In response to the rise of the energy storage industries such as new energy vehicles and the wide application of lithium in various fields worldwide,the global demand for lithium resources has been in explosive growth...In response to the rise of the energy storage industries such as new energy vehicles and the wide application of lithium in various fields worldwide,the global demand for lithium resources has been in explosive growth.In order to further comprehensively understand the global supply and demand pattern,development and utilization status,genesis of ore deposits and other characteristics of lithium resources,based on the achievements of many researchers at home and abroad,this paper systematically summarized the lithium supply and demand situation,resource endowment,deposit classification and distribution,typical geological characteristics,metallogenic factors and metallogenic regularity of terrestrial brine-type lithium deposits which are the main types of development and utilization all over the world.The review shows that brine-type lithium resource and(or)reserves in the plateau salt lakes are huge and play an important role.In addition,the mineralization potential of the underground brine-type lithium deposit is broad worldwide.The potential resources of underground brines are enormous,and the geothermal spring water type is also worthy of attention.Brine lithium deposits are mainly controlled by the subduction and collision of regional plate tectonics,arid climate and provenance conditions.Strengthening of the scientific research on underground brines in the future is expected to provide another significant support for the global demand for lithium resources.展开更多
Seawater desalination has been considered an important solution for water scarcity in coastal areas.Morocco,with its 3,500 km long coastline,has seen significant growth in population and industrial activities in recen...Seawater desalination has been considered an important solution for water scarcity in coastal areas.Morocco,with its 3,500 km long coastline,has seen significant growth in population and industrial activities in recent years.The dams that supply water to most regions of Morocco have faced periods of drought.This led the government to start a large-scale seawater desalination project that shall produce over 2 MM m^(3)/year.The most common environmental impact associated with desalination plants is the high concentration brine discharge which can alter the physical,chemical,and biological properties of the receiving water body,In fact,the increasing number of desalination plants along the coastline amplifies the potential risks that brine discharges pose to marine ecosystems.This highlights the critical need for regulations to manage pollutant concentrations in water,both at the discharge point(Effluent Standards-ES)and in the receiving environment(Ambient Standards-AS).Law 36-15,in its Article 72,grants any natural or legal person,whether public or private,the right to carry out seawater desalination to meet their own water needs or those of other users,in accordance with current legislation and regulations.However,the definition of regulations concerning marine environmental aspects and the substantial limits for discharges has not yet been specified.Indeed,these regulations will need to be developed with due consideration for the local biodiversity.These regulations should also take into account the technical criteria required to determine the compliance point and define the boundaries of the brine discharge impact zone.展开更多
Microplastics(MPs)are one of the most concerning pollutants that affects the health and growth of aquatic organisms.We characterized the MPs dispersion in the milli-Q water and seawater,and evaluated the effects of MP...Microplastics(MPs)are one of the most concerning pollutants that affects the health and growth of aquatic organisms.We characterized the MPs dispersion in the milli-Q water and seawater,and evaluated the effects of MPs on the gut epithelial cells of brine shrimp using three sizes of polystyrene(PS)microbeads(0.05,0.5,and 5μm,respectively).Results show that microbeads evenly dispersed in milli-Q water,but exhibited aggregation tendency in seawater associating with the particle size.Apart from a reduced survival rate,we observed the structure changes in the gut epithelium that the smaller size of PS microbeads resulted in an increased reactive oxygen species(ROS)and higher apoptosis-related genes expression.Moreover,exposure to all size of PS microbeads led to increased green fluorescence of J-monomer,indicating the declined mitochondrial membrane potential.Therefore,exposure to PS microbeads led to significantly size-dependent toxicity on brine shrimp.Especially,0.05-μm PS microbeads were more toxic,leading to severe oxidative stress and activation of the p53-Bax-Bcl2 pathway,ultimately resulting in cellular apoptosis and gut damage.These findings are important to understand the mechanism of MPs toxicity and its potential ecological risks to marine aquatic animals.展开更多
As shallow salt lake resources are increasingly exploited,deep confined brine has become a strategic alternative due to its widespread distribution and significant reserve potential.However,unfavorable reservoir chara...As shallow salt lake resources are increasingly exploited,deep confined brine has become a strategic alternative due to its widespread distribution and significant reserve potential.However,unfavorable reservoir characteristics,particularly low permeability and poor recovery efficiency,have historically rendered these deposits uneconomic,restricting their utilization.Taking the Mahai Salt Lake in the Qaidam Basin as a representative case,this study investigates the structural controls on brine enrichment through an integrated approach.Previous long-term metallogenic studies and exploration data indicate occurrences of an extensional fault zone favorable for brine accumulation.Therefore,we applied InSAR deformation analysis to assess coseismic and postseismic surface responses.Combined with radon-222 emanation mapping,our findings reveal a strong spatial correlation between high-productivity brine boreholes and active fault systems.The existence of active faults enhance brine migration and storage,provided that the target reservoirs have substantial halite thickness and maintain relatively low clay-silt content.展开更多
Hydrochemistry of underground brines along south coast of Laizhou Bay, Shandong, China has been analyzed. Brine samples were collected from 43 wells in this area. It was considered that the brines were originated from...Hydrochemistry of underground brines along south coast of Laizhou Bay, Shandong, China has been analyzed. Brine samples were collected from 43 wells in this area. It was considered that the brines were originated from seawater. However, whether they were formed by seawater evaporation or seawater freezing was not fully sure. We created a simple method by plotting Na/Cl vs. seawater concen-tration factor (SCF) and Ca/Mg vs. SCF to determine the brine formation geochemically. Comparison of our results to previous seawater freezing and evaporation experiments indicated that the brines were formed by seawater evaporation. The ratios of HCO3/Cl of some low salinity brines in the study area were relatively higher, indicating that the brines may have mixed with other waters after the generation. The Br/Cl ratios of the brines decreased annually in the past 20 to 30 years of exploitation, indicating down-ward permeation of the brine from which bromine was extracted.展开更多
The residues of salt lake brine from which potassium had been removed were used to extract Rb＋ and Cs＋ together with a sulphonated kerosene（SK） solution of 1.0 mol/L 4-tert-butyl-2-（α-methylbenzyl） phenol（t-BA...The residues of salt lake brine from which potassium had been removed were used to extract Rb＋ and Cs＋ together with a sulphonated kerosene（SK） solution of 1.0 mol/L 4-tert-butyl-2-（α-methylbenzyl） phenol（t-BAMBP）. Rb＋ and Cs＋ were enriched and separated effectively by precipitating Mg2＋ before extraction and by scrubbing out K＋ and Na＋ repeatedly before stripping. The effects of the volume ratio of organic phase to aqueous extraction phase（O/A）, alkalinity of aqueous phase（c（OH）-）, interference from K＋ and Mg2＋, and ratio the volume of organic phase to aqueous scrubbing phase（O/A′） were investigated. The experimental brine was extracted optimally by 5-stage extraction with 1.0 mol/L t-BAMBP in SK, c（OH-）=1 mol/L, and O/A=1：1. The scrubbing yield of rubidium was only about 10.5% when the extraction solvent was washed 3 times with 1×10-4 mol/L Na OH at O/A′=1：0.5. After 5-stage countercurrent extraction, the final extraction yields of Rb＋ and Cs＋ reached 95.04% and 99.80%, respectively.展开更多
Salt lake brine was reacted with activated aluminum-based alloys and lithium was precipitated.The effects of aluminum-based alloys on precipitating lithium were investigated and the reasonable alloy used to extract li...Salt lake brine was reacted with activated aluminum-based alloys and lithium was precipitated.The effects of aluminum-based alloys on precipitating lithium were investigated and the reasonable alloy used to extract lithium from brine was obtained.The effects of the mole ratio of Al to Li and Ca content of Al-Ca alloy,the initial concentration of lithiumion ion in solution,reaction temperature and reaction time on the adsorption rate of lithium were studied,and the optimized process parameters were determined.The results show that the mole ratio of Al to Li and Ca content of Al-Ca alloy and reaction temperature have great influences on the precipitation rate of lithium.The precipitation rate of lithium reaches 94.6% under the optimal condition,indicating that Al-Ca alloy is suitable for the extraction of lithium from salt lake brine.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to screen an Na＋/H＋ antiporter gene from the halophiles colonizing in the Dagong Ancient Brine Well in Zigong City, China, and then analyze the gene structure and properties of the prote...[Objective] This study aimed to screen an Na＋/H＋ antiporter gene from the halophiles colonizing in the Dagong Ancient Brine Well in Zigong City, China, and then analyze the gene structure and properties of the protein encoded by this gene. [Method] Metagenomic DNA libraries of halophiles from the Dagong Ancient Brine Well were used for screening genes with Na＋/H＋ antiporter activity in antiporter-defi- cient E. coil KNabc strain by functional complementation. Then the start codon, stop codon, ORF, -35 region, -10 region and SD sequence of Na~/H＋ antiporter gene, as well as the molecular weight, isoelectric point, hydrophobic region, transmembrane domain, phyletic evolution and salt resistance of protein encoded by the gene were investigated. [Result] A new Na＋/H＋ antiporter gene m-nha was obtained, which ,ren- dered the antiporter-negative mutant E. coil KNabc cells with both the resistance to Na＋ and the ability to grow under alkaline conditions. [Conclusion] The structure and amino acid sequence of M-Nha was different from the previously reported Na＋/H~ antiporters, and the m-nha gene disclosed from the Dagong Ancient Brine Well was identified as a novel Na＋/H＋ antiporter gene. This study was significant not only in helping us understand the salt tolerance of halophiles in ancient brine wells and develop and utilize the genes resource, but also in exploring new salt-tolerant genes.展开更多
1 Introduction There are numerous salt lakes in western China(Zheng Mianping,et al.,2011).Yiliping playa on the western Qaidam Basin is a magnesium sulfate subtype dry salt lake with high concentrations of potassium,b...1 Introduction There are numerous salt lakes in western China(Zheng Mianping,et al.,2011).Yiliping playa on the western Qaidam Basin is a magnesium sulfate subtype dry salt lake with high concentrations of potassium,boron and lithium.展开更多
[ Objective ] The paper was to study the effect of sea brine on the growth of Fusarium graminearum. [ Method] The inhibition rate of sea brine against F. gram/nearum was measured using mycelial growth rate method. The...[ Objective ] The paper was to study the effect of sea brine on the growth of Fusarium graminearum. [ Method] The inhibition rate of sea brine against F. gram/nearum was measured using mycelial growth rate method. The inhibition effect of sea brine against infection of F. gram/nearum on maize was measured through leaf culture method in vitro. [Result] With the decrease of sea brine concentration, its inhibition against F. gram/nearum had no remarkable regulation, which first decreased, then increased, and finally decreased. It had the best inhibition effect as the concentration was 0.005 0% with the inhibition rate of 31.2%. 0.050 0% sea brine had the best inhibition effect against the infection of F. graminearum with the inhibition rate of 44.3%. [ Conclusion] The results provided theoretical basis for the application of sea brine in the aspects of plant diseases and vests control展开更多
Li brines are the primary resources for Li salt industries.Evaporation is necessary to concentrate Li due to its low level of concentration in raw brines.The salt sequences during the evaporation of Li brines,especial...Li brines are the primary resources for Li salt industries.Evaporation is necessary to concentrate Li due to its low level of concentration in raw brines.The salt sequences during the evaporation of Li brines,especially the behavior of Li salts,represent key data for solar technologies.However,chemists cannot use any phase diagram to estimate Li salt sequences during evaporation at 25℃.The thermodynamic model proposed by us in 2003 represents the only tool for the prediction of equilibrium conditions during the evaporation of solutions containing Li^+,Na^+,K^+,Mg^2+/Cl^-,SO4^2-,and-H2O components at 25℃.In this paper,the predicted salt sequences of 20 brines are reported.The results indicate that (1) the first crystallized Li salt during evaporation of Li brine varies in brine composition;(2) lithium sulfate is crystallized in many cases initially for brines of magnesium sulfate subtype,while Db4 (Li2SO4 ·K2SO4 ) or Db3 (2Li2SO4 ·Na2SO4 ·K2SO4 ) appears first for sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate subtypes with lower Mg/Li composition,and the final eutectic point is H+LiC+Lc+Ls+Car;(3) the final eutectic point is H+LiC+Lc+Car for brines of chloride type;and (4) Li content corresponding to the first crystallized Li salt is in the range of 0.43%-1%.These findings enhance our knowledge of Li chemistry and provide insights into solar pond technology of the Li-brine process.展开更多
Mixing brine method,which founded on the commonion effect,is widely used for low-sodium carnallite production.Compared with traditional carnallite preparation techniques,the mixing brine method possess a
The Mengyejing potash deposit is located in the southern port of the Simao Basin, Yunnan Province, and is hosted in mid-Cretaceous strata. The chemical compositions of fluid inclusions in halite crystals, collected fr...The Mengyejing potash deposit is located in the southern port of the Simao Basin, Yunnan Province, and is hosted in mid-Cretaceous strata. The chemical compositions of fluid inclusions in halite crystals, collected from the level-610 adit in the deposit, were analysed by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（LA-ICP-MS）. The results show that the brine is of the Na-K-Mg-Ca-Cl type and has K concentrations that are distinctly higher than those of Mg and Ca, unlike normal brines associated with Cretaceous halite. The high K concentrations indicate that the degree of evaporation of the ancient Mengyejing saline lake was very high, reaching the sylvite deposition stage but rarely reaching the carnallite deposition stage. The trajectory of the H and O isotopic compositions of the brines in the halite-hosted fluid inclusions corresponds to intense evaporation, indicating that the net evaporation exceeded the net inflow of brines. These brine compositions in halite-hosted fluid inclusions were likely formed by the dissolution of previously deposited K-bearing minerals by fresh continental and/or seawater, forming a type of modified seawater, with deep hydrothermal fluids potentially supplying additional potassium. The basin likely experienced multiple seawater incursion, dissolution and redeposition events in a high-temperature environment with high evaporation rates.展开更多
The extraction of lithium from salt lake brine in the Chinese Qaidam Basin is challenging due to its high Mg/Li and Na/Li ratios. Herein, we utilized a reaction-coupled separation technology to separate sodium and lit...The extraction of lithium from salt lake brine in the Chinese Qaidam Basin is challenging due to its high Mg/Li and Na/Li ratios. Herein, we utilized a reaction-coupled separation technology to separate sodium and lithium ions from a high Na/Li ratio brine(Na/Li = 48.7, w/w) and extracted lithium with Li Al-layered double hydroxides(Li Al-LDHs). The Li Al-LDHs act as lithium-ion-selective capturing materials from multication brines. That is, the lithium ions selectively enter the solid phase to form Li Al-LDHs, and the sodium ions are still retained in the liquid phase. This is because the lithium ions can be incorporated into the structural vacancies of LiAl-LDHs, whereas the sodium ions cannot. The effects of reaction conditions on lithium loss and separation efficiency were investigated at both the nucleation and the crystallization stage, e.g., the nucleation rotating speed, the Li/Al molar ratio, the crystallization temperature and time, and co-existing cations. The lithium loss is as low as 3.93% under optimal separation conditions.The sodium ions remained in the solution. Consequently, an excellent Na/Li separation efficiency was achieved by this reaction-coupled separation technology. These findings confirm that LiAl-LDHs play a critical function in selectively capturing lithium ions from brines with a high Na/Li ratio, which is useful for the extraction of lithium ions from the abundant salt lake brine resources in China.展开更多
We studied the effect of pH （pH 5, 6, 7 and 8） on the hatching percentage, survival and reproduction of Artemia strains in Bohai Bay salt ponds. Strains included parthenogenetic Artemia from Bohai Bay （BHB）, Artem...We studied the effect of pH （pH 5, 6, 7 and 8） on the hatching percentage, survival and reproduction of Artemia strains in Bohai Bay salt ponds. Strains included parthenogenetic Artemia from Bohai Bay （BHB）, Artemiafranciscana from San Francisco Bay, and A. franciscana artificially produced in salt ponds in Vietnam. The latter was included as a potential inoculum for biological management of salt ponds. The hatching percentage of cysts after 24 h and the survival rate of the tested Artemia strains were significantly reduced when exposed to a culture medium at pH 5 for 18 d （P〈0.05）. The tolerance of Artemia to 48 h acid exposure varied with developmental stage, increasing in the following order： juvenile, nauplii, pre-adult, with maximum tolerance in adults. All strains of Artemia tested could not reproduce at pH 5. At pH levels from pH 6-8, a higher pH generally resulted in a shorter brood interval and enhanced ovoviviparity. Hence, we suggest that brine acidification has a negative impact on Artemia populations in the Bohai Bay saltworks. Inoculation of Artemia with either local parthenogenetic Artemia or exotic A. franeiscana should be feasible at pH 7-8.展开更多
The comprehensive utilization and environment-friendliness of processes for recovering fresh water or valuable salt from seawater, salt-lakes, or mineral deposits are of utmost importance for sustainable development.O...The comprehensive utilization and environment-friendliness of processes for recovering fresh water or valuable salt from seawater, salt-lakes, or mineral deposits are of utmost importance for sustainable development.One primitive sustainable process for recovering salt from sodium-sulfate-type brine in Yuncheng salt lake had been considered one of the greatest inventions of ancient China, however, the replaced process of mass extraction of single Na_2SO_4 in recent years, has reduced a large amount of residual brine.In this research, relying on the salt-forming diagram in the non-equilibrium state, the technical secrets of ancient salt processes were uncovered, and a new comprehensive utilization system was proposed and tested experimentally.The new system includes a vacuum salt-making process and a normal pressure kieserite process, which can gradually eliminate the existed waste liquid and aid in the sustainable development of the Yuncheng salt-lake.The continuous experiment of salt-making process running stably in the double salt region without double salt formation, which proves the feasibility of salt-forming diagram applied in industrial process.Thus salt-forming diagram would be extremely valuable to industry process design and control, especially, the treatment of concentrated brine.展开更多
基金This study was jointly supported by Central Welfare Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses(KK2005,YYWF201607)the project of the industrial leading talant of Wuhan municipality of Hubei Province,the Editor of China Geology,Rui-qin Li,and many thanks for a nice review by anonymous reviewers.
文摘In response to the rise of the energy storage industries such as new energy vehicles and the wide application of lithium in various fields worldwide,the global demand for lithium resources has been in explosive growth.In order to further comprehensively understand the global supply and demand pattern,development and utilization status,genesis of ore deposits and other characteristics of lithium resources,based on the achievements of many researchers at home and abroad,this paper systematically summarized the lithium supply and demand situation,resource endowment,deposit classification and distribution,typical geological characteristics,metallogenic factors and metallogenic regularity of terrestrial brine-type lithium deposits which are the main types of development and utilization all over the world.The review shows that brine-type lithium resource and(or)reserves in the plateau salt lakes are huge and play an important role.In addition,the mineralization potential of the underground brine-type lithium deposit is broad worldwide.The potential resources of underground brines are enormous,and the geothermal spring water type is also worthy of attention.Brine lithium deposits are mainly controlled by the subduction and collision of regional plate tectonics,arid climate and provenance conditions.Strengthening of the scientific research on underground brines in the future is expected to provide another significant support for the global demand for lithium resources.
文摘Seawater desalination has been considered an important solution for water scarcity in coastal areas.Morocco,with its 3,500 km long coastline,has seen significant growth in population and industrial activities in recent years.The dams that supply water to most regions of Morocco have faced periods of drought.This led the government to start a large-scale seawater desalination project that shall produce over 2 MM m^(3)/year.The most common environmental impact associated with desalination plants is the high concentration brine discharge which can alter the physical,chemical,and biological properties of the receiving water body,In fact,the increasing number of desalination plants along the coastline amplifies the potential risks that brine discharges pose to marine ecosystems.This highlights the critical need for regulations to manage pollutant concentrations in water,both at the discharge point(Effluent Standards-ES)and in the receiving environment(Ambient Standards-AS).Law 36-15,in its Article 72,grants any natural or legal person,whether public or private,the right to carry out seawater desalination to meet their own water needs or those of other users,in accordance with current legislation and regulations.However,the definition of regulations concerning marine environmental aspects and the substantial limits for discharges has not yet been specified.Indeed,these regulations will need to be developed with due consideration for the local biodiversity.These regulations should also take into account the technical criteria required to determine the compliance point and define the boundaries of the brine discharge impact zone.
基金Supported by the Program of Sustainable Development and Protection of Artemia Resources in Yuncheng Salt Lake of China(No.YHYJ-2023005)。
文摘Microplastics(MPs)are one of the most concerning pollutants that affects the health and growth of aquatic organisms.We characterized the MPs dispersion in the milli-Q water and seawater,and evaluated the effects of MPs on the gut epithelial cells of brine shrimp using three sizes of polystyrene(PS)microbeads(0.05,0.5,and 5μm,respectively).Results show that microbeads evenly dispersed in milli-Q water,but exhibited aggregation tendency in seawater associating with the particle size.Apart from a reduced survival rate,we observed the structure changes in the gut epithelium that the smaller size of PS microbeads resulted in an increased reactive oxygen species(ROS)and higher apoptosis-related genes expression.Moreover,exposure to all size of PS microbeads led to increased green fluorescence of J-monomer,indicating the declined mitochondrial membrane potential.Therefore,exposure to PS microbeads led to significantly size-dependent toxicity on brine shrimp.Especially,0.05-μm PS microbeads were more toxic,leading to severe oxidative stress and activation of the p53-Bax-Bcl2 pathway,ultimately resulting in cellular apoptosis and gut damage.These findings are important to understand the mechanism of MPs toxicity and its potential ecological risks to marine aquatic animals.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program Projects(2023YFC2906502 and 2018YFC0604801)。
文摘As shallow salt lake resources are increasingly exploited,deep confined brine has become a strategic alternative due to its widespread distribution and significant reserve potential.However,unfavorable reservoir characteristics,particularly low permeability and poor recovery efficiency,have historically rendered these deposits uneconomic,restricting their utilization.Taking the Mahai Salt Lake in the Qaidam Basin as a representative case,this study investigates the structural controls on brine enrichment through an integrated approach.Previous long-term metallogenic studies and exploration data indicate occurrences of an extensional fault zone favorable for brine accumulation.Therefore,we applied InSAR deformation analysis to assess coseismic and postseismic surface responses.Combined with radon-222 emanation mapping,our findings reveal a strong spatial correlation between high-productivity brine boreholes and active fault systems.The existence of active faults enhance brine migration and storage,provided that the target reservoirs have substantial halite thickness and maintain relatively low clay-silt content.
基金Supported by NSFC (No. 40276026), and the Key Science and Tech-nology Plan of The Ministry of Education of China ([2000]156-00079)
文摘Hydrochemistry of underground brines along south coast of Laizhou Bay, Shandong, China has been analyzed. Brine samples were collected from 43 wells in this area. It was considered that the brines were originated from seawater. However, whether they were formed by seawater evaporation or seawater freezing was not fully sure. We created a simple method by plotting Na/Cl vs. seawater concen-tration factor (SCF) and Ca/Mg vs. SCF to determine the brine formation geochemically. Comparison of our results to previous seawater freezing and evaporation experiments indicated that the brines were formed by seawater evaporation. The ratios of HCO3/Cl of some low salinity brines in the study area were relatively higher, indicating that the brines may have mixed with other waters after the generation. The Br/Cl ratios of the brines decreased annually in the past 20 to 30 years of exploitation, indicating down-ward permeation of the brine from which bromine was extracted.
基金Project(20606008)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(11070210)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China
文摘The residues of salt lake brine from which potassium had been removed were used to extract Rb＋ and Cs＋ together with a sulphonated kerosene（SK） solution of 1.0 mol/L 4-tert-butyl-2-（α-methylbenzyl） phenol（t-BAMBP）. Rb＋ and Cs＋ were enriched and separated effectively by precipitating Mg2＋ before extraction and by scrubbing out K＋ and Na＋ repeatedly before stripping. The effects of the volume ratio of organic phase to aqueous extraction phase（O/A）, alkalinity of aqueous phase（c（OH）-）, interference from K＋ and Mg2＋, and ratio the volume of organic phase to aqueous scrubbing phase（O/A′） were investigated. The experimental brine was extracted optimally by 5-stage extraction with 1.0 mol/L t-BAMBP in SK, c（OH-）=1 mol/L, and O/A=1：1. The scrubbing yield of rubidium was only about 10.5% when the extraction solvent was washed 3 times with 1×10-4 mol/L Na OH at O/A′=1：0.5. After 5-stage countercurrent extraction, the final extraction yields of Rb＋ and Cs＋ reached 95.04% and 99.80%, respectively.
基金Project(U1407137)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Salt lake brine was reacted with activated aluminum-based alloys and lithium was precipitated.The effects of aluminum-based alloys on precipitating lithium were investigated and the reasonable alloy used to extract lithium from brine was obtained.The effects of the mole ratio of Al to Li and Ca content of Al-Ca alloy,the initial concentration of lithiumion ion in solution,reaction temperature and reaction time on the adsorption rate of lithium were studied,and the optimized process parameters were determined.The results show that the mole ratio of Al to Li and Ca content of Al-Ca alloy and reaction temperature have great influences on the precipitation rate of lithium.The precipitation rate of lithium reaches 94.6% under the optimal condition,indicating that Al-Ca alloy is suitable for the extraction of lithium from salt lake brine.
基金Supported by Chunhui Plan of Ministry of Education(Z2010101)Open Fund of Food Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province(SZJJ2009-014)Scientific Research Foundation of Xihua University(000022)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to screen an Na＋/H＋ antiporter gene from the halophiles colonizing in the Dagong Ancient Brine Well in Zigong City, China, and then analyze the gene structure and properties of the protein encoded by this gene. [Method] Metagenomic DNA libraries of halophiles from the Dagong Ancient Brine Well were used for screening genes with Na＋/H＋ antiporter activity in antiporter-defi- cient E. coil KNabc strain by functional complementation. Then the start codon, stop codon, ORF, -35 region, -10 region and SD sequence of Na~/H＋ antiporter gene, as well as the molecular weight, isoelectric point, hydrophobic region, transmembrane domain, phyletic evolution and salt resistance of protein encoded by the gene were investigated. [Result] A new Na＋/H＋ antiporter gene m-nha was obtained, which ,ren- dered the antiporter-negative mutant E. coil KNabc cells with both the resistance to Na＋ and the ability to grow under alkaline conditions. [Conclusion] The structure and amino acid sequence of M-Nha was different from the previously reported Na＋/H~ antiporters, and the m-nha gene disclosed from the Dagong Ancient Brine Well was identified as a novel Na＋/H＋ antiporter gene. This study was significant not only in helping us understand the salt tolerance of halophiles in ancient brine wells and develop and utilize the genes resource, but also in exploring new salt-tolerant genes.
基金Financial support from China Geological Survey (1212011085523)the "Chunhui" project of the Ministry of Education of China
文摘1 Introduction There are numerous salt lakes in western China(Zheng Mianping,et al.,2011).Yiliping playa on the western Qaidam Basin is a magnesium sulfate subtype dry salt lake with high concentrations of potassium,boron and lithium.
基金Supported by Key Projects in Social Development Field of Guangdong Province,Science and Technology Department of Guangdong Province "Green Using Technology of Waste Brine"(A2009011-007(c))~~
文摘[ Objective ] The paper was to study the effect of sea brine on the growth of Fusarium graminearum. [ Method] The inhibition rate of sea brine against F. gram/nearum was measured using mycelial growth rate method. The inhibition effect of sea brine against infection of F. gram/nearum on maize was measured through leaf culture method in vitro. [Result] With the decrease of sea brine concentration, its inhibition against F. gram/nearum had no remarkable regulation, which first decreased, then increased, and finally decreased. It had the best inhibition effect as the concentration was 0.005 0% with the inhibition rate of 31.2%. 0.050 0% sea brine had the best inhibition effect against the infection of F. graminearum with the inhibition rate of 44.3%. [ Conclusion] The results provided theoretical basis for the application of sea brine in the aspects of plant diseases and vests control
基金National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFC0602805)
文摘Li brines are the primary resources for Li salt industries.Evaporation is necessary to concentrate Li due to its low level of concentration in raw brines.The salt sequences during the evaporation of Li brines,especially the behavior of Li salts,represent key data for solar technologies.However,chemists cannot use any phase diagram to estimate Li salt sequences during evaporation at 25℃.The thermodynamic model proposed by us in 2003 represents the only tool for the prediction of equilibrium conditions during the evaporation of solutions containing Li^+,Na^+,K^+,Mg^2+/Cl^-,SO4^2-,and-H2O components at 25℃.In this paper,the predicted salt sequences of 20 brines are reported.The results indicate that (1) the first crystallized Li salt during evaporation of Li brine varies in brine composition;(2) lithium sulfate is crystallized in many cases initially for brines of magnesium sulfate subtype,while Db4 (Li2SO4 ·K2SO4 ) or Db3 (2Li2SO4 ·Na2SO4 ·K2SO4 ) appears first for sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate subtypes with lower Mg/Li composition,and the final eutectic point is H+LiC+Lc+Ls+Car;(3) the final eutectic point is H+LiC+Lc+Car for brines of chloride type;and (4) Li content corresponding to the first crystallized Li salt is in the range of 0.43%-1%.These findings enhance our knowledge of Li chemistry and provide insights into solar pond technology of the Li-brine process.
基金Project supported by the Sichuan Youth Science and Technology Innovation Research Team Funding Scheme(2013TD0005)Innovation Team of CDUT(KYTD201405)
文摘Mixing brine method,which founded on the commonion effect,is widely used for low-sodium carnallite production.Compared with traditional carnallite preparation techniques,the mixing brine method possess a
基金supported by the Basic Research Project for the Central Public Welfare Scientific Institutions of China (No.K1405)the National Key Project for Basic Research of China (No.2011CB403007)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41572067)
文摘The Mengyejing potash deposit is located in the southern port of the Simao Basin, Yunnan Province, and is hosted in mid-Cretaceous strata. The chemical compositions of fluid inclusions in halite crystals, collected from the level-610 adit in the deposit, were analysed by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（LA-ICP-MS）. The results show that the brine is of the Na-K-Mg-Ca-Cl type and has K concentrations that are distinctly higher than those of Mg and Ca, unlike normal brines associated with Cretaceous halite. The high K concentrations indicate that the degree of evaporation of the ancient Mengyejing saline lake was very high, reaching the sylvite deposition stage but rarely reaching the carnallite deposition stage. The trajectory of the H and O isotopic compositions of the brines in the halite-hosted fluid inclusions corresponds to intense evaporation, indicating that the net evaporation exceeded the net inflow of brines. These brine compositions in halite-hosted fluid inclusions were likely formed by the dissolution of previously deposited K-bearing minerals by fresh continental and/or seawater, forming a type of modified seawater, with deep hydrothermal fluids potentially supplying additional potassium. The basin likely experienced multiple seawater incursion, dissolution and redeposition events in a high-temperature environment with high evaporation rates.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant U1507202, U1707603)the Innovative Research Groups of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 21521005)the Key R&D Program of Qinghai Province (Grant 2017-GX-144)
文摘The extraction of lithium from salt lake brine in the Chinese Qaidam Basin is challenging due to its high Mg/Li and Na/Li ratios. Herein, we utilized a reaction-coupled separation technology to separate sodium and lithium ions from a high Na/Li ratio brine(Na/Li = 48.7, w/w) and extracted lithium with Li Al-layered double hydroxides(Li Al-LDHs). The Li Al-LDHs act as lithium-ion-selective capturing materials from multication brines. That is, the lithium ions selectively enter the solid phase to form Li Al-LDHs, and the sodium ions are still retained in the liquid phase. This is because the lithium ions can be incorporated into the structural vacancies of LiAl-LDHs, whereas the sodium ions cannot. The effects of reaction conditions on lithium loss and separation efficiency were investigated at both the nucleation and the crystallization stage, e.g., the nucleation rotating speed, the Li/Al molar ratio, the crystallization temperature and time, and co-existing cations. The lithium loss is as low as 3.93% under optimal separation conditions.The sodium ions remained in the solution. Consequently, an excellent Na/Li separation efficiency was achieved by this reaction-coupled separation technology. These findings confirm that LiAl-LDHs play a critical function in selectively capturing lithium ions from brines with a high Na/Li ratio, which is useful for the extraction of lithium ions from the abundant salt lake brine resources in China.
基金Supported by the International Cooperation Research Program of the Ministry of Science&Technology of China(No.2010DFA32300)the Pilot Project for International Cooperation"Aquaculture in Hebei and Shandong Provinces"funded by the Province of East-Flanders,Belgiumthe Nature Science Foundation of Tianjin(No.13JCZDJC28700)
文摘We studied the effect of pH （pH 5, 6, 7 and 8） on the hatching percentage, survival and reproduction of Artemia strains in Bohai Bay salt ponds. Strains included parthenogenetic Artemia from Bohai Bay （BHB）, Artemiafranciscana from San Francisco Bay, and A. franciscana artificially produced in salt ponds in Vietnam. The latter was included as a potential inoculum for biological management of salt ponds. The hatching percentage of cysts after 24 h and the survival rate of the tested Artemia strains were significantly reduced when exposed to a culture medium at pH 5 for 18 d （P〈0.05）. The tolerance of Artemia to 48 h acid exposure varied with developmental stage, increasing in the following order： juvenile, nauplii, pre-adult, with maximum tolerance in adults. All strains of Artemia tested could not reproduce at pH 5. At pH levels from pH 6-8, a higher pH generally resulted in a shorter brood interval and enhanced ovoviviparity. Hence, we suggest that brine acidification has a negative impact on Artemia populations in the Bohai Bay saltworks. Inoculation of Artemia with either local parthenogenetic Artemia or exotic A. franeiscana should be feasible at pH 7-8.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1407204)the Yangtze Scholarsand Research Team in university of Ministry of Education of China(IRT_17R81)+1 种基金the Innovative Research Team of Tianjin Municipal Education Commission(TD12-5004)the Foundation of Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry(201602)
文摘The comprehensive utilization and environment-friendliness of processes for recovering fresh water or valuable salt from seawater, salt-lakes, or mineral deposits are of utmost importance for sustainable development.One primitive sustainable process for recovering salt from sodium-sulfate-type brine in Yuncheng salt lake had been considered one of the greatest inventions of ancient China, however, the replaced process of mass extraction of single Na_2SO_4 in recent years, has reduced a large amount of residual brine.In this research, relying on the salt-forming diagram in the non-equilibrium state, the technical secrets of ancient salt processes were uncovered, and a new comprehensive utilization system was proposed and tested experimentally.The new system includes a vacuum salt-making process and a normal pressure kieserite process, which can gradually eliminate the existed waste liquid and aid in the sustainable development of the Yuncheng salt-lake.The continuous experiment of salt-making process running stably in the double salt region without double salt formation, which proves the feasibility of salt-forming diagram applied in industrial process.Thus salt-forming diagram would be extremely valuable to industry process design and control, especially, the treatment of concentrated brine.
