The random nanofiber distribution in traditional electrospun membranes restricts the pressure sensing sensitivity and measurement range of electronic skin.Moreover,current multimodal sensing suffers from issues like o...The random nanofiber distribution in traditional electrospun membranes restricts the pressure sensing sensitivity and measurement range of electronic skin.Moreover,current multimodal sensing suffers from issues like overlapping signal outputs and slow response.Herein,a novel electrospinning method is proposed to prepare double-coupled microstructured nanofibrous membranes.Through the effect of high voltage electrostatic field in the electrospinning,the positively charged nanofibers are preferentially attached to the negatively charged foam surface,forming the ordered two-dimensional honey-comb porous nanofibrous membrane with three-dimensional spinous microstructure.Compared with the conventional random porous nanofibrous membrane,the bionic two-dimensional honeycomb and three-dimensional spinous dual-coupled microstructures in the ordered porous nanofibrous membrane endows the electronic skin with significantly improved mechanical properties(maximum tensile strain increased by 77%and fatigue resistance increased by 35%),air permeability(water vapor transmission rate increased by 16%)and sensing properties(pressure sensitivity increased by 276%and detection range increased by 137%).Furthermore,the electronic skin was constructed by means of a conformal composite ionic liquid functionalized nanofibrous membrane,and the real-time and interference-free dualsignal monitoring of pressure and temperature(maxi-mum temperature coefficient of resistance:−0.918°C^(−1))was realized.展开更多
With the aging of society and the increase in people’s concern for personal health,long-term physiological signal monitoring in daily life is in demand.In recent years,electronic skin(e-skin)for daily health monitori...With the aging of society and the increase in people’s concern for personal health,long-term physiological signal monitoring in daily life is in demand.In recent years,electronic skin(e-skin)for daily health monitoring applications has achieved rapid development due to its advantages in high-quality physiological signals monitoring and suitability for system integrations.Among them,the breathable e-skin has developed rapidly in recent years because it adapts to the long-term and high-comfort wear requirements of monitoring physiological signals in daily life.In this review,the recent achievements of breathable e-skins for daily physiological monitoring are systematically introduced and discussed.By dividing them into breathable e-skin electrodes,breathable e-skin sensors,and breathable e-skin systems,we sort out their design ideas,manufacturing processes,performances,and applications and show their advantages in long-term physiological signal monitoring in daily life.In addition,the development directions and challenges of the breathable e-skin are discussed and prospected.展开更多
Elastic bio-based waterproof and breathable membranes(EBWBMs) allow the passage of water vapor effectively and resist the penetration of liquid water,making it ideal for use under extreme conditions.In this study,we u...Elastic bio-based waterproof and breathable membranes(EBWBMs) allow the passage of water vapor effectively and resist the penetration of liquid water,making it ideal for use under extreme conditions.In this study,we used a facile strategy to design the bio-based polyurethane(PU) nanofibrous membranes with the nanoscale porous structure to provide the membranes with high waterproof and breathable performances.The optimization of nanofibrous membrane formation was accomplished by controlling the relative ambient humidity to modulate the cooperating effects of charge dissipation and non-solvent-induced phase separation.The obtained EBWBMs showed multiple functional properties,with a hydrostatic pressure of 86.41 kPa and a water vapor transmission(WVT) rate of 10.1 kg·m^(-2)·d^(-1).After 1 000 cycles of stretching at 40% strain,the EBWBMs retained over 59% of the original maximum stress and exhibited an ideal elasticity recovery ratio of 85%.Besides,even after 80% deformation,the EBWBMs still maintained a hydrostatic pressure of 30.65 kPa and a WVT rate of 13.6 kg·m^(-2)·d^(-1),suggesting that bio-based PU nanofibrous membranes could be used for protection under extreme conditions.展开更多
Condensation occurs when the local vapor pressure rises above the saturation vapor pressure at the local temperature in theory. A new measuring apparatus were made to obtain temperature and relative humidity simultane...Condensation occurs when the local vapor pressure rises above the saturation vapor pressure at the local temperature in theory. A new measuring apparatus were made to obtain temperature and relative humidity simultaneously for the purpose of investigating the mechanism of condensation occurred on the fabrics. The experiment conducted at the standard condition of temperature of 20℃ and relative humidity of 65%. The result obtained from experiment showed that condensation could occur under the situation closed to saturation line as the temperature on fabric may be lower than dew point of water vapor in the measuring box depending on the experiment conducted at an ambient environment temperature of 20℃ The range of fabrics studied showed that PTFE laminated fabrics except nylon gingham PTFE laminated fabric facilitates the loss of water vapor and therefore prevent condensation. It is necessary to develop studies from a wide range of fabrics, especially breathable fabrics and under bad experiment condition in order to develop fabrics, which could eliminate condensation, or transport water vapor through the fabric while remaining waterproof.展开更多
Currently,there is an imperative demand for developing a novel flexible heater with high adhesion,breathability,and extreme condition resistance,such as ultra-high temperatures and even fire.Herein,a high-adhesion,fla...Currently,there is an imperative demand for developing a novel flexible heater with high adhesion,breathability,and extreme condition resistance,such as ultra-high temperatures and even fire.Herein,a high-adhesion,flame-retardancy,and anti-bacteria copper nanoparticles networks/nylon 6 woven fabric(CNNs/NWF)wearable heater with a“sandwich-like”structure has been designed and fabricated based on phatic acid/aminopropyltriethoxysilane(PA/APTES)hybrid coating.On the one hand,the CNNs/NWF wearable heater exhibited superb electrothermal behavior working at a peak temperature of 208.8℃powered with 2.0 V,better than that of wearable heaters in the recently reported literature.On the other hand,the vertical burning test showed that the heater possesses splendid flame retardancy.Furthermore,the PA/APTES coating could deposit a nanoscale porous protective film on the surface of CNNs/NWF,which imparts the heater with relatively excellent oxidation resistance and breathability.In addition,the antibacterial efficiency against Escherichia coli(E.coli)and Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)still reached100%after 50 times of standard washing and being electrified at 2.0 V for 5 min,keeping humans away from the threat of bacterial infections.We think that the heater in this research could be extended to wearable heating devices.展开更多
Microneedles have demonstrated valuable applications in diabetic wound management.Many endeavors are devoted to developing microneedles with well-designed structures and enhanced functions.Herein,we present an elabora...Microneedles have demonstrated valuable applications in diabetic wound management.Many endeavors are devoted to developing microneedles with well-designed structures and enhanced functions.Herein,we present an elaborate microneedle patch with breathability for wound healing by a multi-step replication method.The microneedle patch consists of a breathable porous supporting substrate and core-shell tips involving poly(vinyl alcohol)shells loaded with antimicrobial peptides(PVA@AMPs shell)and crosslinked Gelma cores encapsulated with exosomes(Gelma@exo core).The PVA was crosslinked with a ROS-responsive linker,which results in degradation of the microneedle shell in the inflammatory microenvironment,thus inducing the release of loaded AMPs to inhibit bacteria.Further,the exosomes continuously release from the exposed Gelma@exo core,promoting tissue regeneration and regulating the immune response.Besides,the high porosity of the supporting substrate makes the microneedle patches more suitable for chronic wounds.Based on these features,it was demonstrated that the microneedle patch exhibits desirable performance in in vivo animal tests.Thus,we believe that the proposed microneedle patches have remarkable potential in wound healing and related fields.展开更多
Deep learning-enhanced pressure sensors integrate signal processing and sensing capabilities,offering transformative potential in wearable electronics.However,current deep learning-based pressure sensors primarily use...Deep learning-enhanced pressure sensors integrate signal processing and sensing capabilities,offering transformative potential in wearable electronics.However,current deep learning-based pressure sensors primarily use petroleum-based polymers for the sensing/encapsulating layers and metallic electrodes.This results in limited biodegradability,poor biocompatibility,and insufficient breathability.Here,we present an all-textile-based pressure sensor that combines tunable-conductivity polypyrrole textiles for the electrode and sensing layers with real-time artificial intelligence algorithms.Eliminating the constraints of metallic electrodes and petroleum-based polymers results in an entire device that exhibits excellent biocompatibility,biodegradability,and breathability.Moreover,the textile sensing layer’s structure ensures pressure-induced conductivity,contributing to high sensitivity and a wide detection range.Based on these high-performance and comfortable textiles,we demonstrate intelligent applications such as health monitoring,software/hardware control,and complex human motion analysis.Our work paves the way for sustainable,breathable,and biocompatible next-generation smart textiles,enabling the development of intelligent and eco-conscious electronic systems.展开更多
The high impedance caused by the lack of interfacial hydrogel in dry electrodes seriously affects the quality of acquired electrophysiological signals.Although there are existing strategies to reduce impedance with mi...The high impedance caused by the lack of interfacial hydrogel in dry electrodes seriously affects the quality of acquired electrophysiological signals.Although there are existing strategies to reduce impedance with micro–nanostructures,achieving stretchable and breathable electrodes while ensuring low impedance is extremely challenging.Herein,we successfully prepared a dry textile electrode(nanomesh film(NF)-ZnO–polypyrrole(PPy))with low impedance,high stretchability,and breathability.Wrinkle-nanorod coupled microstructures are constructed to increase the effective surface area and roughness of NF-ZnO–PPy electrode,achieving an exponential reduction in impedance compared with the smooth textile dry electrode(15.64 kΩ·cm^(-2)at 10 Hz,approximately 1/6 of the lowest impedance of reported electrodes).Simultaneously,the wrinkled structure formed by pre-stretching improves electrode’s stretchability(up to 910%strain)and cycle stability(R/R0 is within 1.08 after 1000 cycles at 30%strain).Furthermore,the NF-ZnO–PPy electrode has excellent breathability(2233.52 g·m^(-2)·d^(-1))and good biocompatibility.Finally,as a proof of concept,the 16-channel NF-ZnO–PPy electrode can record electromyography signals in different states and parts of body for a long time((22.03±0.76)dB,which is twice that of the commercial electrode).Notably,we employ ZnO nanorods as a template to reduce impedance.This template strategy overcomes complex and expensive micro–nanomanufacturing technologies(photolithography,laser processing,etc.)and can be suitable for most flexible substrates,showing great potential in the field of soft electronics.展开更多
Hydrogels are emerging as the most promising dressings due to their excellent biocompatibility,extracellular matrix mimicking structure,and drug loading ability.However,existing hydrogel dressings exhibit limited brea...Hydrogels are emerging as the most promising dressings due to their excellent biocompatibility,extracellular matrix mimicking structure,and drug loading ability.However,existing hydrogel dressings exhibit limited breathability,poor environmental adaptability,potential drug resistance,and limited drug options,which extremely restrict their therapeutic effect and working scenarios.Here,the current research introduces the first paradigm of hydrogel textile dressings based on novel gelatin glycerin hydrogel(glyhydrogel)fibers fabricated by the Hofmeister effect based wet spinning.Benefiting from the unique knitted structure,the textile dressing features excellent breathability(1800 times that of the commercially available 3 M dressing)and stretchability(535.51±38.66%).Furthermore,the glyhydrogel textile dressing can also withstand the extreme temperature of-80℃,showing the potential for application in subzero environments.Moreover,the introduction of glycerin endows the textile dressing with remarkable antibacterial property and expands the selection of loaded drugs(e.g.,clindamycin).The prepared glyhydrogel textile dressing shows an excellent infected wound healing effect with a complete rat skin closure within 14 days.All these functions have not been achievable by traditional hydrogel dressings and provide a new approach for the development of hydrogel dressings.展开更多
Developing a cotton fabric sensing layer with good waterproofness and breathability via a low-cost and eco-friendly method is increasingly important for the construction of comfortable and wearable electronic devices....Developing a cotton fabric sensing layer with good waterproofness and breathability via a low-cost and eco-friendly method is increasingly important for the construction of comfortable and wearable electronic devices.Herein,a waterproof and breathable cotton fabric composite decorated by reduced graphene oxide(rGO)and carbon nanotube(CNT),Cotton/rGO/CNT,is reported by a facile solution infiltration method,and we adopt such Cotton/rGO/CNT composite to develop a layer-by-layer structured multifunctional flexible sensor,enabling the high-sensitivity detection of pressure and temperature stimulus.Particularly,the multifunctional flexible sensor exhibits a high response toward tiny pressure,demonstrating salient superiority in the continuous and reliable monitoring of human physiological information.Concerning temperature sensing,a good linear response for the temperatures ranging from 28 to 40℃ is achieved by the multifunctional flexible sensor and gives rise to be successfully applied to the non-contact real-time monitoring of human respiration signal.Finally,an array consisting of multifunctional flexible sensors further demonstrates its feasibility in perceiving and mapping the pressure and temperature information of contact objects.This work provides a feasible strategy for designing cotton-based sensing layers that can effectively resist liquid water penetration and allow water vapor transmission,and offers reasonable insight for constructing comfort and multifunctional wearable electronics.展开更多
Wearable sensors have been rapidly developed for application in various human monitoring systems.However,the wearing comfort and thermal properties of these devices have been largely ignored,and these characteristics ...Wearable sensors have been rapidly developed for application in various human monitoring systems.However,the wearing comfort and thermal properties of these devices have been largely ignored,and these characteristics urgently need to be stud-ied.Herein,we develop a wearable and breathable nanofiber-based sensor with excellent thermal management functionality based on passive heat preservation and active Joule heating effects.The multifunctional device consists of a micropatterned carbon nanotube(CNT)/thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU)nanofiber electrode,a microporous ionic aerogel electrolyte and a microstructured Ag/TPU nanofiber electrode.Due to the presence of a supercapacitive sensing mechanism and the appli-cation of microstructuration,the sensor shows excellent sensing performance,with a sensitivity of 24.62 kPa-1.Moreover,due to the overall porous structure and hydrophobicity of TPU,the sensor shows good breathability(62 mm/s)and water repellency,with a water contact angle of 151.2°.In addition,effective passive heat preservation is achieved by combining CNTs with high solar absorption rates(85%)as the top layer facing the outside,aerogel with a low thermal conductivity(0.063 W m-1 k-1)as the middle layer for thermal insulation,and Ag with a high infrared reflectance rate as the bottom layer facing the skin.During warming,this material yields a higher temperature than cotton.Furthermore,the active Joule heat-ing effect is realized by applying current through the bottom resistive electrode,which can quickly increase the temperature to supply controlled warming on demand.The proposed wearable and breathable sensor with tunable thermal properties is promising for monitoring and heat therapy applications in cold environments.展开更多
Flexible ionotronic devices have great potential to revolutionize epidermal electronics.However,the lack of breathability in most ionotronic devices is a significance barrier to practical application.Herein,a breathab...Flexible ionotronic devices have great potential to revolutionize epidermal electronics.However,the lack of breathability in most ionotronic devices is a significance barrier to practical application.Herein,a breathable kirigami-shaped ionotronic e-textile with two functions of sensing(touch and strain)is designed,by integrating silk fabric and kirigami-shaped ionic hydrogel.The kirigami-shaped ionic hydrogel,combined with fluffy silk fabric,allows the ionotronic e-textile to achieve excellent breathability and comfortability.Furthermore,the fabricated ionotronic e-textile can precisely perform the function of touch sensing and strain perception.For touch-sensing,the ionotronic e-textile can detect the position of finger touching point with a fast response time(3 ms)based on the interruption of the ion field.For strain sensing,large workable strain range(>100%),inconspicuous drift(<0.78%)and long-term stability(>10,000 cycles)is demonstrated.On the proof of concept,a fabric keyboard and game controlling sleeve have been designed to display touch and strain sensing functions.The ionotronic e-textile break through the bottlenecks of traditional wearable ionotronic devices,suggesting a great promising application in future wearable epidermal electronics.展开更多
Stretchable,self‐healing,and breathable skin‐biomimetic‐sensing iontronics play an important role in human physiological signal monitoring and human–computer interaction.However,previous studies have focused on th...Stretchable,self‐healing,and breathable skin‐biomimetic‐sensing iontronics play an important role in human physiological signal monitoring and human–computer interaction.However,previous studies have focused on the mimicking of skin tactile sensing(pressure,strain,and temperature),and the development of more functionalities is necessary.To this end,a superior humidity‐sensitive ionic skin is developed based on a self‐healing,stretchable,breathable,and biocompatible polyvinyl alcohol–cellulose nanofibers organohydrogel film,showing a pronounced thickness‐dependent humidity‐sensing performance.The as‐prepared 62.47‐μm‐thick organohydrogel film exhibits a high response(25,000%)to 98%RH,excellent repeatability,and long‐term stability(120 days).Moreover,this ionic skin has excellent resistance to large mechanical deformation and damage,and the worn‐out material can still retain its humidity‐sensing capabilities after self‐repair.Humidity‐sensing mechanism studies show that the induced response is mainly related to the increase of proton mobility and interfacial charge transport efficiency after water adsorption.The superior humidity responsiveness is attributed to the reduced thickness and the increased specific surface area of the organohydrogel film,allowing real‐time recording of physiological signals.Notably,by combining with a self‐designed printed circuit board,a continuous and wireless respiration monitoring system is developed,presenting its great potential in wearable and biomedical electronics.展开更多
Stretchable epidermal electronics allow conformal interactions with the human body for emerging applications in wearable health monitoring and therapy.Stretchable devices are commonly constructed on submillimeter-thic...Stretchable epidermal electronics allow conformal interactions with the human body for emerging applications in wearable health monitoring and therapy.Stretchable devices are commonly constructed on submillimeter-thick elastomer substrates with limited moisture permeability,thereby leading to unpleasant sensations during long-term attachment.Although the ultrathin elastomer membrane may address this problem,the mechanical robustness is essentially lost for direct manipulations and repetitive uses.Here,we report a stretchable,breathable,and washable epidermal electrode of microfoam reinforced ultrathin conductive nanocomposite(MRUCN).The new architecture involves ultrathin conductive silver nanowire nanocomposite features supported on a porous elastomeric microfoam substrate,which exhibits high moisture permeability for pleasant perceptions during epidermal applications.As-prepared epidermal electrodes show excellent electronic conductivity(8440 S·cm^(-1)),high feature resolution(~50μm),decent stretchability,and excellent durability.In addition,the MRUCN retains stable electrical properties during washing to meet the hygiene requirements for repetitive uses.The successful implementation in an integrated electronic patch demonstrates the practical suitability of MRUCN for a broad range of epidermal electronic devices and systems.展开更多
Continuous monitoring of biosignals is essential for advancing early disease detection,personalized treatment,and health management.Flexible electronics,capable of accurately monitoring biosignals in daily life,have g...Continuous monitoring of biosignals is essential for advancing early disease detection,personalized treatment,and health management.Flexible electronics,capable of accurately monitoring biosignals in daily life,have garnered considerable attention due to their softness,conformability,and biocompatibility.However,several challenges remain,including imperfect skin-device interfaces,limited breathability,and insufficient mechanoelectrical stability.On-skin epidermal electronics,distinguished by their excellent conformability,breathability,and mechanoelectrical robustness,offer a promising solution for high-fidelity,long-term health monitoring.These devices can seamlessly integrate with the human body,leading to transformative advancements in future personalized healthcare.This review provides a systematic examination of recent advancements in on-skin epidermal electronics,with particular emphasis on critical aspects including material science,structural design,desired properties,and practical applications.We explore various materials,considering their properties and the corresponding structural designs developed to construct high-performance epidermal electronics.We then discuss different approaches for achieving the desired device properties necessary for long-term health monitoring,including adhesiveness,breathability,and mechanoelectrical stability.Additionally,we summarize the diverse applications of these devices in monitoring biophysical and physiological signals.Finally,we address the challenges facing these devices and outline future prospects,offering insights into the ongoing development of on-skin epidermal electronics for long-term health monitoring.展开更多
Piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs)are promising for harvesting renewable and abundant mechanical energy with high efficiency.Up to now,published research studies have mainly focused on increasing the sensitivity and ...Piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs)are promising for harvesting renewable and abundant mechanical energy with high efficiency.Up to now,published research studies have mainly focused on increasing the sensitivity and output of PENGs.The technical challenges in relation to practicability,comfort,and antibacterial performance,which are critically important for wearable applications,have not been well addressed.To overcome the limitations,we developed an all-nanofiber PENG(ANF-PENG)with a sandwich structure,in which the middle poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene(P(VDF-HFP))/ZnO electrospun nanofibers serve as the piezoelectric layer,and the above and below electrostatic direct-writing P(VDF-HFP)/ZnO nanofiber membranes with a 110 nm Ag layer on one side that was plated by vacuum coating technique serve as the electrode layer.As the ANF-PENG only has 91μm thick and does not need further encapsulating,it has a high air permeability of 24.97 mm/s.ZnO nanoparticles in ANF-PENG not only improve the piezoelectric output,but also have antibacterial function(over 98%).The multifunctional ANF-PENG demonstrates good sensitivity to human motion and can harvest mechanical energy,indicating great potential applications in flexible self-powered electronic wearables and body health monitoring.展开更多
The successful implementation of bioelectronic devices attached to living organism hinges on a number of material and device characteristics,including not only electrical and mechanical performances to gather physiolo...The successful implementation of bioelectronic devices attached to living organism hinges on a number of material and device characteristics,including not only electrical and mechanical performances to gather physiological signals from living organism thus enabling status monitoring,but also permeability or breathability for gas/nutrient exchange between living organisms and surroundings to ensure minimum perturbation of the intrinsic biological function.However,most bioelectronic devices built on planar polymeric substrates,such as polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS),polyurethane(PU),and polyimide(PI),lack efficient gas permeability,which may hinder the emission of volatile compounds from the surface of living organism,affecting the natural metabolism and reducing the comfort of wearing.Thus,achieving permeability or breathability in bioelectronic devices is a significant challenge.Currently,the devices made of gas-permeable materials with porous structures,that combine electronic components with daily garments,such as fibric and textile,offer exciting opportunities for breathable electronics.In this review,several types of gas-permeable materials with their synthesis and processing routes are outlines.Then,two methods for measuring water vapor transmission rate of materials are discussed in depth.Finally,recent progress in the use of gaspermeable materials for the applications of plant-and skin-attached electronics is summarized systematically.展开更多
Wearable electronics,poised to revolutionize real-time health monitoring,encounter significant challenges due to sweat accumulation,including skin irritation,peeling,short circuits,and corrosion.A groundbreaking study...Wearable electronics,poised to revolutionize real-time health monitoring,encounter significant challenges due to sweat accumulation,including skin irritation,peeling,short circuits,and corrosion.A groundbreaking study published in Nature presents a sustainable solution:three-dimensional(3D)liquid diodes that effectively pump sweat away,thereby maintaining the wearables’breathability and stable sensing of biometrics or environments without getting messed up by perspiration.This advancement has immense potential for the development of comfortable and skin-friendly intelligent wearable technologies that seamlessly incorporate sophisticated electronics even in sweaty conditions.展开更多
Six groups of segmented polyurethanes with amorphous soft segment domains based on mixed hydrophobic polyester and hydrophilic polyether soft monomers were prepared from 4, 4′ diphenylmethane diisocyanate （MDI）, po...Six groups of segmented polyurethanes with amorphous soft segment domains based on mixed hydrophobic polyester and hydrophilic polyether soft monomers were prepared from 4, 4′ diphenylmethane diisocyanate （MDI）, polybutylene adipate glycol 2000 （PBA2000）, polytetramethylene glycol 1000 （PTMG1000） and polyethylene glycol 1000 （PEG1000） with 1,4-butanediol （BDO） as the chain extender. Furthermore, the representative properties of the hydrophilic polyurethanes, moisture permeability and water resistance, were investigated. The results show that the chemical structure, molecular weight and concentration of soft monomers have remarkable effects on the main application properties of hydrophilic polyurethane. The important factors in diffusion are the content of hydrophilic ether bond and the mobility of hydrophilic chain in the soft phase, which is represented with a good approximation by the average mean molecular weight of soft segment. On the contrary, the functional properties of the hydrophilic polyurethane are almost not affected by its hard segment.展开更多
The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has created a global health crisis that has had a deep impact on the way we perceive our world and our everyday lives. The call for the wearing of face masks as one of th...The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has created a global health crisis that has had a deep impact on the way we perceive our world and our everyday lives. The call for the wearing of face masks as one of the ways of curbing the disease has resulted in the proliferation of cloth face masks on our markets. In the desperation to cash in on the season and make money at all costs, some manufacturers use inferior fabrics to produce face masks. Some of these fabrics do not meet the basic performance requirements of cloth face masks. This study was therefore carried out to research into the appropriate fabrics that will be suitable for the production of cloth face masks in terms of comfort, breathability and protection. To do this, 1225 participants were conveniently drawn for the study. The main research instrument employed for the study was the survey approach in which well-structured questionnaires were administered to solicit information from the participants. To determine the reliability and validity of data, the Cronbach’s Alpha test was conducted. Data were analyzed using the Stata statistical software to perform a multinomial logistic regression to estimate Odds Ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs. A multinomial logit model was constructed to determine the nominal variables. A major finding of the study was that people’s choice of fabric for cloth face masks is determined to a larger extent by their professions. The study also revealed that cotton, silk and linen possess good properties for the production of cloth face masks. Based on the findings, the study concludes that cloth face masks made from two-layered fabrics or three-layered fabrics are the best in terms of comfort and full protection of the wearer. It is recommended that the outer layer should be made from cotton and the inner layer made from linen, cotton-polyester blend or silk.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52275191)the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Basic Theory and Key Technology of Tri-Co Robots(No.92248301)the 333 Project of Jiangsu Province and Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX22_3622).
文摘The random nanofiber distribution in traditional electrospun membranes restricts the pressure sensing sensitivity and measurement range of electronic skin.Moreover,current multimodal sensing suffers from issues like overlapping signal outputs and slow response.Herein,a novel electrospinning method is proposed to prepare double-coupled microstructured nanofibrous membranes.Through the effect of high voltage electrostatic field in the electrospinning,the positively charged nanofibers are preferentially attached to the negatively charged foam surface,forming the ordered two-dimensional honey-comb porous nanofibrous membrane with three-dimensional spinous microstructure.Compared with the conventional random porous nanofibrous membrane,the bionic two-dimensional honeycomb and three-dimensional spinous dual-coupled microstructures in the ordered porous nanofibrous membrane endows the electronic skin with significantly improved mechanical properties(maximum tensile strain increased by 77%and fatigue resistance increased by 35%),air permeability(water vapor transmission rate increased by 16%)and sensing properties(pressure sensitivity increased by 276%and detection range increased by 137%).Furthermore,the electronic skin was constructed by means of a conformal composite ionic liquid functionalized nanofibrous membrane,and the real-time and interference-free dualsignal monitoring of pressure and temperature(maxi-mum temperature coefficient of resistance:−0.918°C^(−1))was realized.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program 2021YFC3002201 of Chinathe National Natural Science Foundation(U20A20168,61874065,51861145202)of ChinaThe authors are also thankful for the support of the Research Fund from the Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chip,the Independent Research Program of Tsinghua University(20193080047).
文摘With the aging of society and the increase in people’s concern for personal health,long-term physiological signal monitoring in daily life is in demand.In recent years,electronic skin(e-skin)for daily health monitoring applications has achieved rapid development due to its advantages in high-quality physiological signals monitoring and suitability for system integrations.Among them,the breathable e-skin has developed rapidly in recent years because it adapts to the long-term and high-comfort wear requirements of monitoring physiological signals in daily life.In this review,the recent achievements of breathable e-skins for daily physiological monitoring are systematically introduced and discussed.By dividing them into breathable e-skin electrodes,breathable e-skin sensors,and breathable e-skin systems,we sort out their design ideas,manufacturing processes,performances,and applications and show their advantages in long-term physiological signal monitoring in daily life.In addition,the development directions and challenges of the breathable e-skin are discussed and prospected.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFE0105100)Fok Ying-Tung Education Foundation,China(No.171065)Shanghai Rising-Star Program,China(No.20QA1400500)。
文摘Elastic bio-based waterproof and breathable membranes(EBWBMs) allow the passage of water vapor effectively and resist the penetration of liquid water,making it ideal for use under extreme conditions.In this study,we used a facile strategy to design the bio-based polyurethane(PU) nanofibrous membranes with the nanoscale porous structure to provide the membranes with high waterproof and breathable performances.The optimization of nanofibrous membrane formation was accomplished by controlling the relative ambient humidity to modulate the cooperating effects of charge dissipation and non-solvent-induced phase separation.The obtained EBWBMs showed multiple functional properties,with a hydrostatic pressure of 86.41 kPa and a water vapor transmission(WVT) rate of 10.1 kg·m^(-2)·d^(-1).After 1 000 cycles of stretching at 40% strain,the EBWBMs retained over 59% of the original maximum stress and exhibited an ideal elasticity recovery ratio of 85%.Besides,even after 80% deformation,the EBWBMs still maintained a hydrostatic pressure of 30.65 kPa and a WVT rate of 13.6 kg·m^(-2)·d^(-1),suggesting that bio-based PU nanofibrous membranes could be used for protection under extreme conditions.
文摘Condensation occurs when the local vapor pressure rises above the saturation vapor pressure at the local temperature in theory. A new measuring apparatus were made to obtain temperature and relative humidity simultaneously for the purpose of investigating the mechanism of condensation occurred on the fabrics. The experiment conducted at the standard condition of temperature of 20℃ and relative humidity of 65%. The result obtained from experiment showed that condensation could occur under the situation closed to saturation line as the temperature on fabric may be lower than dew point of water vapor in the measuring box depending on the experiment conducted at an ambient environment temperature of 20℃ The range of fabrics studied showed that PTFE laminated fabrics except nylon gingham PTFE laminated fabric facilitates the loss of water vapor and therefore prevent condensation. It is necessary to develop studies from a wide range of fabrics, especially breathable fabrics and under bad experiment condition in order to develop fabrics, which could eliminate condensation, or transport water vapor through the fabric while remaining waterproof.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2017YFB0309400)the Technology Innovation Center of Hebei for fiber material(No.SG2020022)the National Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing and Finishing Technology(No.ZJ2021A13)。
文摘Currently,there is an imperative demand for developing a novel flexible heater with high adhesion,breathability,and extreme condition resistance,such as ultra-high temperatures and even fire.Herein,a high-adhesion,flame-retardancy,and anti-bacteria copper nanoparticles networks/nylon 6 woven fabric(CNNs/NWF)wearable heater with a“sandwich-like”structure has been designed and fabricated based on phatic acid/aminopropyltriethoxysilane(PA/APTES)hybrid coating.On the one hand,the CNNs/NWF wearable heater exhibited superb electrothermal behavior working at a peak temperature of 208.8℃powered with 2.0 V,better than that of wearable heaters in the recently reported literature.On the other hand,the vertical burning test showed that the heater possesses splendid flame retardancy.Furthermore,the PA/APTES coating could deposit a nanoscale porous protective film on the surface of CNNs/NWF,which imparts the heater with relatively excellent oxidation resistance and breathability.In addition,the antibacterial efficiency against Escherichia coli(E.coli)and Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)still reached100%after 50 times of standard washing and being electrified at 2.0 V for 5 min,keeping humans away from the threat of bacterial infections.We think that the heater in this research could be extended to wearable heating devices.
基金funded by Research Project(347897)Solution for Health Profile(336355)InFLAMES Flagship(337531)Grants and Printed Intelligence Infrastructure(PII-FIRI)from Research Council of Finland.
文摘Microneedles have demonstrated valuable applications in diabetic wound management.Many endeavors are devoted to developing microneedles with well-designed structures and enhanced functions.Herein,we present an elaborate microneedle patch with breathability for wound healing by a multi-step replication method.The microneedle patch consists of a breathable porous supporting substrate and core-shell tips involving poly(vinyl alcohol)shells loaded with antimicrobial peptides(PVA@AMPs shell)and crosslinked Gelma cores encapsulated with exosomes(Gelma@exo core).The PVA was crosslinked with a ROS-responsive linker,which results in degradation of the microneedle shell in the inflammatory microenvironment,thus inducing the release of loaded AMPs to inhibit bacteria.Further,the exosomes continuously release from the exposed Gelma@exo core,promoting tissue regeneration and regulating the immune response.Besides,the high porosity of the supporting substrate makes the microneedle patches more suitable for chronic wounds.Based on these features,it was demonstrated that the microneedle patch exhibits desirable performance in in vivo animal tests.Thus,we believe that the proposed microneedle patches have remarkable potential in wound healing and related fields.
基金supported by the Natural Science Research Start-up Foundation of Recruiting Talents of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(NY225043)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62304137,62504121)+7 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023A1515012479,2024A1515011737,2024B1515040002,and 2025A1515011274)the Science and Technology Innovation Commission of Shenzhen(JCYJ20220818100206013)the RSC Sustainable Laboratories Grant(L24-8215098370)the State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration(Independent Scientific Research Program No.2024010)the Hong Kong Research Grants Council,Young Collaborative Research Grant(C5001-24)the Research Institute for Smart Energy(U-CDC9)the NTUT-SZU Joint Research Program(NTUT-SZU-114-01)the National Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship&Student Research Training Program(202510590013,202510590015)。
文摘Deep learning-enhanced pressure sensors integrate signal processing and sensing capabilities,offering transformative potential in wearable electronics.However,current deep learning-based pressure sensors primarily use petroleum-based polymers for the sensing/encapsulating layers and metallic electrodes.This results in limited biodegradability,poor biocompatibility,and insufficient breathability.Here,we present an all-textile-based pressure sensor that combines tunable-conductivity polypyrrole textiles for the electrode and sensing layers with real-time artificial intelligence algorithms.Eliminating the constraints of metallic electrodes and petroleum-based polymers results in an entire device that exhibits excellent biocompatibility,biodegradability,and breathability.Moreover,the textile sensing layer’s structure ensures pressure-induced conductivity,contributing to high sensitivity and a wide detection range.Based on these high-performance and comfortable textiles,we demonstrate intelligent applications such as health monitoring,software/hardware control,and complex human motion analysis.Our work paves the way for sustainable,breathable,and biocompatible next-generation smart textiles,enabling the development of intelligent and eco-conscious electronic systems.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.52173237)Nationally Funding Postdoctoral Researcher Program(Grants No.GZC20233469)+4 种基金The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grants No.HIT.OCEF.2022018HIT.NSRIF 202315)Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China(LH2022E051,LH2021B009)Interdisciplinary Research Foundation of HIT(IR2021207)The Open Project Program of Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electric Bandgap Materials,Ministry of Education(PEBM202107).
文摘The high impedance caused by the lack of interfacial hydrogel in dry electrodes seriously affects the quality of acquired electrophysiological signals.Although there are existing strategies to reduce impedance with micro–nanostructures,achieving stretchable and breathable electrodes while ensuring low impedance is extremely challenging.Herein,we successfully prepared a dry textile electrode(nanomesh film(NF)-ZnO–polypyrrole(PPy))with low impedance,high stretchability,and breathability.Wrinkle-nanorod coupled microstructures are constructed to increase the effective surface area and roughness of NF-ZnO–PPy electrode,achieving an exponential reduction in impedance compared with the smooth textile dry electrode(15.64 kΩ·cm^(-2)at 10 Hz,approximately 1/6 of the lowest impedance of reported electrodes).Simultaneously,the wrinkled structure formed by pre-stretching improves electrode’s stretchability(up to 910%strain)and cycle stability(R/R0 is within 1.08 after 1000 cycles at 30%strain).Furthermore,the NF-ZnO–PPy electrode has excellent breathability(2233.52 g·m^(-2)·d^(-1))and good biocompatibility.Finally,as a proof of concept,the 16-channel NF-ZnO–PPy electrode can record electromyography signals in different states and parts of body for a long time((22.03±0.76)dB,which is twice that of the commercial electrode).Notably,we employ ZnO nanorods as a template to reduce impedance.This template strategy overcomes complex and expensive micro–nanomanufacturing technologies(photolithography,laser processing,etc.)and can be suitable for most flexible substrates,showing great potential in the field of soft electronics.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2101800,2021YFC2400802)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52173117)+5 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(20ZR1402500)Belt&Road Young Scientist Exchanges Project of Science and Technology Commission Foundation of Shanghai(20520741000)Ningbo 2025 Science and Technology Major Project(2019B10068)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(20DZ2254900,20DZ2270800)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,DHU Distinguished Young Professor Program(LZA2019001)Shanghai Stomatological Hospital Science and Technology Talents Project(SSH-2022-KJCX-B01).
文摘Hydrogels are emerging as the most promising dressings due to their excellent biocompatibility,extracellular matrix mimicking structure,and drug loading ability.However,existing hydrogel dressings exhibit limited breathability,poor environmental adaptability,potential drug resistance,and limited drug options,which extremely restrict their therapeutic effect and working scenarios.Here,the current research introduces the first paradigm of hydrogel textile dressings based on novel gelatin glycerin hydrogel(glyhydrogel)fibers fabricated by the Hofmeister effect based wet spinning.Benefiting from the unique knitted structure,the textile dressing features excellent breathability(1800 times that of the commercially available 3 M dressing)and stretchability(535.51±38.66%).Furthermore,the glyhydrogel textile dressing can also withstand the extreme temperature of-80℃,showing the potential for application in subzero environments.Moreover,the introduction of glycerin endows the textile dressing with remarkable antibacterial property and expands the selection of loaded drugs(e.g.,clindamycin).The prepared glyhydrogel textile dressing shows an excellent infected wound healing effect with a complete rat skin closure within 14 days.All these functions have not been achievable by traditional hydrogel dressings and provide a new approach for the development of hydrogel dressings.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62174068,61805101,62005095,61888102,and 62104080)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.ZR2019BF013 and ZR2020QF105)Rizhao City Key Research and Development Program under Grant(No.2021ZDYF010102).
文摘Developing a cotton fabric sensing layer with good waterproofness and breathability via a low-cost and eco-friendly method is increasingly important for the construction of comfortable and wearable electronic devices.Herein,a waterproof and breathable cotton fabric composite decorated by reduced graphene oxide(rGO)and carbon nanotube(CNT),Cotton/rGO/CNT,is reported by a facile solution infiltration method,and we adopt such Cotton/rGO/CNT composite to develop a layer-by-layer structured multifunctional flexible sensor,enabling the high-sensitivity detection of pressure and temperature stimulus.Particularly,the multifunctional flexible sensor exhibits a high response toward tiny pressure,demonstrating salient superiority in the continuous and reliable monitoring of human physiological information.Concerning temperature sensing,a good linear response for the temperatures ranging from 28 to 40℃ is achieved by the multifunctional flexible sensor and gives rise to be successfully applied to the non-contact real-time monitoring of human respiration signal.Finally,an array consisting of multifunctional flexible sensors further demonstrates its feasibility in perceiving and mapping the pressure and temperature information of contact objects.This work provides a feasible strategy for designing cotton-based sensing layers that can effectively resist liquid water penetration and allow water vapor transmission,and offers reasonable insight for constructing comfort and multifunctional wearable electronics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant(62311540155,62174068)Jinan City-University Integrated Development Strategy Project under Grant(JNSX2023017)+4 种基金Taishan Scholars Project Special Funds(tsqn202312035)the Tianjin Science and Technology Plan Project(22JCZDJC00630)the Higher Education Institution Science and Technology Research Project of Hebei Province(JZX2024024)the China National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFC3601400)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province China(ZR2020ME120).
文摘Wearable sensors have been rapidly developed for application in various human monitoring systems.However,the wearing comfort and thermal properties of these devices have been largely ignored,and these characteristics urgently need to be stud-ied.Herein,we develop a wearable and breathable nanofiber-based sensor with excellent thermal management functionality based on passive heat preservation and active Joule heating effects.The multifunctional device consists of a micropatterned carbon nanotube(CNT)/thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU)nanofiber electrode,a microporous ionic aerogel electrolyte and a microstructured Ag/TPU nanofiber electrode.Due to the presence of a supercapacitive sensing mechanism and the appli-cation of microstructuration,the sensor shows excellent sensing performance,with a sensitivity of 24.62 kPa-1.Moreover,due to the overall porous structure and hydrophobicity of TPU,the sensor shows good breathability(62 mm/s)and water repellency,with a water contact angle of 151.2°.In addition,effective passive heat preservation is achieved by combining CNTs with high solar absorption rates(85%)as the top layer facing the outside,aerogel with a low thermal conductivity(0.063 W m-1 k-1)as the middle layer for thermal insulation,and Ag with a high infrared reflectance rate as the bottom layer facing the skin.During warming,this material yields a higher temperature than cotton.Furthermore,the active Joule heat-ing effect is realized by applying current through the bottom resistive electrode,which can quickly increase the temperature to supply controlled warming on demand.The proposed wearable and breathable sensor with tunable thermal properties is promising for monitoring and heat therapy applications in cold environments.
基金This work was supported by the Shandong Province Key Research and Development Plan(2019JZZY010335,2019JZZY010340)Anhui Province Special Science and Technology Project(201903a05020028)Shandong Provincial Universities Youth Innovation Technology Plan Team(2020KJA013).
文摘Flexible ionotronic devices have great potential to revolutionize epidermal electronics.However,the lack of breathability in most ionotronic devices is a significance barrier to practical application.Herein,a breathable kirigami-shaped ionotronic e-textile with two functions of sensing(touch and strain)is designed,by integrating silk fabric and kirigami-shaped ionic hydrogel.The kirigami-shaped ionic hydrogel,combined with fluffy silk fabric,allows the ionotronic e-textile to achieve excellent breathability and comfortability.Furthermore,the fabricated ionotronic e-textile can precisely perform the function of touch sensing and strain perception.For touch-sensing,the ionotronic e-textile can detect the position of finger touching point with a fast response time(3 ms)based on the interruption of the ion field.For strain sensing,large workable strain range(>100%),inconspicuous drift(<0.78%)and long-term stability(>10,000 cycles)is demonstrated.On the proof of concept,a fabric keyboard and game controlling sleeve have been designed to display touch and strain sensing functions.The ionotronic e-textile break through the bottlenecks of traditional wearable ionotronic devices,suggesting a great promising application in future wearable epidermal electronics.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61801525)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2020A1515010693)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Sun Yat‐sen University(No.22lgqb17).
文摘Stretchable,self‐healing,and breathable skin‐biomimetic‐sensing iontronics play an important role in human physiological signal monitoring and human–computer interaction.However,previous studies have focused on the mimicking of skin tactile sensing(pressure,strain,and temperature),and the development of more functionalities is necessary.To this end,a superior humidity‐sensitive ionic skin is developed based on a self‐healing,stretchable,breathable,and biocompatible polyvinyl alcohol–cellulose nanofibers organohydrogel film,showing a pronounced thickness‐dependent humidity‐sensing performance.The as‐prepared 62.47‐μm‐thick organohydrogel film exhibits a high response(25,000%)to 98%RH,excellent repeatability,and long‐term stability(120 days).Moreover,this ionic skin has excellent resistance to large mechanical deformation and damage,and the worn‐out material can still retain its humidity‐sensing capabilities after self‐repair.Humidity‐sensing mechanism studies show that the induced response is mainly related to the increase of proton mobility and interfacial charge transport efficiency after water adsorption.The superior humidity responsiveness is attributed to the reduced thickness and the increased specific surface area of the organohydrogel film,allowing real‐time recording of physiological signals.Notably,by combining with a self‐designed printed circuit board,a continuous and wireless respiration monitoring system is developed,presenting its great potential in wearable and biomedical electronics.
基金This work was supported by Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology of China(No.BE2019002)Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Provence(No.19251804D)High-Level Entrepreneurial and Innovative Talents Program of Jiangsu Province。
文摘Stretchable epidermal electronics allow conformal interactions with the human body for emerging applications in wearable health monitoring and therapy.Stretchable devices are commonly constructed on submillimeter-thick elastomer substrates with limited moisture permeability,thereby leading to unpleasant sensations during long-term attachment.Although the ultrathin elastomer membrane may address this problem,the mechanical robustness is essentially lost for direct manipulations and repetitive uses.Here,we report a stretchable,breathable,and washable epidermal electrode of microfoam reinforced ultrathin conductive nanocomposite(MRUCN).The new architecture involves ultrathin conductive silver nanowire nanocomposite features supported on a porous elastomeric microfoam substrate,which exhibits high moisture permeability for pleasant perceptions during epidermal applications.As-prepared epidermal electrodes show excellent electronic conductivity(8440 S·cm^(-1)),high feature resolution(~50μm),decent stretchability,and excellent durability.In addition,the MRUCN retains stable electrical properties during washing to meet the hygiene requirements for repetitive uses.The successful implementation in an integrated electronic patch demonstrates the practical suitability of MRUCN for a broad range of epidermal electronic devices and systems.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52025055,52375576,52350349)Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(Program No.2022GXLH-01-12)+2 种基金Joint Fund of Ministry of Education for Equipment Pre-research(No.8091B03012304)Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(No.2022004607001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.xtr072024031).
文摘Continuous monitoring of biosignals is essential for advancing early disease detection,personalized treatment,and health management.Flexible electronics,capable of accurately monitoring biosignals in daily life,have garnered considerable attention due to their softness,conformability,and biocompatibility.However,several challenges remain,including imperfect skin-device interfaces,limited breathability,and insufficient mechanoelectrical stability.On-skin epidermal electronics,distinguished by their excellent conformability,breathability,and mechanoelectrical robustness,offer a promising solution for high-fidelity,long-term health monitoring.These devices can seamlessly integrate with the human body,leading to transformative advancements in future personalized healthcare.This review provides a systematic examination of recent advancements in on-skin epidermal electronics,with particular emphasis on critical aspects including material science,structural design,desired properties,and practical applications.We explore various materials,considering their properties and the corresponding structural designs developed to construct high-performance epidermal electronics.We then discuss different approaches for achieving the desired device properties necessary for long-term health monitoring,including adhesiveness,breathability,and mechanoelectrical stability.Additionally,we summarize the diverse applications of these devices in monitoring biophysical and physiological signals.Finally,we address the challenges facing these devices and outline future prospects,offering insights into the ongoing development of on-skin epidermal electronics for long-term health monitoring.
基金The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52073224)Textile Vision Basic Research Program of China(No.J202110)+3 种基金Advanced manufacturing technology project of Xi’an Science and Technology Bureau,China(21XJZZ0019)Scientific Research Project of Shaanxi Provincial Education Department,China(No.22JC035)Key Research and Development Program of Xianyang Science and Technology Bureau,China(No.2021ZDYF-GY-0035)Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Xi’an Polytechnic University(No.BS202006).
文摘Piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs)are promising for harvesting renewable and abundant mechanical energy with high efficiency.Up to now,published research studies have mainly focused on increasing the sensitivity and output of PENGs.The technical challenges in relation to practicability,comfort,and antibacterial performance,which are critically important for wearable applications,have not been well addressed.To overcome the limitations,we developed an all-nanofiber PENG(ANF-PENG)with a sandwich structure,in which the middle poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene(P(VDF-HFP))/ZnO electrospun nanofibers serve as the piezoelectric layer,and the above and below electrostatic direct-writing P(VDF-HFP)/ZnO nanofiber membranes with a 110 nm Ag layer on one side that was plated by vacuum coating technique serve as the electrode layer.As the ANF-PENG only has 91μm thick and does not need further encapsulating,it has a high air permeability of 24.97 mm/s.ZnO nanoparticles in ANF-PENG not only improve the piezoelectric output,but also have antibacterial function(over 98%).The multifunctional ANF-PENG demonstrates good sensitivity to human motion and can harvest mechanical energy,indicating great potential applications in flexible self-powered electronic wearables and body health monitoring.
基金the financial support from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M710606(Z.C.Y.))the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61825102 and U21A20460(Y.L.))+3 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of UESTC(No.ZYGX2021YGLH002(Y.L.))the Shenzhen Science and technology planning project(No.JSGG20201102152403008(T.H.))the Project of Innovation and Strong School(No.PT2020C002(X.Z.W.))the Science and Technology Project of Shenzhen City(No.JSGG20210802154213040(X.Z.W.)).
文摘The successful implementation of bioelectronic devices attached to living organism hinges on a number of material and device characteristics,including not only electrical and mechanical performances to gather physiological signals from living organism thus enabling status monitoring,but also permeability or breathability for gas/nutrient exchange between living organisms and surroundings to ensure minimum perturbation of the intrinsic biological function.However,most bioelectronic devices built on planar polymeric substrates,such as polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS),polyurethane(PU),and polyimide(PI),lack efficient gas permeability,which may hinder the emission of volatile compounds from the surface of living organism,affecting the natural metabolism and reducing the comfort of wearing.Thus,achieving permeability or breathability in bioelectronic devices is a significant challenge.Currently,the devices made of gas-permeable materials with porous structures,that combine electronic components with daily garments,such as fibric and textile,offer exciting opportunities for breathable electronics.In this review,several types of gas-permeable materials with their synthesis and processing routes are outlines.Then,two methods for measuring water vapor transmission rate of materials are discussed in depth.Finally,recent progress in the use of gaspermeable materials for the applications of plant-and skin-attached electronics is summarized systematically.
基金Innovation and Technology Fund of Hong Kong(Grant No.:ITS/315/21 and ITS/288/22)Research Grants Council of Hong Kong(Grant No.:PolyU152052/21E and PolyU152196/23E)Endowed Young Scholar Scheme of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University(Project No.:84CC).
文摘Wearable electronics,poised to revolutionize real-time health monitoring,encounter significant challenges due to sweat accumulation,including skin irritation,peeling,short circuits,and corrosion.A groundbreaking study published in Nature presents a sustainable solution:three-dimensional(3D)liquid diodes that effectively pump sweat away,thereby maintaining the wearables’breathability and stable sensing of biometrics or environments without getting messed up by perspiration.This advancement has immense potential for the development of comfortable and skin-friendly intelligent wearable technologies that seamlessly incorporate sophisticated electronics even in sweaty conditions.
基金Funded by the Key Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province Education Department (No.04JK-181)the Direction Program of China Textile Industry Association (No.2007-049)
文摘Six groups of segmented polyurethanes with amorphous soft segment domains based on mixed hydrophobic polyester and hydrophilic polyether soft monomers were prepared from 4, 4′ diphenylmethane diisocyanate （MDI）, polybutylene adipate glycol 2000 （PBA2000）, polytetramethylene glycol 1000 （PTMG1000） and polyethylene glycol 1000 （PEG1000） with 1,4-butanediol （BDO） as the chain extender. Furthermore, the representative properties of the hydrophilic polyurethanes, moisture permeability and water resistance, were investigated. The results show that the chemical structure, molecular weight and concentration of soft monomers have remarkable effects on the main application properties of hydrophilic polyurethane. The important factors in diffusion are the content of hydrophilic ether bond and the mobility of hydrophilic chain in the soft phase, which is represented with a good approximation by the average mean molecular weight of soft segment. On the contrary, the functional properties of the hydrophilic polyurethane are almost not affected by its hard segment.
文摘The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has created a global health crisis that has had a deep impact on the way we perceive our world and our everyday lives. The call for the wearing of face masks as one of the ways of curbing the disease has resulted in the proliferation of cloth face masks on our markets. In the desperation to cash in on the season and make money at all costs, some manufacturers use inferior fabrics to produce face masks. Some of these fabrics do not meet the basic performance requirements of cloth face masks. This study was therefore carried out to research into the appropriate fabrics that will be suitable for the production of cloth face masks in terms of comfort, breathability and protection. To do this, 1225 participants were conveniently drawn for the study. The main research instrument employed for the study was the survey approach in which well-structured questionnaires were administered to solicit information from the participants. To determine the reliability and validity of data, the Cronbach’s Alpha test was conducted. Data were analyzed using the Stata statistical software to perform a multinomial logistic regression to estimate Odds Ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs. A multinomial logit model was constructed to determine the nominal variables. A major finding of the study was that people’s choice of fabric for cloth face masks is determined to a larger extent by their professions. The study also revealed that cotton, silk and linen possess good properties for the production of cloth face masks. Based on the findings, the study concludes that cloth face masks made from two-layered fabrics or three-layered fabrics are the best in terms of comfort and full protection of the wearer. It is recommended that the outer layer should be made from cotton and the inner layer made from linen, cotton-polyester blend or silk.
