According to the demands for rapid and accurate burdening system, an automation forage burdening system was designed using a programmable logic controller （PLC） as the main controller. The communication between PLC ...According to the demands for rapid and accurate burdening system, an automation forage burdening system was designed using a programmable logic controller （PLC） as the main controller. The communication between PLC and force control was achieved by485 bus. This system have many functions such as recipe setup, burdening control, feed mixture, report printing, and remote alarm. The remote surveillance and control of burdening system were realized. The practice shows that the system had high precision and short cycle, and great control effect was obtained.展开更多
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing public health concern, with far-reaching consequences for modern medicine. Zambia, like many other low- and middle-income countries, faces significant challenges...Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing public health concern, with far-reaching consequences for modern medicine. Zambia, like many other low- and middle-income countries, faces significant challenges in addressing AMR. Further, high rates of resistance have been reported among various microorganisms in Zambia. This review paper aims to summarize the current situation of the burden of AMR in Zambia, including the prevalence, risk factors contributing to its emergence and spread, challenges in addressing this issue, and the required solutions to combat this growing public health threat. Additionally, the paper also outlines existing efforts to combat AMR and proposes required solutions and recommendations to address this threat to public health. Materials and Methods: This study employed a comprehensive narrative review design that included studies published from January 2000 to November 2024. The literature search was done using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Results: In 2019, 1.27 million deaths were attributed to AMR of which 255,000 were from sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, the burden of AMR in Zambia is not well understood. This study found that the drug resistance index (DRI) in Zambia was 60.9%, demonstrating high resistance rates of pathogens to antimicrobials commonly used in humans and animals. The high DRI indicates the low effectiveness of antibiotics in treatment of infections. Most pathogens with high resistance to antimicrobials include Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Enterococcus species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Additionally, the study found that there was low awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and suboptimal practices regarding AMR in Zambia. The contributing factors to the emergence and spread of AMR include self-medication practices, overuse and misuse of antimicrobials in humans and animals, non-adherence to treatment guidelines, limited diagnostic capacity, substandard and falsified antimicrobials, and a lack of surveillance of AMR. There is a need to develop strategies to address the identified gaps in Zambia to successfully combat AMR. Conclusion: This study revealed high resistance of microbes to antimicrobials in Zambia. The high prevalence of AMR in Zambia indicates its burden on the country, thereby providing opportunities for further research to quantify this problem. The findings highlight the need for a One Health multi-sectoral approach to address AMR in Zambia, including strengthening surveillance and monitoring, improving antimicrobial stewardship and prescribing practices, enhancing infection prevention and control practices, increasing access to quality healthcare and diagnostic services, promoting public awareness and education, and encouraging research and development of new antimicrobial agents. The proposed solutions and recommendations can serve to strengthen the implementation of the Zambia National Action Plan (NAP) to combat AMR.展开更多
目的分析比较2010年和2015年江西省恶性肿瘤的疾病负担。方法从2015年中国分省份疾病负担研究中选取江西省恶性肿瘤的发病数、死亡数、过早死亡损失寿命年(years of life lost,YLL)、伤残损失寿命年(years lived with disability,YLD)...目的分析比较2010年和2015年江西省恶性肿瘤的疾病负担。方法从2015年中国分省份疾病负担研究中选取江西省恶性肿瘤的发病数、死亡数、过早死亡损失寿命年(years of life lost,YLL)、伤残损失寿命年(years lived with disability,YLD)和伤残调整寿命年(disability-adjusted life year,DALY)等数据资料,使用2010年全国人口普查数据作为标准人口,计算标化发病率、死亡率、YLL率、YLD率和DALY率,以此评价该省恶性肿瘤疾病负担的变化情况。结果 2015年江西省恶性肿瘤的总体发病数、死亡数、YLL、YLD和DALY高于2010年,且男性>女性,但标化发病率下降了3.25%、标化死亡率下降了8.42%、标化DALY率下降了8.64%。2010年和2015年,YLL/DALY为97.78%和97.58%;2010年和2015年,≥50岁人群标化DALY率分别占总体的88.19%和88.14%;2010年和2015年标化DALY率前五位的恶性肿瘤均为肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、结直肠癌和白血病。结论江西省2015年的恶性肿瘤疾病负担相比2010年有所下降但仍维持在较高水平,应重点做好男性和≥50岁人群肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、结直肠癌和白血病的防治工作。展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia province under grant No. NZ1151
文摘According to the demands for rapid and accurate burdening system, an automation forage burdening system was designed using a programmable logic controller （PLC） as the main controller. The communication between PLC and force control was achieved by485 bus. This system have many functions such as recipe setup, burdening control, feed mixture, report printing, and remote alarm. The remote surveillance and control of burdening system were realized. The practice shows that the system had high precision and short cycle, and great control effect was obtained.
文摘Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing public health concern, with far-reaching consequences for modern medicine. Zambia, like many other low- and middle-income countries, faces significant challenges in addressing AMR. Further, high rates of resistance have been reported among various microorganisms in Zambia. This review paper aims to summarize the current situation of the burden of AMR in Zambia, including the prevalence, risk factors contributing to its emergence and spread, challenges in addressing this issue, and the required solutions to combat this growing public health threat. Additionally, the paper also outlines existing efforts to combat AMR and proposes required solutions and recommendations to address this threat to public health. Materials and Methods: This study employed a comprehensive narrative review design that included studies published from January 2000 to November 2024. The literature search was done using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Results: In 2019, 1.27 million deaths were attributed to AMR of which 255,000 were from sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, the burden of AMR in Zambia is not well understood. This study found that the drug resistance index (DRI) in Zambia was 60.9%, demonstrating high resistance rates of pathogens to antimicrobials commonly used in humans and animals. The high DRI indicates the low effectiveness of antibiotics in treatment of infections. Most pathogens with high resistance to antimicrobials include Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Enterococcus species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Additionally, the study found that there was low awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and suboptimal practices regarding AMR in Zambia. The contributing factors to the emergence and spread of AMR include self-medication practices, overuse and misuse of antimicrobials in humans and animals, non-adherence to treatment guidelines, limited diagnostic capacity, substandard and falsified antimicrobials, and a lack of surveillance of AMR. There is a need to develop strategies to address the identified gaps in Zambia to successfully combat AMR. Conclusion: This study revealed high resistance of microbes to antimicrobials in Zambia. The high prevalence of AMR in Zambia indicates its burden on the country, thereby providing opportunities for further research to quantify this problem. The findings highlight the need for a One Health multi-sectoral approach to address AMR in Zambia, including strengthening surveillance and monitoring, improving antimicrobial stewardship and prescribing practices, enhancing infection prevention and control practices, increasing access to quality healthcare and diagnostic services, promoting public awareness and education, and encouraging research and development of new antimicrobial agents. The proposed solutions and recommendations can serve to strengthen the implementation of the Zambia National Action Plan (NAP) to combat AMR.
文摘目的分析比较2010年和2015年江西省恶性肿瘤的疾病负担。方法从2015年中国分省份疾病负担研究中选取江西省恶性肿瘤的发病数、死亡数、过早死亡损失寿命年(years of life lost,YLL)、伤残损失寿命年(years lived with disability,YLD)和伤残调整寿命年(disability-adjusted life year,DALY)等数据资料,使用2010年全国人口普查数据作为标准人口,计算标化发病率、死亡率、YLL率、YLD率和DALY率,以此评价该省恶性肿瘤疾病负担的变化情况。结果 2015年江西省恶性肿瘤的总体发病数、死亡数、YLL、YLD和DALY高于2010年,且男性>女性,但标化发病率下降了3.25%、标化死亡率下降了8.42%、标化DALY率下降了8.64%。2010年和2015年,YLL/DALY为97.78%和97.58%;2010年和2015年,≥50岁人群标化DALY率分别占总体的88.19%和88.14%;2010年和2015年标化DALY率前五位的恶性肿瘤均为肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、结直肠癌和白血病。结论江西省2015年的恶性肿瘤疾病负担相比2010年有所下降但仍维持在较高水平,应重点做好男性和≥50岁人群肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、结直肠癌和白血病的防治工作。
