Ganhegou.These findings provide essential insights for groundwater safety management in plateau river valley cities and similar vulnerable regions.
基金supported from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFF1302901)the Key Laboratory Construction Project of Guangxi(No.19-185-7)the Foundation for Hebei Education Department(No.2022QNJS05).
文摘To investigate the presence of metal elements and assess their health risk for the populace in the Nandong Underground River Basin(NURB),we conducted an analysis of eleven common heavy metals in the water body.A Health risk assessment(HRA)model was employed to analyze 84 water samples from the NURB.The detection results revealed the following order of heavy metals concentrations:Fe>Al>Mn>Zn>As>Cd>Pb>Cr>Ni>Cu>Hg.Correlation analysis indicated a certain similarity in material source and migration transformation among these eleven metal elements.Our study identified that the health risks for local residents exposed to metal elements in the water of NURB primarily stem from carcinogenic risk(10^(−6)–10^(−4)a^(−1))through the drinking water pathway.Moreover,the health risk of heavy metal exposure for children through drinking water was notably higher than for adults.The maximum health risks of Cr in both underground and surface water exceeded the recommendation standard(5.0×10^(−5)a^(−1))from ICRP,surpassing the values recommended by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency,the Dutch Ministry of Construction and Environment and the British Royal Society(5.0×10^(−6)a^(−1)).The results of the health risk assessment indicate that Cr in the water of NURB is the primary source of carcinogenic risk for local residents,followed by Cd and As.Consequently,it is imperative to control these three carcinogenic metals when the water was used as drinking water resource.
文摘The presence of N-nitroso compounds,particularly N-nitrosamines,in pharmaceutical products has raised global safety concerns due to their significant genotoxic and mutagenic effects.This systematic review investigates their toxicity in active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs),drug products,and pharmaceutical excipients,along with novel analytical strategies for detection,root cause analysis,reformulation strategies,and regulatory guidelines for nitrosamines.This review emphasizes the molecular toxicity of N-nitroso compounds,focusing on genotoxic,mutagenic,carcinogenic,and other physiological effects.Additionally,it addresses the ongoing nitrosamine crisis,the development of nitrosamine-free products,and the importance of sensitive detection methods and precise risk evaluation.This comprehensive overview will aid molecular biologists,analytical scientists,formulation scientists in research and development sector,and researchers involved in management of nitrosamine-induced toxicity and promoting safer pharmaceutical products.
基金supported by Open Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Coupling Process and Effect of Natural Resources Elements(No.2023KFKTB001)the Science&Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program(2022FY101800)+2 种基金the National Nonprofit Institute Research Grant of IGGE(AS2023D01)the projects of the China Geological Survey(DD20230309 and DD20190305)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42002105)。
文摘To understand the levels of potentially toxic elements(PTEs)contamination in soils and their effects on human health from different agricultural land use in Sanya,China.128 soil samples(64 topsoil samples and corresponding subsoil samples)were collected from the five representative land-use patterns.Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS),Atomic fluorescence spectrometry(AFS),and Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES)were used to determine the content of PTEs(As,Cd,Hg,Cu,Cr,Ni,Pb,Zn,Co,Mo,Sb,and V).Correlation analysis and factor analysis were used to determine the source of PTEs.Geo-accumulation index(I_(geo)),hazard quotient(HQ),and total carcinogenic risk index(TR)were used to measure the PTEs contamination and its relative health impacts.Results showed that the average values of 12 PTEs in topsoil were higher than the Hainan soil geochemical baseline,showing different degrees of PTEs accumulation effect.The concentration of PTEs in the topsoil was lower than those in the subsoil except for Cd and Hg.The I_(geo)revealed that the major accumulated element in soils was As followed by Mo.Source apportionment suggested that parent materials and agricultural practices were the dominant factors for PTEs accumulation in the topsoil.Noncarcinogenic risks of soil samples from five land-use patterns presented a trend of paddy field>dry field>woodland>orchard>garden plot.However,the HQ values of 12 PTEs were less than the recommended limit of HQ=1,representing that there are no non-carcinogenic risks of PTEs for children and adults in the study area.The TR values are within 6.95×10^(-6)-1.38×10^(-5),which corresponds to the low level.Therefore the PTEs in the agricultural soil of the study area show little influence on the health status of the local population.
文摘Unani medicine is an oldest system of traditional medicine,where drugs of animal,mineral and herbal origin are used for centuries to cure diseases.Unani remedies are now available not only in drug stores,but also in food stores and super markets.Therefore the efficacy and safety of these drugs is very crucial.One of the most serious risks associated with these remedies is,consumer assumes that they are natural,so they are safe.But biological contamination(bacterial,fungal and insect)of herbal medicines is a serious concern.The Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus are the fungal species that occur naturally,release aflatoxins and is a threat to the natural drugs.The World Health Organization has recommended determination of aflatoxins in natural drugs(Unani)as one of the parameter of their safety studies as Aflatoxin contamination is concerned significantly with health and economic loss affecting humans,animals,and agriculture.Aflatoxin B1 is categorized as a group 1 carcinogen by The International Agency for Research on Cancer that causes a variety of health issues.Thus keeping in mind the deleterious health effects of aflatoxins,here,in this review we have made an attempt to summarize the aflatoxins with respect to their origin,occurrence,structure and properties to generate the awareness among the people dealing mainly with Unani herbal drugs.Besides these their toxicity and effects on health have also been discussed.The analytical methods for their determination and some measures to prevent their contamination are also suggested to improve the efficacy and safety of Unani herbal drugs.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.39670298.
文摘AIM: To observe the growth suppression effect of exogenous introduction of early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1 gene) on esophageal carcinoma tissue as well as on esophageal carcinoma cell line Eca109 and to explore the potential application of Egr-1 gene in gene therapy of tumor. METHODS: Eukaryotic expression vector of PCMV-Egr-1 plasmid was introduced into Eca109 cell line which expressed no Egr-1 protein originally with lipofectamine transfection method. The introduction and expression of PCMV-Egr-1 plasmid into Eca109 cell line was confirmed by G418 selection culture, PCR amplification of neogene contained in the vector, Western blot analysis and immunocytochemical analysis. The cell growth curve, soft agar colony formation rate and tumorigenicity in SCID mice were examined to demonstrate the growth suppression effect of exogenous Egr-1 gene on Eca109 cell line. The Egr-1 mRNA and Egr-1 protein were also detected in 50 surgical specimens of esophageal carcinoma by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Exogenous Egr-1 gene was introduced successfully into Eca109 cell line and expressed Egr-1 protein stably. The transfected Eca109 cell line grew more slowly than control Eca109 as shown by cell growth curves, the soft agar colony formation rate (4.0% vs 6.9%, P 【 0.01) and the average growth rate of tumor in SCID mice (35.5 +/- 7.6 vs 65.8 +/- 7.6, P 【 0.05). The expression level of Egr-1 mRNA and protein significantly increased in dysplastic epithelia adjacent to cancer rather than in cancer tissues (65.8% vs 20.0% by ISH and 57.9% vs 0.01). CONCLUSION: Exogenous Egr-1 gene shows the strong effect of growth inhibition in Eca109 cell line. Egr-1 in the cancer tissue shows down-regulated expression that supports the inhibited function of Egr-1 in cancer growth and suggests Egr-1 may have an important role in gene therapy of esophageal carcinoma.
基金Project supported partly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 39870344
文摘INTRODUCTIONHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the mostcommon human malignancies worldwide[1,2], and isclosely associated with infection of HBV and HCVand contamination of aflatoxin B1[3-6]. Althoughthe molecular mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesisremain poorly understood, an increasing number ofgenetic abnormalities have been recognized[7-10],for example, the p16 gene[11,12] the p53gene[13-18], the E-cadherin gene[19], and the c-mycgene[20].
基金This research was financially supported by Biodiversitybased Economy Development Office of Thailand under grant#ENG590707S.
文摘Transboundary haze from biomass burning is one of the most important air pollutions in Southeast Asia.The most recent serious haze episode occurred in 2015.Southern Thailand was affected by the haze during September to October when the particulate matter concentration hit a record high.We investigated physical and chemical characteristics of aerosols,including concentration and aerosol size distribution down to sub-micron sizes during haze episodes in 2013 and 2015 and,for reference,an insignificant haze period in 2017.The highest total suspended particulates and PM 10 levels in Hat Yai city were 340.1 and 322.5μg/m^3.The mass fractions were nanoparticles(<100 nm)3.1%-14.8%and fine particles(<1μm)54.6%-59.1%.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon size distributions in haze periods peaked at 0.75μm and the concentrations are 2-30 times higher than the normal period.High molecular weight(4-6 ring)PAHs during the haze episode contribute to about 56.7%-88.0%for nanoparticles.The average values of benzo(a)pyrene toxic equivalency quotient were 3.34±2.54ng/m^3 in the 2015 haze period but only 0.89±0.17 ng/m^3 in 2017.It is clear that particles smaller than 1μm,were highly toxic.Nanoparticles contributed 19.4%-26.0%of total BaP-TEQ,whereas the mass fraction is 13.1%-14.8%.Thus the nanoparticles were more carcinogenic and can cause greater health effect than larger particles.The fraction of BaP-TEQ for nanoparticles during 2017 non-haze period was nearly the same,while the mass fraction was lower.This indicates that nanoparticles are the significant source of carcinogenic aerosols both during haze and non-haze periods.
