Road pavements in tunnels are usually made of asphalt mixtures,which,unfortunately,are flammable materials.Hence,this type of pavement could release heat,and more specifically smoke,in the event of a tunnel fire,there...Road pavements in tunnels are usually made of asphalt mixtures,which,unfortunately,are flammable materials.Hence,this type of pavement could release heat,and more specifically smoke,in the event of a tunnel fire,thereby worsening the environmental conditions for human health.Extensive research has been conducted in recent years to enhance the fire reaction of traditional asphalt mixtures for the road pavements used in tunnels.The addition of the Flame Retardants(FRs)in conventional asphalt mixtures appears to be promising.Nevertheless,the potential effects of the FRs in terms of the reduction in consequences on tunnel users in the event of a large fire do not seem to have been sufficiently investigated by using fluid dynamics analysis as a computational tool.Given this gap of knowledge,this article aims to quantitatively evaluate whether the use of flame-retarded asphalt mixtures,as opposed to traditional ones without FRs,might mitigate the adverse effects on the safety of evacuees and fire brigade by performing numerical analyses in the case of a tunnel fire.To achieve this goal,3D Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)models,which were executed using the Fire Dynamics Simulator(FDS)tool,were established in the case of a major fire of a Heavy Goods Vehicle(HGV)characterized by a maximum Heat Release Rate(HRRmax)of 100 MW.The people evacuation process was also simulated,and the Evac tool was used.Compared to the traditional asphalt pavements without FRs,the simulation findings indicated that the addition of the FRs causes a reduction in CO and CO_(2)levels in the tunnel during the aforementioned fire,with a minor number of evacuees being exposed to the risk of incapacity to self-evacuate,as well as certain safety benefits for the operability of the firefighters entering the tunnel downstream of the fire when the tunnel is naturally ventilated.展开更多
This article presents the results of a series of ethnographic observations at the Berlin fire brigade control and dispatch center during routine and severe weather situations.The weather-related challenges of a fire b...This article presents the results of a series of ethnographic observations at the Berlin fire brigade control and dispatch center during routine and severe weather situations.The weather-related challenges of a fire brigade lie between the anticipation of events and their potential consequences,and the ad hoc reactions to actual impacts of weather.The results show that decisions and actions related to high impact weather are not necessarily motivated by weather warnings alone.Instead,they are reactions to the experience of impacts,for example,an increased number of missions or emergency calls.Impacts are the main trigger for the decision making.Weather is one additional external factor that influences the operational capability of a fire brigade.While commanding officers in a fire brigade control and dispatch center experience weather primarily through technical equipment,verified by ground truth,observations showed that direct personal contact with the regional weather service and colleagues on the ground takes on a greater role in actual severe weather situations.The observations point to the need for increased interagency communication between the emergency services,the weather service,and other organizations to integrate weather information,impacts,and non-weather-related tasks into coherent weather-related decision making.展开更多
DEFEND MADRID, an antifascist song composed in 1936 toraise Chinese awareness against fascists invading then Republic of Spain and who invaded China one year later, played once again in the Chinese Revolutionary Museu...DEFEND MADRID, an antifascist song composed in 1936 toraise Chinese awareness against fascists invading then Republic of Spain and who invaded China one year later, played once again in the Chinese Revolutionary Museum in Beijing on 9 October 1996. The song brought participants of the 60th anniversary of the International Brigade back to the days when peaceloving people the world over, despite their differences in nationalities and beliefs, gathered in Spain to fight against the common foe of mankind—fascism. Mr. Cheng Siyuan, Vice President of the Chinese National People’s Congress, Mr. Huang Hua, President of展开更多
Since Israel＇s withdrawal from the Gaza Strip in August 2005, it has already conducted over three wars and a few other operations against Hamas. The last Gaza War lasted 50 days （July 7-August 26, 2014）. This artic...Since Israel＇s withdrawal from the Gaza Strip in August 2005, it has already conducted over three wars and a few other operations against Hamas. The last Gaza War lasted 50 days （July 7-August 26, 2014）. This article shows how this conflict is in actuality a war between Islamic nationalism （represented by Hamas） and Jewish nationalism （represented by Israel）. In this constant state of conflict, Hamas is supported by the famous Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi, a Muslim Brotherhood scholar and the head of the International Union of Muslim Scholars and other well-known Islamic institutions. An analysis of Qaradawi＇s views on the wars in Gaza explains why jihad in Palestine will continue and why there is no possible compromise solution. According to Qaradawi, the war against Israel is the most important type of jihad in the Arab world today （and not in Syria and Iraq）. This is the first and foremost of all Muslim problems and must be supported by all Muslims. The Gaza Strip is only one battlefield in this war.展开更多
文摘Road pavements in tunnels are usually made of asphalt mixtures,which,unfortunately,are flammable materials.Hence,this type of pavement could release heat,and more specifically smoke,in the event of a tunnel fire,thereby worsening the environmental conditions for human health.Extensive research has been conducted in recent years to enhance the fire reaction of traditional asphalt mixtures for the road pavements used in tunnels.The addition of the Flame Retardants(FRs)in conventional asphalt mixtures appears to be promising.Nevertheless,the potential effects of the FRs in terms of the reduction in consequences on tunnel users in the event of a large fire do not seem to have been sufficiently investigated by using fluid dynamics analysis as a computational tool.Given this gap of knowledge,this article aims to quantitatively evaluate whether the use of flame-retarded asphalt mixtures,as opposed to traditional ones without FRs,might mitigate the adverse effects on the safety of evacuees and fire brigade by performing numerical analyses in the case of a tunnel fire.To achieve this goal,3D Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)models,which were executed using the Fire Dynamics Simulator(FDS)tool,were established in the case of a major fire of a Heavy Goods Vehicle(HGV)characterized by a maximum Heat Release Rate(HRRmax)of 100 MW.The people evacuation process was also simulated,and the Evac tool was used.Compared to the traditional asphalt pavements without FRs,the simulation findings indicated that the addition of the FRs causes a reduction in CO and CO_(2)levels in the tunnel during the aforementioned fire,with a minor number of evacuees being exposed to the risk of incapacity to self-evacuate,as well as certain safety benefits for the operability of the firefighters entering the tunnel downstream of the fire when the tunnel is naturally ventilated.
基金This research network of universities,research institutes,and the Deutscher Wetterdienst is funded by the BMVI(Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure).
文摘This article presents the results of a series of ethnographic observations at the Berlin fire brigade control and dispatch center during routine and severe weather situations.The weather-related challenges of a fire brigade lie between the anticipation of events and their potential consequences,and the ad hoc reactions to actual impacts of weather.The results show that decisions and actions related to high impact weather are not necessarily motivated by weather warnings alone.Instead,they are reactions to the experience of impacts,for example,an increased number of missions or emergency calls.Impacts are the main trigger for the decision making.Weather is one additional external factor that influences the operational capability of a fire brigade.While commanding officers in a fire brigade control and dispatch center experience weather primarily through technical equipment,verified by ground truth,observations showed that direct personal contact with the regional weather service and colleagues on the ground takes on a greater role in actual severe weather situations.The observations point to the need for increased interagency communication between the emergency services,the weather service,and other organizations to integrate weather information,impacts,and non-weather-related tasks into coherent weather-related decision making.
文摘DEFEND MADRID, an antifascist song composed in 1936 toraise Chinese awareness against fascists invading then Republic of Spain and who invaded China one year later, played once again in the Chinese Revolutionary Museum in Beijing on 9 October 1996. The song brought participants of the 60th anniversary of the International Brigade back to the days when peaceloving people the world over, despite their differences in nationalities and beliefs, gathered in Spain to fight against the common foe of mankind—fascism. Mr. Cheng Siyuan, Vice President of the Chinese National People’s Congress, Mr. Huang Hua, President of
文摘Since Israel＇s withdrawal from the Gaza Strip in August 2005, it has already conducted over three wars and a few other operations against Hamas. The last Gaza War lasted 50 days （July 7-August 26, 2014）. This article shows how this conflict is in actuality a war between Islamic nationalism （represented by Hamas） and Jewish nationalism （represented by Israel）. In this constant state of conflict, Hamas is supported by the famous Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi, a Muslim Brotherhood scholar and the head of the International Union of Muslim Scholars and other well-known Islamic institutions. An analysis of Qaradawi＇s views on the wars in Gaza explains why jihad in Palestine will continue and why there is no possible compromise solution. According to Qaradawi, the war against Israel is the most important type of jihad in the Arab world today （and not in Syria and Iraq）. This is the first and foremost of all Muslim problems and must be supported by all Muslims. The Gaza Strip is only one battlefield in this war.
