Objective: To ascertain the role of HIV-1 gp120 env PNGs variations and sequence length polymorphism following transmission events as possible supporting forensic evidence to determine directionality of HIV transmissi...Objective: To ascertain the role of HIV-1 gp120 env PNGs variations and sequence length polymorphism following transmission events as possible supporting forensic evidence to determine directionality of HIV transmission. Method: An observational study of HIV-1 infected family members, where median and range values of the amino acid lengths and PNGs for the genotyped C2V5 region were calculated. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to determine differences in these parameters between different family members. Results: For heterosexual transmission, two mothers had longer C3 sequences relative to that of their spouses;p=0.006 and=0.025 whilst the opposite was observed for one mother, p = 0.028. No clear trends were observed for PNGs. Index children had longer C2V5 amino acid sequences compared to their mothers p = 0.013, 0.040, 0.043 for families 205, 375, 567 respectively. Second siblings “V4 and V5 sequences were generally shorter relative to the maternal ones p = 0.039 and 0.028, respectively. Adults had longer V3 amino acid sequences compared to children;p = 0.018. Similar trends were also observed regarding PNGs within the entire C2V5 region, C3 and V4 sub-regions;p= 0.0025, 0.005 and 0.008, respectively. First siblings’ C2V5 and C3 sequence lengths were significantly longer relative to those of the second siblings;p = 0.005 and 0.007, respectively. Conclusion: Our results are suggestive that HIV-1 env C2V5 amino acid length polymorphism and PNGs tend to increase with age and HIV disease progression. Though sensitive and should be cautiously handled, it is tempting to propose the direc-tionality of the HIV transmission events with respect to C3 sequence length polymorphisms. Correlating HIV-1 env C2V5 amino acid length polymorphism and age of infection may be the first step towards a possible valuable piece of forensic evidence which may be useful in criminalisation of willful HIV infections. However, bigger studies are war-ranted to substantiate the authenticity of this potentially useful application.展开更多
在不预热情况下 ,通过调整熔敷金属Cu和Ni的含量 ,改变铸铁激光熔敷层内奥氏体相与渗碳体相体积分数 ,分析了奥氏体相体积分数对熔敷层抗裂性的影响。在最佳激光熔敷工艺参数基础上 ,研究了Cu和Ni对熔敷层奥氏体体积分数、表面裂纹率及...在不预热情况下 ,通过调整熔敷金属Cu和Ni的含量 ,改变铸铁激光熔敷层内奥氏体相与渗碳体相体积分数 ,分析了奥氏体相体积分数对熔敷层抗裂性的影响。在最佳激光熔敷工艺参数基础上 ,研究了Cu和Ni对熔敷层奥氏体体积分数、表面裂纹率及表面耐磨性的影响。获得的未裂临界熔敷层面积为 5 5 .1cm2 ,其对应熔敷材料为Cu Ni C Si Fe。以此熔敷材料为基础 ,改变V含量 ,在熔敷层得到原位自生V2 C。研究了V2 C对熔敷层耐磨性的影响 ,分析了V2 C对熔敷层硬度及磨损质量损失的影响规律 ,最终获得了可显著提高熔敷层抗裂性及耐磨性的Cu Ni V C Si展开更多
The present work explores a new phenomenon that not all the transition probability of two photon processes is negligible at low irradiance. The irreducible representation 2B2 of C2v is unexpected, for there is no much...The present work explores a new phenomenon that not all the transition probability of two photon processes is negligible at low irradiance. The irreducible representation 2B2 of C2v is unexpected, for there is no much deviation in oscillator strength for two-photon and single-photon process A1 to 2B2. This new phenomenon is only possible to be explored by the symmetrical consideration: the necessary and sufficient condition is molecular plane coincident with yz plane or the operation σ ’v(yz) for group C2v. It is only possible to be evaluated out by use of the full relativistic quantum mechanical theory.展开更多
文摘Objective: To ascertain the role of HIV-1 gp120 env PNGs variations and sequence length polymorphism following transmission events as possible supporting forensic evidence to determine directionality of HIV transmission. Method: An observational study of HIV-1 infected family members, where median and range values of the amino acid lengths and PNGs for the genotyped C2V5 region were calculated. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to determine differences in these parameters between different family members. Results: For heterosexual transmission, two mothers had longer C3 sequences relative to that of their spouses;p=0.006 and=0.025 whilst the opposite was observed for one mother, p = 0.028. No clear trends were observed for PNGs. Index children had longer C2V5 amino acid sequences compared to their mothers p = 0.013, 0.040, 0.043 for families 205, 375, 567 respectively. Second siblings “V4 and V5 sequences were generally shorter relative to the maternal ones p = 0.039 and 0.028, respectively. Adults had longer V3 amino acid sequences compared to children;p = 0.018. Similar trends were also observed regarding PNGs within the entire C2V5 region, C3 and V4 sub-regions;p= 0.0025, 0.005 and 0.008, respectively. First siblings’ C2V5 and C3 sequence lengths were significantly longer relative to those of the second siblings;p = 0.005 and 0.007, respectively. Conclusion: Our results are suggestive that HIV-1 env C2V5 amino acid length polymorphism and PNGs tend to increase with age and HIV disease progression. Though sensitive and should be cautiously handled, it is tempting to propose the direc-tionality of the HIV transmission events with respect to C3 sequence length polymorphisms. Correlating HIV-1 env C2V5 amino acid length polymorphism and age of infection may be the first step towards a possible valuable piece of forensic evidence which may be useful in criminalisation of willful HIV infections. However, bigger studies are war-ranted to substantiate the authenticity of this potentially useful application.
文摘在不预热情况下 ,通过调整熔敷金属Cu和Ni的含量 ,改变铸铁激光熔敷层内奥氏体相与渗碳体相体积分数 ,分析了奥氏体相体积分数对熔敷层抗裂性的影响。在最佳激光熔敷工艺参数基础上 ,研究了Cu和Ni对熔敷层奥氏体体积分数、表面裂纹率及表面耐磨性的影响。获得的未裂临界熔敷层面积为 5 5 .1cm2 ,其对应熔敷材料为Cu Ni C Si Fe。以此熔敷材料为基础 ,改变V含量 ,在熔敷层得到原位自生V2 C。研究了V2 C对熔敷层耐磨性的影响 ,分析了V2 C对熔敷层硬度及磨损质量损失的影响规律 ,最终获得了可显著提高熔敷层抗裂性及耐磨性的Cu Ni V C Si
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2014M562322)Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education, Ministry of Education of China (20120181120103)~~
文摘The present work explores a new phenomenon that not all the transition probability of two photon processes is negligible at low irradiance. The irreducible representation 2B2 of C2v is unexpected, for there is no much deviation in oscillator strength for two-photon and single-photon process A1 to 2B2. This new phenomenon is only possible to be explored by the symmetrical consideration: the necessary and sufficient condition is molecular plane coincident with yz plane or the operation σ ’v(yz) for group C2v. It is only possible to be evaluated out by use of the full relativistic quantum mechanical theory.
