Dysprosium is an essential ingredient in the production of NdDyFeB(dysprosium-neodymium-iron-boron)magnets which are used in clean energy and high-tech solutions.Northern Minerals Ltd(ASX:NTU)is progressing the staged...Dysprosium is an essential ingredient in the production of NdDyFeB(dysprosium-neodymium-iron-boron)magnets which are used in clean energy and high-tech solutions.Northern Minerals Ltd(ASX:NTU)is progressing the staged development of its Browns Range heavy rare earths project as global events create a unique moment in the rare earth metals industry.展开更多
Many attempts have been made to estimate the soil organic carbon (SOC) storage under different land uses, especiallyfrom the conversion of forest land or grassland into cultivated field, but limited reports were found...Many attempts have been made to estimate the soil organic carbon (SOC) storage under different land uses, especiallyfrom the conversion of forest land or grassland into cultivated field, but limited reports were found on the estimation ofthis storage after cultivated field converted into woodland or grassland, especially in small scales. This study is aimed toinvestigate the dynamics of SOC concentration, its storage and carbon /nitrogen (C/N) ratio in an aquic brown soil at theShenyang Experimental Station of Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences under four land use patterns over 14 years. Thefour land use patterns were paddy field (PF), maize field (MF), fallow field (FF) and woodland (WL). In each pedon at 0-150cm depth, soil samples were collected from ten layers. The results showed that the profile distribution of SOC was differentunder different land uses, indicating the effect of land use on SOC. Soil organic carbon was significantly related with soiltotal N, and the correlation was slightly closer in nature ecosystems (with R2=0.990 and P<0.001 in both WL and FF, n=30)than in agroecosystems (with R2=0.976 and P<0.001 in PF, and R2=0.980 and P<0.001 in MF, n=30). The C/N ratio in theprofiles decreased generally with depth under the four land use patterns, and was comparatively higher in WL and lowerin PF. The C/N ratio of the FF was closer to that in the same soil depths of MF than to that of PF. Within 100 cm depth, theannual sequestration of SOC was 4.25, 2.87, and 4.48 t ha-1 more in WL than in PF, MF and FF, the annual SOC increasingrate being 6.15, 3.26, and 5.09 % higher, respectively. As a result, the SOC storage was significantly greater in WL than inany of the other three land use patterns, P=0.001, 0.008, and 0.008 as compared with PF, MF, and FF, respectively, whilethere was no significant difference among the other three land uses. It is suggested that woodland has the potential tomake a significant contribution to C storage and environmental quality.展开更多
We conducted a field campaign to investigate the chemical composition,sources,and light absorption of submicron aerosols(PM_(1))from early 2022 in Nanjing,China.The average concentration of PM_(1) was 31μg m^(−3),org...We conducted a field campaign to investigate the chemical composition,sources,and light absorption of submicron aerosols(PM_(1))from early 2022 in Nanjing,China.The average concentration of PM_(1) was 31μg m^(−3),organics(33%)constituted the largest fraction,followed by nitrate(30%),sulfate(18%),ammonium(15%),chloride(3%),and rBC(2%).Four organic aerosol(OA)subcomponents were identified,including two primary OA(POA)and two secondary OA(SOA).The less-oxidized SOA(LO-OOA)contributes the most to the total OA mass(59%).LO-OOA is tightly correlated with the tracer ion C_(2)H_(4)O_(2)^(+)from levoglucosan,and another aged biomass-burning derived species,K_(3)SO_(4)^(+),suggesting it was likely influenced by aged biomass-burning OA.Our study also revealed that fireworks during the Spring Festival have a detrimental impact on air quality,contributing to secondary formation and accumulation under static winter meteorological conditions,prolonging the pollution duration.Also,LO-OOA was found to have the strongest light-absorbing ability.Our results highlight that the light absorption of LO-OOA can mainly be attributed to the C_(x)H_(y)N^(+) family,increased with the double-bond equivalent value.The more-oxidized SOA(MO-OOA)exhibited a negligible light absorption and was strongly correlated with daytime photochemical processes,implying a light-bleaching effect.This study enhances our understanding of the regional contribution of biomass combustion and fireworks to PM_(1) pollution in Nanjing,a typical megacity in the Yangtze River Delta region,during winter,aiding in the development of strategies for long-term air quality improvement in the region.展开更多
Maintaining a stable body temperature is essential for survival.Multiple brain regions contribute to thermoregulation,but their specific characteristics and underlying neural mechanisms in the coordination of thermore...Maintaining a stable body temperature is essential for survival.Multiple brain regions contribute to thermoregulation,but their specific characteristics and underlying neural mechanisms in the coordination of thermoregulation are not fully clarified.Here,we reveal the distinct roles of two preoptic subregions in warm defense in mice:the anterior ventromedial preoptic area(VMPO)and the ventral part of the lateral preoptic nucleus(vLPO).VMPO vesicular glutamate transporter 2(Vglut2)neurons exhibited dramatic responses to rising temperatures,producing a marked decrease in core temperature by warm defense responses.In contrast,excitatory and inhibitory vLPO neurons responded gently to warm stimuli,exerting moderate effects on warm defense.Further postsynaptic tracing and caspase ablation identified distinct cell type-specific downstream targets in the dorsomedial hypothalamus(DMH)mediating these different warm defense responses.Taken together,our findings reveal distinct yet complementary pathways in the preoptic DMH network that enable both rapid and fine-tuned regulation of body temperature under elevated thermal conditions.展开更多
Obesity has become a global threat to health;however,the available drugs for treating obesity are limited.We investigated the anti-obesity effect of hydroxy-α-sanshool(HAS),an amide derived from the fruit of Zanthoxy...Obesity has become a global threat to health;however,the available drugs for treating obesity are limited.We investigated the anti-obesity effect of hydroxy-α-sanshool(HAS),an amide derived from the fruit of Zanthoxylum bungeanum,which promotes the management of obesity by triggering the browning of white adipose tissue(WAT)targeting the membrane receptor of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1(TRPV1).However,HAS easily undergoes configuration transformation and oxidative degradation.The short peptide CKGGRAKDC or adipose-targeting sequence(ATS)binds specifically to prohibitin on the surface of WAT cells and can be used as recognition assembly to enhance adipocyte targetability.Furthermore,mesoporous silica nanoparticles(MSNs)are widely used in drug delivery systems because of their large specific surface area and pore volume.Therefore,HAS-loaded adipose-targeted MSNs(MSNs-ATS)were developed to enhance the adipocyte targetability,safety,and efficacy of HAS,and tested on mature 3T3-L1 cells and obese mouse models.MSNs-ATS showed higher specificity for adipocyte targetability without obvious toxicity.HAS-loaded MSNs-ATS showed anti-obesity effects superior to those of HAS alone.In conclusion,we successfully developed adipocyte-targeted,HAS-loaded MSNs with good safety and anti-obesity effects.展开更多
Coniophora is a widely distributed genus that includes species with resupinate basidiomata causing brown rot on fallen trees.In this study,two new species,Coniophora granulosa and Coniophora hainanensis,are described ...Coniophora is a widely distributed genus that includes species with resupinate basidiomata causing brown rot on fallen trees.In this study,two new species,Coniophora granulosa and Coniophora hainanensis,are described from Hainan Province based on molecular and morphological evidence.C.granulosa is characterized by having coriaceous basidiomata with granulose and light orange to grayish-orange hymenophore,relatively large and ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 12.5–14.2×8.2–9.5μm.C.hainanensis is characterized by having membranaceous basidiomata with smooth and grayish-orange to brownish orange hymenophore and fimbriate margin,and oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 9.8–12.2×5.2–6.5μm.Descriptions and illustrations are provided for the two new species.展开更多
This paper provide a comprehensive overview of research findings regarding the pathogen responsible for tobacco brown spot,its occurrence regularity,and integrated control strategies.Additionally,this study provide a ...This paper provide a comprehensive overview of research findings regarding the pathogen responsible for tobacco brown spot,its occurrence regularity,and integrated control strategies.Additionally,this study provide a brief analysis of the challenges encountered in the study of tobacco brown spot,which include the study of pathogenesis and virulence,the breeding of disease-resistant varieties,the screening of low-toxicity and high-efficiency agents,the development of biological control methods with more stable efficacy,and the necessity for accurate prediction and forecasting techniques.展开更多
My favourite pet is a lovely dog.I bought him last year in the pet market.He has long ears,a long body and brown fur.He is very small.He weights①about one kilogram.He is very active.He wants to catch everything.Every...My favourite pet is a lovely dog.I bought him last year in the pet market.He has long ears,a long body and brown fur.He is very small.He weights①about one kilogram.He is very active.He wants to catch everything.Every day he runs here and there.But if you want him to do something,he will be a very good boy.展开更多
Brown planthopper(BPH)is a highly destructive pest that presents a significant challenge to rice production,particularly in the Asia-Pacific region.Numerous BPH-resistant rice varieties have been successfully bred and...Brown planthopper(BPH)is a highly destructive pest that presents a significant challenge to rice production,particularly in the Asia-Pacific region.Numerous BPH-resistant rice varieties have been successfully bred and released for commercial cultivation across diverse rice-growing ecosystems.However,resistance breakdown in several varieties carrying major resistance genes has been reported,highlighting the urgent need for the development of novel,genetically diverse,and broad-spectrum resistant varieties.To date,more than 45 resistance loci have been identified and mapped from both cultivated and wild rice species.Among these,a subset of genes(including Bph1,Bph3,Bph6,Bph7,Bph9,Bph10,Bph14,Bph15,Bph18,Bph21,Bph26/2,bph29,Bph32,Bph37,and Bph30/Bph40)have been positionally cloned.Most of these genes encode coiled-coil nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat proteins,which are central to plant immune responses,along with a few signaling molecules playing pivotal roles.In addition to these core resistance genes,various other genetic components,including miRNAs,protein kinases,and transcription factors,have been functionally characterized for their roles in mediating BPH resistance.The advent of post-genomic tools such as RNA sequencing and single-cell sequencing,along with cutting-edge genomic technologies like CRISPR/Cas gene editing,has significantly accelerated resistance breeding programs.In this context,we provide an overview of genetics,mapping,isolation,and functional characterization of BPH resistance,along with strategies for incorporating resistance using advanced genomics-assisted breeding tools.Furthermore,we present a snapshot of how the integration of genomics and novel breeding technologies holds great promise for dissecting the genetic architecture of pest resistance and accelerating crop improvement.展开更多
Background:Long-term exposure to light has emerged as a novel risk factor for metabolic diseases.The whitening of brown adipose tissue(BAT)may play an important role in metabolic disorders caused by long-term continuo...Background:Long-term exposure to light has emerged as a novel risk factor for metabolic diseases.The whitening of brown adipose tissue(BAT)may play an important role in metabolic disorders caused by long-term continuous light exposure.This study aimed to investigate the morphological and functional alterations in BAT under continuous light conditions and to identify traditional Chinese medicine compounds capable of reversing these changes.Methods:A metabolic disorder model was established by subjecting mice to continuous light exposure for 5 weeks.During this period,body weight,food intake,and body fat percentage were monitored.Serum levels of triglyceride(TG),total cholesterol(TC),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)were measured to assess lipid metabolism.Histological changes in BAT were examined using H&E staining.The expression of the thermogenic marker uncoupling protein 1(UCP1)in BAT was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot to evaluate thermogenic function.RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)was employed to identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs)involved in BAT whitening induced by prolonged continuous light exposure.DEGs were analyzed using the connectivity map(CMap)database to identify potential preventive and therapeutic compounds.The therapeutic efficacy of the selected compounds was subsequently evaluated using the above indicators,and key pathways were validated through western blot analysis.Results:After 5 weeks of continuous light exposure,mice exhibited increased body fat percentage and serum levels of TG,impaired mitochondrial function,reduced thermogenic capacity,and whitening of BAT.Gene ontology(GO)and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)enrichment analyses indicated that BAT whitening was primarily associated with the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK)signaling pathway,fatty acid metabolism,and circadian rhythm.Ten hub genes identified using Cytoscape were mainly related to AMPK signaling and heat shock proteins.In vivo experiments showed that cordycepin significantly attenuated the increase in body fat percentage caused by prolonged light exposure.This effect was mediated by activation of the AMPK/PGC-1α/UCP1 signaling pathway,which restored the multilocular morphology and thermogenic function of BAT.Conclusion:Cordycepin mitigates continuous light-induced BAT whitening and metabolic disturbances by activating the AMPK signaling pathway.展开更多
During the development of diet-induced obesity,the change of energy matebolism is closely related to the function of the circadian clock in mammals.Luteolin(LU),one of the most common natural flavonoids riched in many...During the development of diet-induced obesity,the change of energy matebolism is closely related to the function of the circadian clock in mammals.Luteolin(LU),one of the most common natural flavonoids riched in many edible plants,can ameliorate obesity by activating adipose tissue browning,but its effect on circadian clock in this process remains poorly understood.Here we found that dietary LU improved circadian misalignment of energy expenditure in high-fat diet(HFD)-fed wild-type(WT)mice.Moreover,dietary LU efficiently elevated uncoupling protein 1 levels in adipose tissue during the dark period,which was similar to the LU-increased hepatic PER2 expressions.Hepatic peroxisome proliferators-activated receptorsα(PPARα)/recombinant retinoid X receptorα(RXRα)/fibroblast growth factor 21(FGF21)pathway was rhythmically elevated by dietary LU in HFD-fed WT mice,whereas the promotion was inhibited in Per2^(-/-)mice.Meanwhile,Per2 deletion abolished the effects of dietary LU on adipose tissue browning in HFD-fed mice.Further,LU treatment directly activated PPARα/RXRα/FGF21 signaling in primary cultured hepatocytes from WT mice rather than Per2^(-/-)mice.Taken together,the deletion of the core clock component Per2 impedes LUinduced adipose tissue browning through weakening PPARα/RXRα/FGF21 pathway in mice,providing a new insight into the interplay of energy metabolism and circadian clock for the anti-obesity activity of LU.展开更多
Rice often suffers from pests,diseases,and weeds throughout its life cycle.The management of pests,diseases,and weeds with agrochemicals increases production costs and results in pesticide residues.Developing new germ...Rice often suffers from pests,diseases,and weeds throughout its life cycle.The management of pests,diseases,and weeds with agrochemicals increases production costs and results in pesticide residues.Developing new germplasm and varieties with multiple resistances is the most economical,sustainable,and efficient way to solve these problems.In this study,marker-assisted backcrossing was used to pyramid multiple resistance genes,resulting in the development of a penta-resistance restorer line,B2A1920.This line was evaluated for its agronomic traits and resistance to diseases,pests,and herbicides.It was confirmed that B2A1920 contains the herbicide resistance gene Bar,the lepidopteran pest resistance gene Cry2Aa,the bacterial blight(BB)resistance gene Xa23,the blast resistance gene Pi2,and the brown planthopper(BPH)resistance genes Bph14 and Bph15.These genes confer resistance to glufosinate,lepidopteran pests,BB,blast,and BPH,respectively,while the line also exhibits elite agronomic traits.Its hybrids,Gui A×B2A1920,Quan 9311A×B2A1920,Yexiang A×B2A1920,Xianglong A×B2A1920,Tiantai A×B2A1920,and Shen 9A×B2A1920,likewise showed penta-resistance and superior agronomic performance.These results indicate the successful development of a cytoplasmic male sterile restorer line with high combining ability and penta-resistance.展开更多
Gut microbiota regulate the activation of adipose browning,which promote energy dissipation and combat diet-induced obesity.Pomegranate peel polyphenols(PPPs)have been shown to reduce obesity,regulate lipid metabolism...Gut microbiota regulate the activation of adipose browning,which promote energy dissipation and combat diet-induced obesity.Pomegranate peel polyphenols(PPPs)have been shown to reduce obesity,regulate lipid metabolism in adipose tissue,and modulate the composition of gut microbiota in animal fed high-fat diet(HFD).However,the role of gut microbiota in the improvement of obesity by PPPs has not been elucidated.In current study,we applied antibiotics to inhibit gut microbiota in mice fed HFD and treated with PPPs.The results showed that the inhibition of gut microbiota impair the effect of PPPs on reducing obesity and promoting adipose browning,and change the fecal metabolomic profiles in respond to PPPs.Moreover,the inhibition of gut microbiota supressed the promotive effects of PPPs on the levels of Akkermansia and microbiota-related metabolites,such as urolithin A,short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),and bile acids(BAs),which were associated with activating adipose browning.Therefore,our results suggested that the presence of gut microbiota is essential for PPPs to ameliorate HFD-induced obesity.The related bacteria or metabolites generated by the interaction between PPPs and microbiota promote adipose browning and facilitate the beneficial effects of PPPs.展开更多
Aqueous-phase reactions between carbonyls and reduced nitrogen compounds play a considerable role in the formation of secondary organic aerosols and brown carbon in the atmosphere.However,the reported reaction rate co...Aqueous-phase reactions between carbonyls and reduced nitrogen compounds play a considerable role in the formation of secondary organic aerosols and brown carbon in the atmosphere.However,the reported reaction rate constants for these reactions have largely been limited to bulk aqueous-phase simulations,which may not accurately represent the real state of atmospheric cloud droplets.We employed an integration of optical tweezers and Raman spectroscopy to manipulate and analyze simulated cloud droplets(size range8000-10,000 nm),comprising a mixture of glyoxal and ammonium sulfate.This approach enabled us to delve into the intricate realm of their reaction kinetics at individual droplet level mimicking cloud droplets.Raman spectroscopy provided high temporal resolution(20 s)measurements of the changes in the amount of nitrogen-containing organics(or NOCs as represented by the C-N bond)within the droplets.The results indicate that the reaction follows first-order kinetics throughout the monitoring over 80-400 min.The average reaction rate constant for the formation of NOCs within the single droplet was determined to be(6.77±0.98)×10^(-5)s^(-1),up to three orders of magnitude higher than those through the bulk aqueous-phase simulations,especially at lower p H levels.Additionally,the reaction rate constant in single droplet increases with increasing p H,consistent with the trend previously reported for the bulk aqueous-phase simulations.The results highlight the difference of the reaction rate constant between bulk aqueous-phase and droplets,which would improve our understanding on the formation and impacts of secondary organic aerosols and brown carbon in atmospheric aqueous phase.展开更多
文摘Dysprosium is an essential ingredient in the production of NdDyFeB(dysprosium-neodymium-iron-boron)magnets which are used in clean energy and high-tech solutions.Northern Minerals Ltd(ASX:NTU)is progressing the staged development of its Browns Range heavy rare earths project as global events create a unique moment in the rare earth metals industry.
基金This work was supported by the grants of the Know-ledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-413)the fund of Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(SYZ0204).
文摘Many attempts have been made to estimate the soil organic carbon (SOC) storage under different land uses, especiallyfrom the conversion of forest land or grassland into cultivated field, but limited reports were found on the estimation ofthis storage after cultivated field converted into woodland or grassland, especially in small scales. This study is aimed toinvestigate the dynamics of SOC concentration, its storage and carbon /nitrogen (C/N) ratio in an aquic brown soil at theShenyang Experimental Station of Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences under four land use patterns over 14 years. Thefour land use patterns were paddy field (PF), maize field (MF), fallow field (FF) and woodland (WL). In each pedon at 0-150cm depth, soil samples were collected from ten layers. The results showed that the profile distribution of SOC was differentunder different land uses, indicating the effect of land use on SOC. Soil organic carbon was significantly related with soiltotal N, and the correlation was slightly closer in nature ecosystems (with R2=0.990 and P<0.001 in both WL and FF, n=30)than in agroecosystems (with R2=0.976 and P<0.001 in PF, and R2=0.980 and P<0.001 in MF, n=30). The C/N ratio in theprofiles decreased generally with depth under the four land use patterns, and was comparatively higher in WL and lowerin PF. The C/N ratio of the FF was closer to that in the same soil depths of MF than to that of PF. Within 100 cm depth, theannual sequestration of SOC was 4.25, 2.87, and 4.48 t ha-1 more in WL than in PF, MF and FF, the annual SOC increasingrate being 6.15, 3.26, and 5.09 % higher, respectively. As a result, the SOC storage was significantly greater in WL than inany of the other three land use patterns, P=0.001, 0.008, and 0.008 as compared with PF, MF, and FF, respectively, whilethere was no significant difference among the other three land uses. It is suggested that woodland has the potential tomake a significant contribution to C storage and environmental quality.
基金support from the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20240036)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U24A20515,22276099,and 22361162668)Guangxi Key Research and Development Program,China(Grant No.Guike AB24010074)。
文摘We conducted a field campaign to investigate the chemical composition,sources,and light absorption of submicron aerosols(PM_(1))from early 2022 in Nanjing,China.The average concentration of PM_(1) was 31μg m^(−3),organics(33%)constituted the largest fraction,followed by nitrate(30%),sulfate(18%),ammonium(15%),chloride(3%),and rBC(2%).Four organic aerosol(OA)subcomponents were identified,including two primary OA(POA)and two secondary OA(SOA).The less-oxidized SOA(LO-OOA)contributes the most to the total OA mass(59%).LO-OOA is tightly correlated with the tracer ion C_(2)H_(4)O_(2)^(+)from levoglucosan,and another aged biomass-burning derived species,K_(3)SO_(4)^(+),suggesting it was likely influenced by aged biomass-burning OA.Our study also revealed that fireworks during the Spring Festival have a detrimental impact on air quality,contributing to secondary formation and accumulation under static winter meteorological conditions,prolonging the pollution duration.Also,LO-OOA was found to have the strongest light-absorbing ability.Our results highlight that the light absorption of LO-OOA can mainly be attributed to the C_(x)H_(y)N^(+) family,increased with the double-bond equivalent value.The more-oxidized SOA(MO-OOA)exhibited a negligible light absorption and was strongly correlated with daytime photochemical processes,implying a light-bleaching effect.This study enhances our understanding of the regional contribution of biomass combustion and fireworks to PM_(1) pollution in Nanjing,a typical megacity in the Yangtze River Delta region,during winter,aiding in the development of strategies for long-term air quality improvement in the region.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171001,32371050,and 82371554).
文摘Maintaining a stable body temperature is essential for survival.Multiple brain regions contribute to thermoregulation,but their specific characteristics and underlying neural mechanisms in the coordination of thermoregulation are not fully clarified.Here,we reveal the distinct roles of two preoptic subregions in warm defense in mice:the anterior ventromedial preoptic area(VMPO)and the ventral part of the lateral preoptic nucleus(vLPO).VMPO vesicular glutamate transporter 2(Vglut2)neurons exhibited dramatic responses to rising temperatures,producing a marked decrease in core temperature by warm defense responses.In contrast,excitatory and inhibitory vLPO neurons responded gently to warm stimuli,exerting moderate effects on warm defense.Further postsynaptic tracing and caspase ablation identified distinct cell type-specific downstream targets in the dorsomedial hypothalamus(DMH)mediating these different warm defense responses.Taken together,our findings reveal distinct yet complementary pathways in the preoptic DMH network that enable both rapid and fine-tuned regulation of body temperature under elevated thermal conditions.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(No.2022NSFSC0720)Research Center for the Development of the Comprehensive Health Industry and Rural Revitalization of Sichuan TCM(No.DJKYB202306)State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Sichuan Province of China(No.2020HJZX001).
文摘Obesity has become a global threat to health;however,the available drugs for treating obesity are limited.We investigated the anti-obesity effect of hydroxy-α-sanshool(HAS),an amide derived from the fruit of Zanthoxylum bungeanum,which promotes the management of obesity by triggering the browning of white adipose tissue(WAT)targeting the membrane receptor of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1(TRPV1).However,HAS easily undergoes configuration transformation and oxidative degradation.The short peptide CKGGRAKDC or adipose-targeting sequence(ATS)binds specifically to prohibitin on the surface of WAT cells and can be used as recognition assembly to enhance adipocyte targetability.Furthermore,mesoporous silica nanoparticles(MSNs)are widely used in drug delivery systems because of their large specific surface area and pore volume.Therefore,HAS-loaded adipose-targeted MSNs(MSNs-ATS)were developed to enhance the adipocyte targetability,safety,and efficacy of HAS,and tested on mature 3T3-L1 cells and obese mouse models.MSNs-ATS showed higher specificity for adipocyte targetability without obvious toxicity.HAS-loaded MSNs-ATS showed anti-obesity effects superior to those of HAS alone.In conclusion,we successfully developed adipocyte-targeted,HAS-loaded MSNs with good safety and anti-obesity effects.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270014)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(QNTD202307).
文摘Coniophora is a widely distributed genus that includes species with resupinate basidiomata causing brown rot on fallen trees.In this study,two new species,Coniophora granulosa and Coniophora hainanensis,are described from Hainan Province based on molecular and morphological evidence.C.granulosa is characterized by having coriaceous basidiomata with granulose and light orange to grayish-orange hymenophore,relatively large and ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 12.5–14.2×8.2–9.5μm.C.hainanensis is characterized by having membranaceous basidiomata with smooth and grayish-orange to brownish orange hymenophore and fimbriate margin,and oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 9.8–12.2×5.2–6.5μm.Descriptions and illustrations are provided for the two new species.
文摘This paper provide a comprehensive overview of research findings regarding the pathogen responsible for tobacco brown spot,its occurrence regularity,and integrated control strategies.Additionally,this study provide a brief analysis of the challenges encountered in the study of tobacco brown spot,which include the study of pathogenesis and virulence,the breeding of disease-resistant varieties,the screening of low-toxicity and high-efficiency agents,the development of biological control methods with more stable efficacy,and the necessity for accurate prediction and forecasting techniques.
文摘My favourite pet is a lovely dog.I bought him last year in the pet market.He has long ears,a long body and brown fur.He is very small.He weights①about one kilogram.He is very active.He wants to catch everything.Every day he runs here and there.But if you want him to do something,he will be a very good boy.
文摘Brown planthopper(BPH)is a highly destructive pest that presents a significant challenge to rice production,particularly in the Asia-Pacific region.Numerous BPH-resistant rice varieties have been successfully bred and released for commercial cultivation across diverse rice-growing ecosystems.However,resistance breakdown in several varieties carrying major resistance genes has been reported,highlighting the urgent need for the development of novel,genetically diverse,and broad-spectrum resistant varieties.To date,more than 45 resistance loci have been identified and mapped from both cultivated and wild rice species.Among these,a subset of genes(including Bph1,Bph3,Bph6,Bph7,Bph9,Bph10,Bph14,Bph15,Bph18,Bph21,Bph26/2,bph29,Bph32,Bph37,and Bph30/Bph40)have been positionally cloned.Most of these genes encode coiled-coil nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat proteins,which are central to plant immune responses,along with a few signaling molecules playing pivotal roles.In addition to these core resistance genes,various other genetic components,including miRNAs,protein kinases,and transcription factors,have been functionally characterized for their roles in mediating BPH resistance.The advent of post-genomic tools such as RNA sequencing and single-cell sequencing,along with cutting-edge genomic technologies like CRISPR/Cas gene editing,has significantly accelerated resistance breeding programs.In this context,we provide an overview of genetics,mapping,isolation,and functional characterization of BPH resistance,along with strategies for incorporating resistance using advanced genomics-assisted breeding tools.Furthermore,we present a snapshot of how the integration of genomics and novel breeding technologies holds great promise for dissecting the genetic architecture of pest resistance and accelerating crop improvement.
文摘Background:Long-term exposure to light has emerged as a novel risk factor for metabolic diseases.The whitening of brown adipose tissue(BAT)may play an important role in metabolic disorders caused by long-term continuous light exposure.This study aimed to investigate the morphological and functional alterations in BAT under continuous light conditions and to identify traditional Chinese medicine compounds capable of reversing these changes.Methods:A metabolic disorder model was established by subjecting mice to continuous light exposure for 5 weeks.During this period,body weight,food intake,and body fat percentage were monitored.Serum levels of triglyceride(TG),total cholesterol(TC),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)were measured to assess lipid metabolism.Histological changes in BAT were examined using H&E staining.The expression of the thermogenic marker uncoupling protein 1(UCP1)in BAT was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot to evaluate thermogenic function.RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)was employed to identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs)involved in BAT whitening induced by prolonged continuous light exposure.DEGs were analyzed using the connectivity map(CMap)database to identify potential preventive and therapeutic compounds.The therapeutic efficacy of the selected compounds was subsequently evaluated using the above indicators,and key pathways were validated through western blot analysis.Results:After 5 weeks of continuous light exposure,mice exhibited increased body fat percentage and serum levels of TG,impaired mitochondrial function,reduced thermogenic capacity,and whitening of BAT.Gene ontology(GO)and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)enrichment analyses indicated that BAT whitening was primarily associated with the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK)signaling pathway,fatty acid metabolism,and circadian rhythm.Ten hub genes identified using Cytoscape were mainly related to AMPK signaling and heat shock proteins.In vivo experiments showed that cordycepin significantly attenuated the increase in body fat percentage caused by prolonged light exposure.This effect was mediated by activation of the AMPK/PGC-1α/UCP1 signaling pathway,which restored the multilocular morphology and thermogenic function of BAT.Conclusion:Cordycepin mitigates continuous light-induced BAT whitening and metabolic disturbances by activating the AMPK signaling pathway.
文摘During the development of diet-induced obesity,the change of energy matebolism is closely related to the function of the circadian clock in mammals.Luteolin(LU),one of the most common natural flavonoids riched in many edible plants,can ameliorate obesity by activating adipose tissue browning,but its effect on circadian clock in this process remains poorly understood.Here we found that dietary LU improved circadian misalignment of energy expenditure in high-fat diet(HFD)-fed wild-type(WT)mice.Moreover,dietary LU efficiently elevated uncoupling protein 1 levels in adipose tissue during the dark period,which was similar to the LU-increased hepatic PER2 expressions.Hepatic peroxisome proliferators-activated receptorsα(PPARα)/recombinant retinoid X receptorα(RXRα)/fibroblast growth factor 21(FGF21)pathway was rhythmically elevated by dietary LU in HFD-fed WT mice,whereas the promotion was inhibited in Per2^(-/-)mice.Meanwhile,Per2 deletion abolished the effects of dietary LU on adipose tissue browning in HFD-fed mice.Further,LU treatment directly activated PPARα/RXRα/FGF21 signaling in primary cultured hepatocytes from WT mice rather than Per2^(-/-)mice.Taken together,the deletion of the core clock component Per2 impedes LUinduced adipose tissue browning through weakening PPARα/RXRα/FGF21 pathway in mice,providing a new insight into the interplay of energy metabolism and circadian clock for the anti-obesity activity of LU.
基金supported by the Open Competition Program of Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory,China(Grant No.B23YQ1513)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Precision Seed Design and Breeding)(Grant No.XDA24030201)the National Science and Technology Major Project on Breeding of New Genetically Modified Organisms,China(Grant No.2016ZX08001003-001).
文摘Rice often suffers from pests,diseases,and weeds throughout its life cycle.The management of pests,diseases,and weeds with agrochemicals increases production costs and results in pesticide residues.Developing new germplasm and varieties with multiple resistances is the most economical,sustainable,and efficient way to solve these problems.In this study,marker-assisted backcrossing was used to pyramid multiple resistance genes,resulting in the development of a penta-resistance restorer line,B2A1920.This line was evaluated for its agronomic traits and resistance to diseases,pests,and herbicides.It was confirmed that B2A1920 contains the herbicide resistance gene Bar,the lepidopteran pest resistance gene Cry2Aa,the bacterial blight(BB)resistance gene Xa23,the blast resistance gene Pi2,and the brown planthopper(BPH)resistance genes Bph14 and Bph15.These genes confer resistance to glufosinate,lepidopteran pests,BB,blast,and BPH,respectively,while the line also exhibits elite agronomic traits.Its hybrids,Gui A×B2A1920,Quan 9311A×B2A1920,Yexiang A×B2A1920,Xianglong A×B2A1920,Tiantai A×B2A1920,and Shen 9A×B2A1920,likewise showed penta-resistance and superior agronomic performance.These results indicate the successful development of a cytoplasmic male sterile restorer line with high combining ability and penta-resistance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001679 and 31871801)the Science and Technology Research of Shaanxi Province(2021QFY07-03)+1 种基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(GK202103098)the Scientific and Technological Achievements Commercialization Program of Shaanxi(2023-YDCGZH-13)。
文摘Gut microbiota regulate the activation of adipose browning,which promote energy dissipation and combat diet-induced obesity.Pomegranate peel polyphenols(PPPs)have been shown to reduce obesity,regulate lipid metabolism in adipose tissue,and modulate the composition of gut microbiota in animal fed high-fat diet(HFD).However,the role of gut microbiota in the improvement of obesity by PPPs has not been elucidated.In current study,we applied antibiotics to inhibit gut microbiota in mice fed HFD and treated with PPPs.The results showed that the inhibition of gut microbiota impair the effect of PPPs on reducing obesity and promoting adipose browning,and change the fecal metabolomic profiles in respond to PPPs.Moreover,the inhibition of gut microbiota supressed the promotive effects of PPPs on the levels of Akkermansia and microbiota-related metabolites,such as urolithin A,short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),and bile acids(BAs),which were associated with activating adipose browning.Therefore,our results suggested that the presence of gut microbiota is essential for PPPs to ameliorate HFD-induced obesity.The related bacteria or metabolites generated by the interaction between PPPs and microbiota promote adipose browning and facilitate the beneficial effects of PPPs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42222705,42377097,and 22361162668)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC3701101)+1 种基金the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(No.2021354)Guangdong Foundation for Program of Science and Technology Research(No.2023B1212060049)。
文摘Aqueous-phase reactions between carbonyls and reduced nitrogen compounds play a considerable role in the formation of secondary organic aerosols and brown carbon in the atmosphere.However,the reported reaction rate constants for these reactions have largely been limited to bulk aqueous-phase simulations,which may not accurately represent the real state of atmospheric cloud droplets.We employed an integration of optical tweezers and Raman spectroscopy to manipulate and analyze simulated cloud droplets(size range8000-10,000 nm),comprising a mixture of glyoxal and ammonium sulfate.This approach enabled us to delve into the intricate realm of their reaction kinetics at individual droplet level mimicking cloud droplets.Raman spectroscopy provided high temporal resolution(20 s)measurements of the changes in the amount of nitrogen-containing organics(or NOCs as represented by the C-N bond)within the droplets.The results indicate that the reaction follows first-order kinetics throughout the monitoring over 80-400 min.The average reaction rate constant for the formation of NOCs within the single droplet was determined to be(6.77±0.98)×10^(-5)s^(-1),up to three orders of magnitude higher than those through the bulk aqueous-phase simulations,especially at lower p H levels.Additionally,the reaction rate constant in single droplet increases with increasing p H,consistent with the trend previously reported for the bulk aqueous-phase simulations.The results highlight the difference of the reaction rate constant between bulk aqueous-phase and droplets,which would improve our understanding on the formation and impacts of secondary organic aerosols and brown carbon in atmospheric aqueous phase.
