Camel plays a pivotal role in the subsistence pastoral economy of diverse ecozones extending from Gobi Desert and India in central Asia to Somalia and Ethiopia in the horn of Africa.Camel has special attributes includ...Camel plays a pivotal role in the subsistence pastoral economy of diverse ecozones extending from Gobi Desert and India in central Asia to Somalia and Ethiopia in the horn of Africa.Camel has special attributes including its appearance and ability to survive in hot,harsh and versatile arid environments.Camel has fascinated mankind as it can tolerate many stresses like heat;scarcity of water;water with high salinity and shortage of feed.Camel can digest dry matter and coarse crude fiber better than any other ruminants.Among domestic animals,the dromedary is most important animal being survive in hot,arid and semi-arid regions and has potential to produce higher quality foods(meat and milk)under extreme environments at lower costs.Camel can tolerate solar radiations,higher temperatures and water scarcity.Camel consume those feed materials which remain un-utilized by other domestic animals,thus thrive well on sandy deserts with poor vegetation.Adaptation of Camelids in Pakistan is very well to their native environment as they are performing and well sustaining a life in hostile deserts.The dromedaries provide milk and meat to the pastorals and herders in those areas where the survival of other livestock species is very tough.So,camels equilibrate the food security chain in the deep deserts and provide nourishment to its keepers;proving it to be a good candidate of food security and sovereignty in the desert ecosystem.展开更多
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) activated lactoperoxidase system (LPs) on keeping quality of raw camel milk at room temperature. Camel milk samples were collected from ...This study was conducted to investigate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) activated lactoperoxidase system (LPs) on keeping quality of raw camel milk at room temperature. Camel milk samples were collected from Errer valley, Babile district of eastern Ethiopia. The level of hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) for activation of LPs was optimized using different levels of exogenous H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Strains of LAB (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></span>Lactococcus lactis 22333<span style="white-space:nowrap;"></i></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></span>Weissella confusa<span style="white-space:nowrap;"></i></span> 22308, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></span>W. confusa<span style="white-space:nowrap;"></i></span> 22282, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></span>W. confusa<span style="white-space:nowrap;"></i></span> 22296, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></span>S. Infatarius<span style="white-space:nowrap;"></i></span> 22279 and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></span>S. lutetiensis<span style="white-space:nowrap;"></i></span> 22319) with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> producing properties were evaluated, and <i>W. confusa</i> 22282 was selected as the best strain to produce H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Storage stability of the milk samples was evaluated through the acidification curves, titratable acidity (TA), total bacterial count (TBC) and coliform counts (CC) at storage times of 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 hours. The LP activity and the inhibitory effect of activated LPs were evaluated by growing <span style="white-space:normal;"><i></span>E. coli<span style="white-space:normal;"></i></span> in pasteurized and boiled camel milk samples as contaminating agent. Results indicated that the <span style="white-space:normal;"><i></span>W. confusa<span style="white-space:normal;"></i></span> 22282 activated LPs generally showed significantly (P < 0.05) slower rates of acidification, lactic acid production and lower TBC and CC during the storage time compared to the non-activated sample. The H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> producing LAB and exogenous H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> activated LPs in pasteurized camel milk significantly reduced the growth of <span style="white-space:normal;"><i></span>E. coli<span style="white-space:normal;"></i></span> population compared to non-activated pasteurized milk. Overall, the result of acid production and microbial analysis indicated that the activation of LPs by H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> producing LAB (i.e. <span style="white-space:normal;"> </span><span style="white-space:normal;"><i></span>W. confusa<span style="white-space:normal;"></i></span> 22282) maintained the storage stability of raw camel milk. Therefore, it can be concluded that the activation of LPs by biological method using H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> producing LAB can substitute the chemical activation method of LPs in camel milk.展开更多
The camel economy is of considerable importance for arid countries</span><span style="font-family:"">. In the last decade, studies about camel immune system and immune responses have recorde...The camel economy is of considerable importance for arid countries</span><span style="font-family:"">. In the last decade, studies about camel immune system and immune responses have recorded increasing interest. However, drawing a comprehensive picture of the camel immune system remains far from reached. A major part of this review is to cover the studies of the primary and secondary immune organs and the markers of the camel immune cells and certain lymphoid tissues. At the same time, immune responses to different diseases and the nature of effective immunity were included, with an emphasis on the most important zoonotic diseases in camels such as MERS CoV;brucellosis. New findings on the diversity mechanisms of camel immunoglobulin genes were addressed. However, detail of the mechanism of MHC-restricted cellular immunity and the mechanism of B lymphocyte activation in camels await further attention. Interestingly, the gross and the histological structure of the lymphoid tissues of the camel’s thymus, tonsils, and p</span><span style="font-family:"">eyer’s </span><span style="font-family:"">p</span><span style="font-family:"">atches</span><span style="font-family:""> have indicated significant differences from other animals in terms of structure and function. The most peculiar CD expression, such as </span><span style="font-family:"">LPAM-I</span><span style="font-family:"">,</span><span style="font-family:""> MAdCAM-1<b> </b></span><span style="font-family:"">and CX3CR1, in certain camel cells and tissues refers to possible extraordinary mechanisms of immune hemostasis in camel </span><span style="font-family:"">in </span><span style="font-family:"">comparison to other ruminants. The widely applied immunodiagnostic techniques to control camel diseases and to assist in improving the camel resistance were considered. Extensive studies of the camel immune system were greatly hampered by lack of specific reagents to camel markers and low funds in the field of camel immunology.展开更多
Camels and yaks milks are rich in numerous bioactive substances that function beyond their nutritive value. Milk Camel milk is more similar to goat milk and contains less short-chain fatty acids than cow, sheep and bu...Camels and yaks milks are rich in numerous bioactive substances that function beyond their nutritive value. Milk Camel milk is more similar to goat milk and contains less short-chain fatty acids than cow, sheep and buffalo milks, and about 3 times greater vitamin-C than cow milk. One kg of camel milk meets 100% of daily human requirements for calcium and phosphorus, 57.6% for potassium, 40% for iron, copper, zinc and magnesium, and 24% for sodium. Camel milk helps treat liver problems, lowers bilirubin output, lightens vitamin inadequacy and nutrient deficiency, and boosts immunity. Camel milk reduces allergies caused by cow dairy products. Camel milk has low milk fat made mainly from polyunsaturated fatty acids. It lacks ?-lactoglobulin and is rich in immunoglobulins, compatible with human milk. Yak milk has 16.9 - 17.7% solids, 4.9 - 5.3% protein, 5.5 - 7.2% fat, 4.5 - 5.0% lactose, and 0.8 - 0.9% minerals. Yak milk fat is richer in polyunsaturated fatty acids, protein, casein and fat than cow milk. Yak milk casein is used to produce antihypertensive peptides with capacities for producing value-added functional foods and proteins. Continual system-atic education of milk science especially for non-cow species will be an obligation for health implications to be optimally perceived by human populations worldwide.展开更多
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus （MERS-CoV）, a member of the Coronavifidae family, is the causative pathogen for MERS that is characterized by high fever, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome ...Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus （MERS-CoV）, a member of the Coronavifidae family, is the causative pathogen for MERS that is characterized by high fever, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome （ARDS）, as well as extrapul- monary manifestations. Currently, there are no approved treatment regimens or vaccines for MERS. Here~ we generated recombinant nonvirulent Newcastle disease virus （NDV） LaSota strain expressing MERS-CoV S protein （designated as rLa- MERS-S）, and evaluated its immunogenicity in mice and Bactrian camels. The results revealed that rLa-MERS-S showed similar growth properties to those of LaSota in embryonated chicken eggs, while animal immunization studies showed that rLa-MERS-S induced MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies in mice and camels. Our findings suggest that recombinant rLa- MERS-S may be a potential MERS-CoV veterinary vaccine candidate for camels and other animals affected by MERS.展开更多
This study aimed to reveal the microbial diversity in the fecal samples of bactrian camels using the 16 S r RNA sequencing analysis on the Illumina Mi Seq platform. Three fecal samples were collected from two geograph...This study aimed to reveal the microbial diversity in the fecal samples of bactrian camels using the 16 S r RNA sequencing analysis on the Illumina Mi Seq platform. Three fecal samples were collected from two geographical regions in China. Operational taxonomic unit（OTU） clustering was performed by identifying an OTU at 97% sequence identity. The alpha and beta diversities were applied to estimate the differences in microbial diversity among the three fecal samples. Totally, 4409, 3151 and 4075 OTUs in the fecal samples were identified in the Lop Nor wild camel（Camelus ferus）, the domestic camel（C. bactrianus） and Dunhuang wild camel（C. ferus）, respectively. The majority of bactreria were affiliated with phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the three samples. The wild camels had higher gastrointestinal tract microbial diversity than the domestic one, while the microbial composition of the Lop Nor wild camel shared higher similarity with domestic camel at the genus and family levels than that of the Dunhuang wild camel did. Our results may provide a theoretical basis for assessing their health conditions and may thus be useful for protecting the critically endangered species of C. ferus.展开更多
文摘Camel plays a pivotal role in the subsistence pastoral economy of diverse ecozones extending from Gobi Desert and India in central Asia to Somalia and Ethiopia in the horn of Africa.Camel has special attributes including its appearance and ability to survive in hot,harsh and versatile arid environments.Camel has fascinated mankind as it can tolerate many stresses like heat;scarcity of water;water with high salinity and shortage of feed.Camel can digest dry matter and coarse crude fiber better than any other ruminants.Among domestic animals,the dromedary is most important animal being survive in hot,arid and semi-arid regions and has potential to produce higher quality foods(meat and milk)under extreme environments at lower costs.Camel can tolerate solar radiations,higher temperatures and water scarcity.Camel consume those feed materials which remain un-utilized by other domestic animals,thus thrive well on sandy deserts with poor vegetation.Adaptation of Camelids in Pakistan is very well to their native environment as they are performing and well sustaining a life in hostile deserts.The dromedaries provide milk and meat to the pastorals and herders in those areas where the survival of other livestock species is very tough.So,camels equilibrate the food security chain in the deep deserts and provide nourishment to its keepers;proving it to be a good candidate of food security and sovereignty in the desert ecosystem.
文摘This study was conducted to investigate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) activated lactoperoxidase system (LPs) on keeping quality of raw camel milk at room temperature. Camel milk samples were collected from Errer valley, Babile district of eastern Ethiopia. The level of hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) for activation of LPs was optimized using different levels of exogenous H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Strains of LAB (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></span>Lactococcus lactis 22333<span style="white-space:nowrap;"></i></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></span>Weissella confusa<span style="white-space:nowrap;"></i></span> 22308, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></span>W. confusa<span style="white-space:nowrap;"></i></span> 22282, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></span>W. confusa<span style="white-space:nowrap;"></i></span> 22296, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></span>S. Infatarius<span style="white-space:nowrap;"></i></span> 22279 and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></span>S. lutetiensis<span style="white-space:nowrap;"></i></span> 22319) with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> producing properties were evaluated, and <i>W. confusa</i> 22282 was selected as the best strain to produce H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Storage stability of the milk samples was evaluated through the acidification curves, titratable acidity (TA), total bacterial count (TBC) and coliform counts (CC) at storage times of 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 hours. The LP activity and the inhibitory effect of activated LPs were evaluated by growing <span style="white-space:normal;"><i></span>E. coli<span style="white-space:normal;"></i></span> in pasteurized and boiled camel milk samples as contaminating agent. Results indicated that the <span style="white-space:normal;"><i></span>W. confusa<span style="white-space:normal;"></i></span> 22282 activated LPs generally showed significantly (P < 0.05) slower rates of acidification, lactic acid production and lower TBC and CC during the storage time compared to the non-activated sample. The H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> producing LAB and exogenous H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> activated LPs in pasteurized camel milk significantly reduced the growth of <span style="white-space:normal;"><i></span>E. coli<span style="white-space:normal;"></i></span> population compared to non-activated pasteurized milk. Overall, the result of acid production and microbial analysis indicated that the activation of LPs by H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> producing LAB (i.e. <span style="white-space:normal;"> </span><span style="white-space:normal;"><i></span>W. confusa<span style="white-space:normal;"></i></span> 22282) maintained the storage stability of raw camel milk. Therefore, it can be concluded that the activation of LPs by biological method using H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> producing LAB can substitute the chemical activation method of LPs in camel milk.
文摘The camel economy is of considerable importance for arid countries</span><span style="font-family:"">. In the last decade, studies about camel immune system and immune responses have recorded increasing interest. However, drawing a comprehensive picture of the camel immune system remains far from reached. A major part of this review is to cover the studies of the primary and secondary immune organs and the markers of the camel immune cells and certain lymphoid tissues. At the same time, immune responses to different diseases and the nature of effective immunity were included, with an emphasis on the most important zoonotic diseases in camels such as MERS CoV;brucellosis. New findings on the diversity mechanisms of camel immunoglobulin genes were addressed. However, detail of the mechanism of MHC-restricted cellular immunity and the mechanism of B lymphocyte activation in camels await further attention. Interestingly, the gross and the histological structure of the lymphoid tissues of the camel’s thymus, tonsils, and p</span><span style="font-family:"">eyer’s </span><span style="font-family:"">p</span><span style="font-family:"">atches</span><span style="font-family:""> have indicated significant differences from other animals in terms of structure and function. The most peculiar CD expression, such as </span><span style="font-family:"">LPAM-I</span><span style="font-family:"">,</span><span style="font-family:""> MAdCAM-1<b> </b></span><span style="font-family:"">and CX3CR1, in certain camel cells and tissues refers to possible extraordinary mechanisms of immune hemostasis in camel </span><span style="font-family:"">in </span><span style="font-family:"">comparison to other ruminants. The widely applied immunodiagnostic techniques to control camel diseases and to assist in improving the camel resistance were considered. Extensive studies of the camel immune system were greatly hampered by lack of specific reagents to camel markers and low funds in the field of camel immunology.
文摘Camels and yaks milks are rich in numerous bioactive substances that function beyond their nutritive value. Milk Camel milk is more similar to goat milk and contains less short-chain fatty acids than cow, sheep and buffalo milks, and about 3 times greater vitamin-C than cow milk. One kg of camel milk meets 100% of daily human requirements for calcium and phosphorus, 57.6% for potassium, 40% for iron, copper, zinc and magnesium, and 24% for sodium. Camel milk helps treat liver problems, lowers bilirubin output, lightens vitamin inadequacy and nutrient deficiency, and boosts immunity. Camel milk reduces allergies caused by cow dairy products. Camel milk has low milk fat made mainly from polyunsaturated fatty acids. It lacks ?-lactoglobulin and is rich in immunoglobulins, compatible with human milk. Yak milk has 16.9 - 17.7% solids, 4.9 - 5.3% protein, 5.5 - 7.2% fat, 4.5 - 5.0% lactose, and 0.8 - 0.9% minerals. Yak milk fat is richer in polyunsaturated fatty acids, protein, casein and fat than cow milk. Yak milk casein is used to produce antihypertensive peptides with capacities for producing value-added functional foods and proteins. Continual system-atic education of milk science especially for non-cow species will be an obligation for health implications to be optimally perceived by human populations worldwide.
基金support by National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2013BAD12B05)
文摘Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus （MERS-CoV）, a member of the Coronavifidae family, is the causative pathogen for MERS that is characterized by high fever, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome （ARDS）, as well as extrapul- monary manifestations. Currently, there are no approved treatment regimens or vaccines for MERS. Here~ we generated recombinant nonvirulent Newcastle disease virus （NDV） LaSota strain expressing MERS-CoV S protein （designated as rLa- MERS-S）, and evaluated its immunogenicity in mice and Bactrian camels. The results revealed that rLa-MERS-S showed similar growth properties to those of LaSota in embryonated chicken eggs, while animal immunization studies showed that rLa-MERS-S induced MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies in mice and camels. Our findings suggest that recombinant rLa- MERS-S may be a potential MERS-CoV veterinary vaccine candidate for camels and other animals affected by MERS.
基金supported by the Xinjiang Lop Nur Wild Camels National Reserve Comprehensive Scientific Research Projects by The Environmental Protection Agency of China (20100228)
文摘This study aimed to reveal the microbial diversity in the fecal samples of bactrian camels using the 16 S r RNA sequencing analysis on the Illumina Mi Seq platform. Three fecal samples were collected from two geographical regions in China. Operational taxonomic unit（OTU） clustering was performed by identifying an OTU at 97% sequence identity. The alpha and beta diversities were applied to estimate the differences in microbial diversity among the three fecal samples. Totally, 4409, 3151 and 4075 OTUs in the fecal samples were identified in the Lop Nor wild camel（Camelus ferus）, the domestic camel（C. bactrianus） and Dunhuang wild camel（C. ferus）, respectively. The majority of bactreria were affiliated with phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the three samples. The wild camels had higher gastrointestinal tract microbial diversity than the domestic one, while the microbial composition of the Lop Nor wild camel shared higher similarity with domestic camel at the genus and family levels than that of the Dunhuang wild camel did. Our results may provide a theoretical basis for assessing their health conditions and may thus be useful for protecting the critically endangered species of C. ferus.
