Along with the rapid development of computer and GIS technology, hydrological models have progressed from lumped to distributed models. TOPMODEL, a bridge between lumped and distributed models, is a semi-distributed m...Along with the rapid development of computer and GIS technology, hydrological models have progressed from lumped to distributed models. TOPMODEL, a bridge between lumped and distributed models, is a semi-distributed model in which the predominant factors determining the formation of runoff are derived from the topography of the basin. A test application of TOPMODEL in the Buliu River Basin is presented. For the sake of comprehensively evaluating the TOPMODEL, the Xin’anjiang model, a classic lumped hydrological model, was also applied in the basin. The structural differences and the simulation results of the two models are compared and analyzed.展开更多
The TOPKAPI （TOPographic Kinematic APproximation and Integration） model is a physically based rainfall-runoff model derived from the integration in space of the kinematic wave model. In the TOPKAPI model, rainfall-r...The TOPKAPI （TOPographic Kinematic APproximation and Integration） model is a physically based rainfall-runoff model derived from the integration in space of the kinematic wave model. In the TOPKAPI model, rainfall-runoff and runoff routing processes are described by three nonlinear reservoir differential equations that are structurally similar and describe different hydrological and hydraulic processes. Equations are integrated over grid cells that describe the geometry of the catchment, leading to a cascade of nonlinear reservoir equations. For the sake of improving the model＇s computation precision, this paper provides the general form of these equations and describes the solution by means of a numerical algorithm, the variable-step fourth-order Runge-Kutta algorithm. For the purpose of assessing the quality of the comprehensive numerical algorithm, this paper presents a case study application to the Buliu River Basin, which has an area of 3 310 km^2, using a DEM （digital elevation model） grid with a resolution of 1 km. The results show that the variable-step fourth-order Runge-Kutta algorithm for nonlinear reservoir equations is a good approximation of subsurface flow in the soil matrix, overland flow over the slopes, and surface flow in the channel network, allowing us to retain the physical properties of the original equations at scales ranging from a few meters to 1 km.展开更多
近年来随着学术交流的不断深入,美国芝加哥菲尔德自然历史博物馆(Field Museum of Natural History)收藏的中国碑帖拓本日益为人们所关注,《宋拓赵侍郎不流本游相〈兰亭〉》就是其中之一。该本为游相《兰亭》"己之二"(第五十...近年来随着学术交流的不断深入,美国芝加哥菲尔德自然历史博物馆(Field Museum of Natural History)收藏的中国碑帖拓本日益为人们所关注,《宋拓赵侍郎不流本游相〈兰亭〉》就是其中之一。该本为游相《兰亭》"己之二"(第五十二种),翻刻于一"九字已损"、"五字未损"的定武古本。由于卷改册装,其上"赵氏孟林"骑缝印被一分为二,十分罕见。在目前关于"赵氏孟林"的文献记载尚不充分、明确的情况下,可以从已知的游相《兰亭》拓本装潢钤印定式本身入手,对其进行分析。检览统计若干游相《兰亭》相关信息,笔者认为,赵孟林是明初晋藩朱棡装潢人的可能性较大。作为游相《兰亭》标志要素之一的蓝纸隔水,则是经朱氏收藏后重新进行装裱的一个显著特征。而同一取材、或有或无的蓝纸小签上所标注的"天干编次帖本名称",亦是游相《兰亭》标志要素之一,或许正是出自赵孟林之手,当然也不排除朱棡亲笔的可能。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 50479017)
文摘Along with the rapid development of computer and GIS technology, hydrological models have progressed from lumped to distributed models. TOPMODEL, a bridge between lumped and distributed models, is a semi-distributed model in which the predominant factors determining the formation of runoff are derived from the topography of the basin. A test application of TOPMODEL in the Buliu River Basin is presented. For the sake of comprehensively evaluating the TOPMODEL, the Xin’anjiang model, a classic lumped hydrological model, was also applied in the basin. The structural differences and the simulation results of the two models are compared and analyzed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.50479017)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Teams in Universities(Grant No.IRT071)
文摘The TOPKAPI （TOPographic Kinematic APproximation and Integration） model is a physically based rainfall-runoff model derived from the integration in space of the kinematic wave model. In the TOPKAPI model, rainfall-runoff and runoff routing processes are described by three nonlinear reservoir differential equations that are structurally similar and describe different hydrological and hydraulic processes. Equations are integrated over grid cells that describe the geometry of the catchment, leading to a cascade of nonlinear reservoir equations. For the sake of improving the model＇s computation precision, this paper provides the general form of these equations and describes the solution by means of a numerical algorithm, the variable-step fourth-order Runge-Kutta algorithm. For the purpose of assessing the quality of the comprehensive numerical algorithm, this paper presents a case study application to the Buliu River Basin, which has an area of 3 310 km^2, using a DEM （digital elevation model） grid with a resolution of 1 km. The results show that the variable-step fourth-order Runge-Kutta algorithm for nonlinear reservoir equations is a good approximation of subsurface flow in the soil matrix, overland flow over the slopes, and surface flow in the channel network, allowing us to retain the physical properties of the original equations at scales ranging from a few meters to 1 km.
文摘近年来随着学术交流的不断深入,美国芝加哥菲尔德自然历史博物馆(Field Museum of Natural History)收藏的中国碑帖拓本日益为人们所关注,《宋拓赵侍郎不流本游相〈兰亭〉》就是其中之一。该本为游相《兰亭》"己之二"(第五十二种),翻刻于一"九字已损"、"五字未损"的定武古本。由于卷改册装,其上"赵氏孟林"骑缝印被一分为二,十分罕见。在目前关于"赵氏孟林"的文献记载尚不充分、明确的情况下,可以从已知的游相《兰亭》拓本装潢钤印定式本身入手,对其进行分析。检览统计若干游相《兰亭》相关信息,笔者认为,赵孟林是明初晋藩朱棡装潢人的可能性较大。作为游相《兰亭》标志要素之一的蓝纸隔水,则是经朱氏收藏后重新进行装裱的一个显著特征。而同一取材、或有或无的蓝纸小签上所标注的"天干编次帖本名称",亦是游相《兰亭》标志要素之一,或许正是出自赵孟林之手,当然也不排除朱棡亲笔的可能。
