Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of in ovo zinc(Zn)injection on the embryonic development,tissue Zn contents,antioxidation and related gene expressions of fertilized eggs of Arbor Acres broiler...Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of in ovo zinc(Zn)injection on the embryonic development,tissue Zn contents,antioxidation and related gene expressions of fertilized eggs of Arbor Acres broiler breeders.Experiment 1 was conducted to determine an optimal embryonic age for early in ovo injection.A total of 720 fertilized eggs with similar weights were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and 30 eggs per replicate in a completely randomized design.The eggs were injected with 0.1 mL sterilized water at 3,6 and 9 embryonic days of incubation(E3,E6 and E9)or non-injection(the control),respectively.The results from experiment 1 showed that E3 and E6 injections increased(P〈0.05)the embryonic mortalities,and decreased(P〈0.05)hatchabilities compared to the non-injected control,but no differences(P〉0.05)between E9 injection and the non-injected control were observed in either embryonic mortality or hatchability.The findings suggest that the E9 is the optimal embryonic age for early in ovo injection.In experiment 2,a total of 672 fertilized eggs with similar weights were randomly allocated to 7 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and 16 eggs per replicate in a completely randomized design.The eggs were injected with 0(the negative control),50,100,150,200,or 250μg Zn/egg as reagent grade ZnSO4.7H20 in a 0.1-mL solution,or non-injection(the positive control),respectively at E9-10.The results from the experiment 2 demonstrated that no differences(P〉0.05)among 50 and 100μg Zn/egg groups and the negative control were observed in the embryonic mortality and hatchability,however,the injection of 200μg Zn/egg increased(P〈0.05)the embryonic mortality,and injections of 150 and 200μg Zn/egg decreased(P〈0.05)hatchabilities compared with the controls.The embryonic tibia Zn contents at E20 were increased(P〈0.05)by injections of 150,200 and 250μg Zn/egg.Zinc injection did not affect(P〉0.05)malonaldehyde(MDA)contents,copper-and Zn-containing superoxide dismutase(CuZnSOD)activities and mRNA expression levels in the liver and heart of chick embryos at E15 and E20.Compared with the negative control,injections of 50,150 and 200μg Zn/egg up-regulated(P〈0.05)themetallothionein(MT)mRNA expression levels in the embryonic liver at E20.These results indicated that in ovo Zn injections increased Zn contents in the embryonic tibia and MT mRNA expression levels in the embryonic liver at E20,however,injections of 150-200μg Zn/egg were harmful to the embryonic development.展开更多
[Objective]The paper was to verify whether chestnut bee pollen can be used as feed for breeding chickens and its appropriate addition proportion.[Method]A total of 92444-week-old Ross 308 broiler breeders of parent ge...[Objective]The paper was to verify whether chestnut bee pollen can be used as feed for breeding chickens and its appropriate addition proportion.[Method]A total of 92444-week-old Ross 308 broiler breeders of parent generation with a male to female ratio of 1∶10 were randomly divided into 4 groups,with 3 replicates in each group and 7 cocks and 70 hens in each replicate.The broiler breeders in the control group were fed with the basal diet,and those in experimental groups were fed with the diets supplemented with 0.5%,1.0%and 1.5%chestnut bee pollen.The feeding trial lasted 35 d.[Result]Addition of chestnut bee pollen at different proportions improved the laying rate of breeder hens in different degrees.The experimental group supplemented with 1.5%chestnut bee pollen increased the laying rate by 9.1%,reduced the rate of unqualified eggs(broken eggs,cracked eggs,thin shelled eggs and hard shelled eggs)by 71.4%,increased the fertilization rate of hatching eggs and healthy chick rate by 4.4%and 5.2%,and improved the concentrations of testosterone(T),follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)and luteinizing hormone(LH)in breeder cocks by 60.8%,32.3%and 61.4%,respectively.Statistical analysis showed that the results were significantly different.[Conclusion]Addition of chestnut bee pollen at certain concentration can improve the reproductive performance of breeder cocks and breeder hens,and improve the body immunity.展开更多
A study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary digestible amino acids of feedstuffs and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen on broiler breeder performance in 50 weeks to 64 weeks of age. 140 fe...A study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary digestible amino acids of feedstuffs and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen on broiler breeder performance in 50 weeks to 64 weeks of age. 140 females and 20 males broiler breeders in 4 treatments with 5 replicates （7 females with a male） were used in the form of a completely randomized trial design 2 ~ 2 factorial. Four experimental diets were formulation based on two factors, first factor was included, two types of Apparent and True Metabolizable Energy corrected for Nitrogen （AMEn and TMEn） and the second factor was included, two types of Total Amino Acids （TAA） and Digestible （DAA） of feedstuffs. The result showed that egg weight, egg production （%） and egg mass （g/hen/day） was significantly different which was affected by diets formulation based on energy and interaction between energy and amino acids （P 〈 0.01）. Treatment 2 （AMEn ＋ DAA） was at the highest level significantly different （P 〈 0.01） in egg weight 68.97 g, egg production 62.45%, and egg mass 43. i g/hen/day. Hatching eggs were significantly different which was affected by diet formulation based on amino acids. Fertility, hatchability and number of chicks per hen were significant different, that were affected by diet formulation based on energy （P 〈 0.05）. Interaction between two factors, were significantly different in two reproductive traits fertility and hatchability （P 〈 0.05）. This experiment showed that diet formulation based on AMEn and DAA for broiler breeder was better and significant on performance.展开更多
Mycoplasma synoviae （MS） is an economically important pathogenic agent of chickens, causing air sacculitis and synovitis. The diagnosis and monitoring of M. synoviae infection is usually made using serological assay...Mycoplasma synoviae （MS） is an economically important pathogenic agent of chickens, causing air sacculitis and synovitis. The diagnosis and monitoring of M. synoviae infection is usually made using serological assays, while confirmative diagnosis is made by isolation and identifcation of the organism, because of the cross reaction between M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae. This study was conducted from 2011 to 2013 during which l l broiler breeder flocks were sampled. These farms were located in all regions of morocco, The sampling was conducted as follows： Farms were visited on day one old chicks ＂day of importation from Europe＂. 20 to 60 ＂chicks＂ were randomly sampled. At the age of 8, 16, 32 and 56 weeks, 60 blood samples and 60 tracheal swabs were collected at each sampling. The serological screening was performed using Rapid Slide Agglutination （RSA） according the OIE protocol and Indirect EL1SA （IDEXX） according the manufacturer＇s instructions. The molecular diagnosis was performed using a commercial kit of a duplex real time PCR （Life Biotechnology）. The results revealed that one day old chicks were negative to MS by RSA and PCR, however they have a variable stock of maternal antibodies （Ig-Y） detected by iELISA. The seroprevalence found by RSA is variable and increase with the age （Sth week： 55%, 16th week： 91%, 32tb and 56th week： 100%）, the same profile was traced by PCR （Sth week： 36%, 16th week： 64%, 32th week： 82%, 56th week： 100%）, however, all farms were positive by iELISA, from the first day to 56th weeks. These results show that MS infections are very frequent and very widespread among poultry breeder flocks, and showed a perfect agreement between serological tests and Real time PCR starting from 32th week of age.展开更多
Salmonella is a ubiquitous pathogen which, in addition to causing poultry diseases, has a growing zoonotic impact. It has demanded the implementation of diverse control strategies, in which vaccines play a major role....Salmonella is a ubiquitous pathogen which, in addition to causing poultry diseases, has a growing zoonotic impact. It has demanded the implementation of diverse control strategies, in which vaccines play a major role. The understanding of the immune pathways elicited by the different vaccines is important, contributing for the establishment of strong immune correlates of protection, for instance. With the purpose of determining the dynamics of the humoral and cellular immune responses to vaccination, broiler breeders (Cobb Slow) were immunized with live or inactivated vaccines against Salmonella Enteritidis. Lymphocyte and macrophage subsets were analyzed in the peripheral blood by flow cytometry and antigen-specific circulating IgY and mucosal IgA were quantified. The markers analyzed by flow cytometry were CD8/CD28, CD4/TCRVβ1, Kul/ MHC II and Bu-1. Both live and inactivated vaccines induced an increase in the proportion of circulating monocytes (Kul+MHCII+) in some time points compared to non-vaccinated controls. However, whereas the live vaccine leads to an increase in CD8-CD28+ and Bu-1+ lymphocytescompared to the control group, the inactivated vaccine prompteda reduction in the percentage of severalleucocyte subsets (Kul-MHCII+, Bu-1+, CD8+CD28+, CD8-CD28+, CD4+TCRVβ1-, CD4+TCRVβ1+, CD4-TCRVβ1+) after the boost dose. Both vaccines induced specific serum IgY and mucosal IgA production;however, the inactivated vaccine stimulated higher titers in a shorter period. These results contribute to the understanding of mechanisms of action of live and inactivated Salmonella vaccines in chickens.展开更多
Two hundred and sixty four broiler breeder hens of 32 weeks of age were distributed randomly in four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were T0: Broiler breeder ration containing 40 ppm zinc (basal 29.8 ppm + ...Two hundred and sixty four broiler breeder hens of 32 weeks of age were distributed randomly in four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were T0: Broiler breeder ration containing 40 ppm zinc (basal 29.8 ppm + 10.2 ppm inorganic zinc), T1: T0 + organic zinc (zinc methionine) @ 20 ppm, T2: T0 + organic zinc @ 40 ppm and T3: T0 + organic zinc @ 60 ppm. The experiment was continued from 32 to 48 weeks of age. At 48 weeks, the weight of lymphoid organs, zinc levels in organs and immunity response were determined. The faecal zinc level was determined at monthly interval. The weight lymphoid organs of different treatment groups (both organic and inorganic zinc fed groups) of the broiler breeders did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). The cellular immune response of breeder birds to PHA-P was significantly (P 0.05) higher in group T3 than the rest of treated groups. The antibody titre to SRBC differed among the treated groups. The zinc content of serum of broiler breeders of all the groups did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) in all the periods of study. Zinc content in liver and tibia of broiler breeders in different dietary treatments of zinc differed significantly (P 0.05) with higher levels were obtained on increasing zinc concentration in the diet. The zinc level in the spleen and kidney of the broiler breeders in different dietary treatments did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). The average zinc content in the faeces of broiler breeder during 35 to 43 week of age did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among the treated groups. At 48 weeks of age, zinc content of the faeces of T3 was found to be significantly (P 0.05) higher than the rest of treated groups. Similarly, during the overall experimental period analysis, it was found that zinc levels in the faeces of T2 and T3 were significantly (P 0.05) higher than T1 and T0.展开更多
The effects of supplementing a blend of organic acids (OA) and a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) based-probiotic on egg to chick weight loss (%) and Salmonella spp. recovery counts in the litter of commercial broiler breed...The effects of supplementing a blend of organic acids (OA) and a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) based-probiotic on egg to chick weight loss (%) and Salmonella spp. recovery counts in the litter of commercial broiler breeders were examined in three independent trials during the years 2013, 2014 and 2015. In each trial, ten thousand birds were divided into two groups of 5000 birds (4500 females and 500 males in each group): Control non-treated group, receiving regular water or treated group, receiving OA and probiotic in the drinking water from 25 to 35 weeks of age. During the ten weeks of evaluation, one thousand fertile eggs or hatched chickens in each trial respectively, were evaluated to obtained, hatching set weight, transferred egg weight, and hatching chick weight, to estimate the difference between egg to chick weight loss (%). Besides, in trial 2 (2014) and trial 3 (2015), litter samples were collected to evaluate Salmonella spp. counts. The supplementation of OA and probiotic during ten consecutive weeks significantly decreased the egg to chick weight loss (%) when compared with the control non-treated groups in all three trials evaluated. Interestingly, at the end of the trials 2 and 3, no counts of Salmonella spp. in the litter were detected. In contrast, control-non treated groups resulted in 4.30 and 4.24 Log10 of Salmonella spp. in trials two and three respectively. The results of the present study suggest that supplementation of OA and a LAB-probiotic for ten consecutive weeks decrease the egg to chick weight loss (%) and reduce Salmonella spp. counts in the litter of commercial broiler breeders. Higher initial body weight in broiler chickens and reduction of Salmonella spp., clearly justify the use of the combination of these products, as alternatives to antibiotics.展开更多
This study aimed to compare the effects of dietary methionine(Met)and 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoate(HMTBA)on the eggshell quality of broiler breeder hens and elucidate the mechanism of Met in improving eggshell q...This study aimed to compare the effects of dietary methionine(Met)and 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoate(HMTBA)on the eggshell quality of broiler breeder hens and elucidate the mechanism of Met in improving eggshell quality from the perspectives of eggshell microstructure and shell gland physiological function.A total of 720 WOD188 broiler breeder hens at 40 weeks old were assigned to 3 groups,with 8 replicates per group and 30 birds per replicate.Over 7 weeks,birds were fed a basal diet or the same diet supplemented with 0.15%Met or 0.17%HMTBA.Our findings revealed significant improvements in the Met group for egg shape index,shell thickness,breaking strength,and fracture toughness(P<0.05),whereas the HMTBA group showed no significant improvements(P>0.05).Met supplementation increased calcium and phosphorus levels in both serum and shell gland tissue(P<0.05),and enhanced Ca^(2+) ATPase activity in shell gland tissue(P<0.05).Histomorphological changes cluded enhanced mucosal fold dimensions and increased epithelial height in the shell gland(P<0.05).Met also improved eggshell ultrastructure,resulting in a thicker effective layer and broader mammillae with fewer type B structures(P<0.05).The mRNA levels for genes regulating eggshell ultrastructure,such as ovocleidin-116(OC-116),calbindin 1(CALB1),and integral membrane protein 2C(ITM2C),were significantly upregulated in the Met group(P<0.05).Transcriptome analysis identified 248 differentially upregulated genes in the Met group,primarily linked to the non-canonical Wnt/Ca^(2+) signaling pathway,crucial for calcium ion transport and cellular proliferation.This research highlights that Met supplementation improves eggshell quality by enhancing calcium transport and cellular proliferation in uterine function,particularly through the modulation of Wnt family member 11(WNT11)and CALB1,influencing calcium deposition and ultrastructural development.展开更多
The objective of the present work is characterizing some parameters in the lay phase in the lines of heavy broilers breeder Cobb Avian 48, Arbor Acres Plus and Ross 208, reared under the same commercial conditions in ...The objective of the present work is characterizing some parameters in the lay phase in the lines of heavy broilers breeder Cobb Avian 48, Arbor Acres Plus and Ross 208, reared under the same commercial conditions in the tropics. Monitored three batches of approximately 18,000 females each （one for each genetic type）, from weeks 24 to 64, according to the conditions of handling and power described by the generic lines distribution companies. Although no differences were found for feed intake, Cobb Avian was presented a lower rate of feed conversion, being also that presented the highest percentage of implementation and production of incubables eggs, which meant that it was in line with the highest cumulative production of chickens by bird and week for tropical conditions studied. To adjust the lay data to a Gorssman model, in order to predict the parameters that characterize the lay modeling, estimated the best behavior for Cobb Avian 48 females, because while it takes more time to reach the level of putting constant （5.30 weeks） and maintain it for less time （2.4 weeks）, they manage to put constant high （79.11%） level, considering that the largest number of eggs per bird （171.19 vs. 164.54 and 160.11 in Arbor Acres and Ross 208, respectively）.展开更多
基金supported by the Key International Cooperation Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31110103916)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program,China(ASTIPIAS08)the earmaked fund for the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-42)
文摘Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of in ovo zinc(Zn)injection on the embryonic development,tissue Zn contents,antioxidation and related gene expressions of fertilized eggs of Arbor Acres broiler breeders.Experiment 1 was conducted to determine an optimal embryonic age for early in ovo injection.A total of 720 fertilized eggs with similar weights were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and 30 eggs per replicate in a completely randomized design.The eggs were injected with 0.1 mL sterilized water at 3,6 and 9 embryonic days of incubation(E3,E6 and E9)or non-injection(the control),respectively.The results from experiment 1 showed that E3 and E6 injections increased(P〈0.05)the embryonic mortalities,and decreased(P〈0.05)hatchabilities compared to the non-injected control,but no differences(P〉0.05)between E9 injection and the non-injected control were observed in either embryonic mortality or hatchability.The findings suggest that the E9 is the optimal embryonic age for early in ovo injection.In experiment 2,a total of 672 fertilized eggs with similar weights were randomly allocated to 7 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and 16 eggs per replicate in a completely randomized design.The eggs were injected with 0(the negative control),50,100,150,200,or 250μg Zn/egg as reagent grade ZnSO4.7H20 in a 0.1-mL solution,or non-injection(the positive control),respectively at E9-10.The results from the experiment 2 demonstrated that no differences(P〉0.05)among 50 and 100μg Zn/egg groups and the negative control were observed in the embryonic mortality and hatchability,however,the injection of 200μg Zn/egg increased(P〈0.05)the embryonic mortality,and injections of 150 and 200μg Zn/egg decreased(P〈0.05)hatchabilities compared with the controls.The embryonic tibia Zn contents at E20 were increased(P〈0.05)by injections of 150,200 and 250μg Zn/egg.Zinc injection did not affect(P〉0.05)malonaldehyde(MDA)contents,copper-and Zn-containing superoxide dismutase(CuZnSOD)activities and mRNA expression levels in the liver and heart of chick embryos at E15 and E20.Compared with the negative control,injections of 50,150 and 200μg Zn/egg up-regulated(P〈0.05)themetallothionein(MT)mRNA expression levels in the embryonic liver at E20.These results indicated that in ovo Zn injections increased Zn contents in the embryonic tibia and MT mRNA expression levels in the embryonic liver at E20,however,injections of 150-200μg Zn/egg were harmful to the embryonic development.
文摘[Objective]The paper was to verify whether chestnut bee pollen can be used as feed for breeding chickens and its appropriate addition proportion.[Method]A total of 92444-week-old Ross 308 broiler breeders of parent generation with a male to female ratio of 1∶10 were randomly divided into 4 groups,with 3 replicates in each group and 7 cocks and 70 hens in each replicate.The broiler breeders in the control group were fed with the basal diet,and those in experimental groups were fed with the diets supplemented with 0.5%,1.0%and 1.5%chestnut bee pollen.The feeding trial lasted 35 d.[Result]Addition of chestnut bee pollen at different proportions improved the laying rate of breeder hens in different degrees.The experimental group supplemented with 1.5%chestnut bee pollen increased the laying rate by 9.1%,reduced the rate of unqualified eggs(broken eggs,cracked eggs,thin shelled eggs and hard shelled eggs)by 71.4%,increased the fertilization rate of hatching eggs and healthy chick rate by 4.4%and 5.2%,and improved the concentrations of testosterone(T),follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)and luteinizing hormone(LH)in breeder cocks by 60.8%,32.3%and 61.4%,respectively.Statistical analysis showed that the results were significantly different.[Conclusion]Addition of chestnut bee pollen at certain concentration can improve the reproductive performance of breeder cocks and breeder hens,and improve the body immunity.
文摘A study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary digestible amino acids of feedstuffs and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen on broiler breeder performance in 50 weeks to 64 weeks of age. 140 females and 20 males broiler breeders in 4 treatments with 5 replicates （7 females with a male） were used in the form of a completely randomized trial design 2 ~ 2 factorial. Four experimental diets were formulation based on two factors, first factor was included, two types of Apparent and True Metabolizable Energy corrected for Nitrogen （AMEn and TMEn） and the second factor was included, two types of Total Amino Acids （TAA） and Digestible （DAA） of feedstuffs. The result showed that egg weight, egg production （%） and egg mass （g/hen/day） was significantly different which was affected by diets formulation based on energy and interaction between energy and amino acids （P 〈 0.01）. Treatment 2 （AMEn ＋ DAA） was at the highest level significantly different （P 〈 0.01） in egg weight 68.97 g, egg production 62.45%, and egg mass 43. i g/hen/day. Hatching eggs were significantly different which was affected by diet formulation based on amino acids. Fertility, hatchability and number of chicks per hen were significant different, that were affected by diet formulation based on energy （P 〈 0.05）. Interaction between two factors, were significantly different in two reproductive traits fertility and hatchability （P 〈 0.05）. This experiment showed that diet formulation based on AMEn and DAA for broiler breeder was better and significant on performance.
文摘Mycoplasma synoviae （MS） is an economically important pathogenic agent of chickens, causing air sacculitis and synovitis. The diagnosis and monitoring of M. synoviae infection is usually made using serological assays, while confirmative diagnosis is made by isolation and identifcation of the organism, because of the cross reaction between M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae. This study was conducted from 2011 to 2013 during which l l broiler breeder flocks were sampled. These farms were located in all regions of morocco, The sampling was conducted as follows： Farms were visited on day one old chicks ＂day of importation from Europe＂. 20 to 60 ＂chicks＂ were randomly sampled. At the age of 8, 16, 32 and 56 weeks, 60 blood samples and 60 tracheal swabs were collected at each sampling. The serological screening was performed using Rapid Slide Agglutination （RSA） according the OIE protocol and Indirect EL1SA （IDEXX） according the manufacturer＇s instructions. The molecular diagnosis was performed using a commercial kit of a duplex real time PCR （Life Biotechnology）. The results revealed that one day old chicks were negative to MS by RSA and PCR, however they have a variable stock of maternal antibodies （Ig-Y） detected by iELISA. The seroprevalence found by RSA is variable and increase with the age （Sth week： 55%, 16th week： 91%, 32tb and 56th week： 100%）, the same profile was traced by PCR （Sth week： 36%, 16th week： 64%, 32th week： 82%, 56th week： 100%）, however, all farms were positive by iELISA, from the first day to 56th weeks. These results show that MS infections are very frequent and very widespread among poultry breeder flocks, and showed a perfect agreement between serological tests and Real time PCR starting from 32th week of age.
文摘Salmonella is a ubiquitous pathogen which, in addition to causing poultry diseases, has a growing zoonotic impact. It has demanded the implementation of diverse control strategies, in which vaccines play a major role. The understanding of the immune pathways elicited by the different vaccines is important, contributing for the establishment of strong immune correlates of protection, for instance. With the purpose of determining the dynamics of the humoral and cellular immune responses to vaccination, broiler breeders (Cobb Slow) were immunized with live or inactivated vaccines against Salmonella Enteritidis. Lymphocyte and macrophage subsets were analyzed in the peripheral blood by flow cytometry and antigen-specific circulating IgY and mucosal IgA were quantified. The markers analyzed by flow cytometry were CD8/CD28, CD4/TCRVβ1, Kul/ MHC II and Bu-1. Both live and inactivated vaccines induced an increase in the proportion of circulating monocytes (Kul+MHCII+) in some time points compared to non-vaccinated controls. However, whereas the live vaccine leads to an increase in CD8-CD28+ and Bu-1+ lymphocytescompared to the control group, the inactivated vaccine prompteda reduction in the percentage of severalleucocyte subsets (Kul-MHCII+, Bu-1+, CD8+CD28+, CD8-CD28+, CD4+TCRVβ1-, CD4+TCRVβ1+, CD4-TCRVβ1+) after the boost dose. Both vaccines induced specific serum IgY and mucosal IgA production;however, the inactivated vaccine stimulated higher titers in a shorter period. These results contribute to the understanding of mechanisms of action of live and inactivated Salmonella vaccines in chickens.
文摘Two hundred and sixty four broiler breeder hens of 32 weeks of age were distributed randomly in four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were T0: Broiler breeder ration containing 40 ppm zinc (basal 29.8 ppm + 10.2 ppm inorganic zinc), T1: T0 + organic zinc (zinc methionine) @ 20 ppm, T2: T0 + organic zinc @ 40 ppm and T3: T0 + organic zinc @ 60 ppm. The experiment was continued from 32 to 48 weeks of age. At 48 weeks, the weight of lymphoid organs, zinc levels in organs and immunity response were determined. The faecal zinc level was determined at monthly interval. The weight lymphoid organs of different treatment groups (both organic and inorganic zinc fed groups) of the broiler breeders did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). The cellular immune response of breeder birds to PHA-P was significantly (P 0.05) higher in group T3 than the rest of treated groups. The antibody titre to SRBC differed among the treated groups. The zinc content of serum of broiler breeders of all the groups did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) in all the periods of study. Zinc content in liver and tibia of broiler breeders in different dietary treatments of zinc differed significantly (P 0.05) with higher levels were obtained on increasing zinc concentration in the diet. The zinc level in the spleen and kidney of the broiler breeders in different dietary treatments did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). The average zinc content in the faeces of broiler breeder during 35 to 43 week of age did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among the treated groups. At 48 weeks of age, zinc content of the faeces of T3 was found to be significantly (P 0.05) higher than the rest of treated groups. Similarly, during the overall experimental period analysis, it was found that zinc levels in the faeces of T2 and T3 were significantly (P 0.05) higher than T1 and T0.
文摘The effects of supplementing a blend of organic acids (OA) and a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) based-probiotic on egg to chick weight loss (%) and Salmonella spp. recovery counts in the litter of commercial broiler breeders were examined in three independent trials during the years 2013, 2014 and 2015. In each trial, ten thousand birds were divided into two groups of 5000 birds (4500 females and 500 males in each group): Control non-treated group, receiving regular water or treated group, receiving OA and probiotic in the drinking water from 25 to 35 weeks of age. During the ten weeks of evaluation, one thousand fertile eggs or hatched chickens in each trial respectively, were evaluated to obtained, hatching set weight, transferred egg weight, and hatching chick weight, to estimate the difference between egg to chick weight loss (%). Besides, in trial 2 (2014) and trial 3 (2015), litter samples were collected to evaluate Salmonella spp. counts. The supplementation of OA and probiotic during ten consecutive weeks significantly decreased the egg to chick weight loss (%) when compared with the control non-treated groups in all three trials evaluated. Interestingly, at the end of the trials 2 and 3, no counts of Salmonella spp. in the litter were detected. In contrast, control-non treated groups resulted in 4.30 and 4.24 Log10 of Salmonella spp. in trials two and three respectively. The results of the present study suggest that supplementation of OA and a LAB-probiotic for ten consecutive weeks decrease the egg to chick weight loss (%) and reduce Salmonella spp. counts in the litter of commercial broiler breeders. Higher initial body weight in broiler chickens and reduction of Salmonella spp., clearly justify the use of the combination of these products, as alternatives to antibiotics.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD1300404)the China Agriculture Research System program(CARS-40 and CARS-41)+1 种基金the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(NO.6222036)the Meat Chicken Science and Technology Backyard Program in Dongchengfang Town,Zhuozhou,Hebei Province,China(CAUZ2024013).
文摘This study aimed to compare the effects of dietary methionine(Met)and 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoate(HMTBA)on the eggshell quality of broiler breeder hens and elucidate the mechanism of Met in improving eggshell quality from the perspectives of eggshell microstructure and shell gland physiological function.A total of 720 WOD188 broiler breeder hens at 40 weeks old were assigned to 3 groups,with 8 replicates per group and 30 birds per replicate.Over 7 weeks,birds were fed a basal diet or the same diet supplemented with 0.15%Met or 0.17%HMTBA.Our findings revealed significant improvements in the Met group for egg shape index,shell thickness,breaking strength,and fracture toughness(P<0.05),whereas the HMTBA group showed no significant improvements(P>0.05).Met supplementation increased calcium and phosphorus levels in both serum and shell gland tissue(P<0.05),and enhanced Ca^(2+) ATPase activity in shell gland tissue(P<0.05).Histomorphological changes cluded enhanced mucosal fold dimensions and increased epithelial height in the shell gland(P<0.05).Met also improved eggshell ultrastructure,resulting in a thicker effective layer and broader mammillae with fewer type B structures(P<0.05).The mRNA levels for genes regulating eggshell ultrastructure,such as ovocleidin-116(OC-116),calbindin 1(CALB1),and integral membrane protein 2C(ITM2C),were significantly upregulated in the Met group(P<0.05).Transcriptome analysis identified 248 differentially upregulated genes in the Met group,primarily linked to the non-canonical Wnt/Ca^(2+) signaling pathway,crucial for calcium ion transport and cellular proliferation.This research highlights that Met supplementation improves eggshell quality by enhancing calcium transport and cellular proliferation in uterine function,particularly through the modulation of Wnt family member 11(WNT11)and CALB1,influencing calcium deposition and ultrastructural development.
文摘The objective of the present work is characterizing some parameters in the lay phase in the lines of heavy broilers breeder Cobb Avian 48, Arbor Acres Plus and Ross 208, reared under the same commercial conditions in the tropics. Monitored three batches of approximately 18,000 females each （one for each genetic type）, from weeks 24 to 64, according to the conditions of handling and power described by the generic lines distribution companies. Although no differences were found for feed intake, Cobb Avian was presented a lower rate of feed conversion, being also that presented the highest percentage of implementation and production of incubables eggs, which meant that it was in line with the highest cumulative production of chickens by bird and week for tropical conditions studied. To adjust the lay data to a Gorssman model, in order to predict the parameters that characterize the lay modeling, estimated the best behavior for Cobb Avian 48 females, because while it takes more time to reach the level of putting constant （5.30 weeks） and maintain it for less time （2.4 weeks）, they manage to put constant high （79.11%） level, considering that the largest number of eggs per bird （171.19 vs. 164.54 and 160.11 in Arbor Acres and Ross 208, respectively）.
