Polyphenolic compound in processing apple （Malus domestica Borkh.） varieties and the relationship between polyphenol content and enzymatic browning were studied to provide reference for raw material selection and pr...Polyphenolic compound in processing apple （Malus domestica Borkh.） varieties and the relationship between polyphenol content and enzymatic browning were studied to provide reference for raw material selection and processing method optimization. The content of polyphenol compound in 10 processing apple varieties （4 cider and 6 juice varieties） were analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and HPLC. The degree of browning and the activities of polyphenol oxidase were also studied. The content and proportion of the polyphenol varied depending on the variety. Bitter varieties globally showed a higher polyphenol concentration than sweet or acid varieties. Proanthocyanidins, chlorogenic acid, （＋）-catechin, （-）-epicatechin were high-concentrated polyphenols in apple fruits. Phloridzin, the unique polyphenol of apple, was abundant in the bitter variety Frequin rouge fruit. Total polyphenols, proanthocyanidins, （＋）-catechin, and phloridzin had higher correlations with browning. The correlation was low between chlorogenic acid and browning. The polyphenolic profiles were correlated with the apple types. Cider apples contained more polyphenol than juice apple varieties. The content of flavan-3-ol has a close relationship with fruit browning.展开更多
The correlation between the Schrödinger equation and the diffusion equation revealed that the relation of material wave is not a hypothesis but an actual one valid in a material regardless of the photon energ...The correlation between the Schrödinger equation and the diffusion equation revealed that the relation of material wave is not a hypothesis but an actual one valid in a material regardless of the photon energy. Using the relations of material wave and uncertain principle, the quantum effect on elementary process of diffusion is discussed. As a result, the diffusivity is obtained as a universal expression applicable to any problem of diffusion phenomena. The Gauss theorem in theory and the Kirkendall effect in experimentation reveal the necessity of the coordinate transformation for a diffusion equation. The mathematical method for solving an interdiffusion problem of many elements system is established. The phase shift of the obtained analytical solution indicates the correlation between the solutions of each diffusion equation expressed by a fixed coordinate system and by a moving coordinate system. Based on the coordinate transformation theory, some unsolved problems of diffusion theory are reasonably solved and also some new important findings are discussed in relation to matters in the existing diffusion theory.展开更多
Coke plant effluents with high contents of organic compounds are mainly treated by biological aerobic fermentation after physical pre-treatment. In this study, a brown coal condensate wastewater from a low temperature...Coke plant effluents with high contents of organic compounds are mainly treated by biological aerobic fermentation after physical pre-treatment. In this study, a brown coal condensate wastewater from a low temperature coking process was fermented under methanogenic conditions in discontinuous experiments. By this fermentation, acetate, propionate, and the main polyphenolic compounds （catechol, resorcinol and hydroquinone） were degraded to a level below the detection limit. The COD was reduced by 72% with a residual concentration of 2.1 g/L. This anaerobic fermented wastewater had a residual BOD5 of 0.66 g/L and 2.2 L CH4 were formed per litre of wastewater. An abiotic pre-treatment for this wastewater with air had a negative effect on the COD reduction and decrease of colour on the methanogenic fermentation due to the autoxidation of polyphenolic compounds to humic-like compounds. This study showed that methanogenic fermentations in the treatment sequence of brown coal coking wastewaters could reduce energy consumption for aeration in further treatment processes and had the potential for a better effluent quality due to a less formation of recalcitrant humic-like compounds.展开更多
In this paper, under the assumption that the exchange rate follows the extended Vasicek model, the pricing of the reset option in FBM model is investigated. Some interesting themes such as closed-form formulas for the...In this paper, under the assumption that the exchange rate follows the extended Vasicek model, the pricing of the reset option in FBM model is investigated. Some interesting themes such as closed-form formulas for the reset option with a single reset date and the phenomena of delta of the reset jumps existing in the reset option during the reset date are discussed. The closed-form formulae of pricing for two kinds of power options are derived in the end.展开更多
文摘Polyphenolic compound in processing apple （Malus domestica Borkh.） varieties and the relationship between polyphenol content and enzymatic browning were studied to provide reference for raw material selection and processing method optimization. The content of polyphenol compound in 10 processing apple varieties （4 cider and 6 juice varieties） were analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and HPLC. The degree of browning and the activities of polyphenol oxidase were also studied. The content and proportion of the polyphenol varied depending on the variety. Bitter varieties globally showed a higher polyphenol concentration than sweet or acid varieties. Proanthocyanidins, chlorogenic acid, （＋）-catechin, （-）-epicatechin were high-concentrated polyphenols in apple fruits. Phloridzin, the unique polyphenol of apple, was abundant in the bitter variety Frequin rouge fruit. Total polyphenols, proanthocyanidins, （＋）-catechin, and phloridzin had higher correlations with browning. The correlation was low between chlorogenic acid and browning. The polyphenolic profiles were correlated with the apple types. Cider apples contained more polyphenol than juice apple varieties. The content of flavan-3-ol has a close relationship with fruit browning.
文摘The correlation between the Schrödinger equation and the diffusion equation revealed that the relation of material wave is not a hypothesis but an actual one valid in a material regardless of the photon energy. Using the relations of material wave and uncertain principle, the quantum effect on elementary process of diffusion is discussed. As a result, the diffusivity is obtained as a universal expression applicable to any problem of diffusion phenomena. The Gauss theorem in theory and the Kirkendall effect in experimentation reveal the necessity of the coordinate transformation for a diffusion equation. The mathematical method for solving an interdiffusion problem of many elements system is established. The phase shift of the obtained analytical solution indicates the correlation between the solutions of each diffusion equation expressed by a fixed coordinate system and by a moving coordinate system. Based on the coordinate transformation theory, some unsolved problems of diffusion theory are reasonably solved and also some new important findings are discussed in relation to matters in the existing diffusion theory.
基金supported by the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (No.IRT0853)
文摘Coke plant effluents with high contents of organic compounds are mainly treated by biological aerobic fermentation after physical pre-treatment. In this study, a brown coal condensate wastewater from a low temperature coking process was fermented under methanogenic conditions in discontinuous experiments. By this fermentation, acetate, propionate, and the main polyphenolic compounds （catechol, resorcinol and hydroquinone） were degraded to a level below the detection limit. The COD was reduced by 72% with a residual concentration of 2.1 g/L. This anaerobic fermented wastewater had a residual BOD5 of 0.66 g/L and 2.2 L CH4 were formed per litre of wastewater. An abiotic pre-treatment for this wastewater with air had a negative effect on the COD reduction and decrease of colour on the methanogenic fermentation due to the autoxidation of polyphenolic compounds to humic-like compounds. This study showed that methanogenic fermentations in the treatment sequence of brown coal coking wastewaters could reduce energy consumption for aeration in further treatment processes and had the potential for a better effluent quality due to a less formation of recalcitrant humic-like compounds.
文摘In this paper, under the assumption that the exchange rate follows the extended Vasicek model, the pricing of the reset option in FBM model is investigated. Some interesting themes such as closed-form formulas for the reset option with a single reset date and the phenomena of delta of the reset jumps existing in the reset option during the reset date are discussed. The closed-form formulae of pricing for two kinds of power options are derived in the end.
