Magnetorheological (MR) fluids consist of stable suspensions of magnetic particles in a carrying fluid such as water or silicone oils. The magnetorheological response of MR fluids results from the polarization induced...Magnetorheological (MR) fluids consist of stable suspensions of magnetic particles in a carrying fluid such as water or silicone oils. The magnetorheological response of MR fluids results from the polarization induced in suspended particles by application of an external magnetic field. The interaction between the induced dipoles causes the particles to form columnar structure, parallel to the applied field. These chain-like structures restrict the motion of fluids, thereby increasing the viscosity and yield stress of the MR fluids. These mechanical characteristics allow for the construction of magnetically controlled device such as the MR fluids rotary brakes. However, there has been little information published about the design of MR fluid brakes. In this paper the design of the cylindrical MR fluid brake is investigated theoretically. Bingham model is used to characterize the constitutive behaviors of the MR fluids subject to an external magnetic field. The operational principle of the cylindrical MR fluid brake is presented. The theoretical method is developed to analyze the transmission properties of the torque of the cylindrical MR fluid brake. An engineering expression for the torque is derived to provide the theoretical foundations in the design of the cylindrical MR fluid brake. Based on this equation the volume and thickness of the annular MR fluids within the brake is expressed as functions of the desired ratio of torques with saturated magnetic field and without external field, the controlled mechanical power and the MR fluid material properties. The parameters of the thickness and width of the fluid in the brake can be calculated from the obtained equations when the required mechanical power level, the desired torque ratio are specified.展开更多
In ground vehicles, the brake is an essential system to ensure the safety of movement. Multiple braking mechanisms have been introduced for use in vehicles. This study explores the potential of using magneto-rheologic...In ground vehicles, the brake is an essential system to ensure the safety of movement. Multiple braking mechanisms have been introduced for use in vehicles. This study explores the potential of using magneto-rheological fluid (MRF) brakes in automotive applications. MRF brakes offer controllable braking force due to a magnetic field, but their use is limited by simulation challenges. In this study, a 7-tooth MRF brake model is proposed. The brake model is simulated in Altair Flux software to analyze magnetic field distribution, braking torque, and its variation under different currents and disc speeds. The simulation conditions also consider both viscous and electromagnetic torque components. Then, the results are analyzed across different brake regions, including rotor, stator, and fluid gap. These results provide valuable insights for designing, manufacturing, installing, and testing MRF brakes for automotive use.展开更多
Three-dimensional mathematical models were developed for studying the molten steel flow and the trajectories of inclusions and bubbles in continuous casting mold with electromagnetic brake.The results show that the ef...Three-dimensional mathematical models were developed for studying the molten steel flow and the trajectories of inclusions and bubbles in continuous casting mold with electromagnetic brake.The results show that the effect of the electromagnetic brake on the molten steel flow and the movement of inclusions and bubbles depends on the position of electromagnetic brake.While EMBR Ruler is installed at the exit of the submerged entry nozzle,the velocity of the main jet of molten steel from the nozzle can be decreased effectively,the velocity of the molten steel streams near the free surface and the narrow face is reduced obviously;Meantime more inclusions and bubbles could float up to the slag layer.展开更多
In this study, numerical optimisation and experimental validation of a divided rail freight brake disc crown made of grey cast iron EN-GJL-250 is presented.The analysed brake disc is used in rail freight wagons and po...In this study, numerical optimisation and experimental validation of a divided rail freight brake disc crown made of grey cast iron EN-GJL-250 is presented.The analysed brake disc is used in rail freight wagons and possesses a load capacity of 22.5 tons per axle. Two of the divided rail freight brake discs are mounted on each axle.With the aid of numerical analysis, the thermal dissipation properties of the brake disc were optimised and ventilation losses were reduced, and the numerical results were compared with experimental results. A one-way fluid–structure interaction analysis was performed. A computational fluid dynamic model of a divided rail freight brake disc, used to predict air flow properties and heat convection, was incorporated into a finite element model of the disc and used to evaluate the temperature of the disc. A numerical parametrical optimisation of cooling ribs of the brake disc was also performed, and novel optimised cooling ribs were developed. A transient thermal numerical analysis of the brake disc was validated using temperature measurements obtained during a braking test on a test bench. The ventilation losses of the brake disc were measured on a test bench specifically designed for the task, and the losses were compared to the simulation results. The experimentally obtained ventilation losses and temperature measurements compared favourably with the simulation results, confirming that this type of simulation process may be confidently applied in the future. Through systematic optimisation of the divided rail freight brake disc, ventilation losses were reduced by 37% and the mass was reduced by 21%, resulting in better thermal performance that will bring with it substantial energy savings.展开更多
In order to study the squeeze-strengthening effect of silicone oil-based magnetorheological fluid （MRF）, theoretical basis of disc squeezing brake was presented and a squeezing braking characteristics test-bed for M...In order to study the squeeze-strengthening effect of silicone oil-based magnetorheological fluid （MRF）, theoretical basis of disc squeezing brake was presented and a squeezing braking characteristics test-bed for MRF was designed. Moreover, relevant experiments were carded out and the relationship between squeezing pressure and braking torque was proposed. Experiments results showed that the yield stress of MRF improved linearly with the increasing of external squeezing pressure and the braking torque increased three times when external squeezing pressure achieved 2 MPa.展开更多
In the last years, in formula racing cars championships, the aerodynamic had reached an ever more important stance as a performance parameter. In the last four seasons, Red Bull Racing Technical Officer had designed t...In the last years, in formula racing cars championships, the aerodynamic had reached an ever more important stance as a performance parameter. In the last four seasons, Red Bull Racing Technical Officer had designed their Formula 1 car with the specific aim to generate the optimal downforce, in relation to the car instantaneous setup. However, this extreme research of higher downforce brings some negative effects when a car is within the wake of another car;indeed, it is well known that under these condition the aerodynamic is disturbed, and it makes difficult to overtake the leading car. To partially remedy this problem, Formula 1 regulations introduced the Drag Reduction System (DRS) in 2011, which was an adjustable flap located on the rear wing;if it is flattened, allowing to reduce the downforce, increasing significantly the velocity and, therefore, the chances to overtake the leading car. Vice versa, when the flap is closed, it ensures a higher grip, which is very useful especially in medium-slow speed turns. Keeping the focus on the rear wing, but by shifting attention from the increased top speed to increase the grip in the middle and slow speed curves, we decided to study a similar device to the DRS, but with the opposite effect. The aim is to design an aerodynamic brake integrated with the rear wing. In particular, the project idea was to sculpt, on the upper surface of the wing (pressure side), a series of 'C' shaped cavity, normally covered by adequate sliding panels. These cavities, when they are discovered, at the beginning of the braking phase, produce a turbulence and additional increase downforce, lightening the load on the braking system and allowing the pilot to substantially reduce slippage and to delay the braking. Since it seems that the regulations adopted by the FIA Formula 1 Championship do not allow such a device, it has been decided to apply the concept on a Formula 4 vehicle. This paper describes the design and analyzes the effects of these details on a standard wing cavity, using a commercial CFD software.展开更多
The paper presents a novel configuration in order to improve the compactness and manufacturing cost of magneto-rheological material(or fluid)based brakes(MRB in short).In conventional configurations of MRBs,the coil i...The paper presents a novel configuration in order to improve the compactness and manufacturing cost of magneto-rheological material(or fluid)based brakes(MRB in short).In conventional configurations of MRBs,the coil is normally wound on a nonmagnetic bobbin which is placed on the housing.This causes difficulties in manufacturing of the brake and the bottle-neck problem of magnetic circuit.In the proposed configuration,the coil is wound directly on the inner cylinder of the housing.In this case,the inner cylinder of the housing should be designed in a special shape that maximizes the magnetic flux across the MR fluid(MRF)duct.After proposing of the new configuration of the MRBs,the modeling of the MRBs is performed based on Bingham rheological model of the MRF.An optimal design of the proposed MRBs and conventional MRBs is then performed based on finite element analysis results of magnetic circuit of the MRBs.A comparative work between the optimal parameters of the proposed MRBs and conventional MRBs is conducted and the advanced performance characteristics of the proposed MRBs are investigated.展开更多
文摘Magnetorheological (MR) fluids consist of stable suspensions of magnetic particles in a carrying fluid such as water or silicone oils. The magnetorheological response of MR fluids results from the polarization induced in suspended particles by application of an external magnetic field. The interaction between the induced dipoles causes the particles to form columnar structure, parallel to the applied field. These chain-like structures restrict the motion of fluids, thereby increasing the viscosity and yield stress of the MR fluids. These mechanical characteristics allow for the construction of magnetically controlled device such as the MR fluids rotary brakes. However, there has been little information published about the design of MR fluid brakes. In this paper the design of the cylindrical MR fluid brake is investigated theoretically. Bingham model is used to characterize the constitutive behaviors of the MR fluids subject to an external magnetic field. The operational principle of the cylindrical MR fluid brake is presented. The theoretical method is developed to analyze the transmission properties of the torque of the cylindrical MR fluid brake. An engineering expression for the torque is derived to provide the theoretical foundations in the design of the cylindrical MR fluid brake. Based on this equation the volume and thickness of the annular MR fluids within the brake is expressed as functions of the desired ratio of torques with saturated magnetic field and without external field, the controlled mechanical power and the MR fluid material properties. The parameters of the thickness and width of the fluid in the brake can be calculated from the obtained equations when the required mechanical power level, the desired torque ratio are specified.
文摘In ground vehicles, the brake is an essential system to ensure the safety of movement. Multiple braking mechanisms have been introduced for use in vehicles. This study explores the potential of using magneto-rheological fluid (MRF) brakes in automotive applications. MRF brakes offer controllable braking force due to a magnetic field, but their use is limited by simulation challenges. In this study, a 7-tooth MRF brake model is proposed. The brake model is simulated in Altair Flux software to analyze magnetic field distribution, braking torque, and its variation under different currents and disc speeds. The simulation conditions also consider both viscous and electromagnetic torque components. Then, the results are analyzed across different brake regions, including rotor, stator, and fluid gap. These results provide valuable insights for designing, manufacturing, installing, and testing MRF brakes for automotive use.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(59734080,59504006)Plan of National FundamentalResearch and Development of China(G1998061510)Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(200217)
文摘Three-dimensional mathematical models were developed for studying the molten steel flow and the trajectories of inclusions and bubbles in continuous casting mold with electromagnetic brake.The results show that the effect of the electromagnetic brake on the molten steel flow and the movement of inclusions and bubbles depends on the position of electromagnetic brake.While EMBR Ruler is installed at the exit of the submerged entry nozzle,the velocity of the main jet of molten steel from the nozzle can be decreased effectively,the velocity of the molten steel streams near the free surface and the narrow face is reduced obviously;Meantime more inclusions and bubbles could float up to the slag layer.
基金supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 researchinnovation programme FUTURA under Grant Agreement No. 700985
文摘In this study, numerical optimisation and experimental validation of a divided rail freight brake disc crown made of grey cast iron EN-GJL-250 is presented.The analysed brake disc is used in rail freight wagons and possesses a load capacity of 22.5 tons per axle. Two of the divided rail freight brake discs are mounted on each axle.With the aid of numerical analysis, the thermal dissipation properties of the brake disc were optimised and ventilation losses were reduced, and the numerical results were compared with experimental results. A one-way fluid–structure interaction analysis was performed. A computational fluid dynamic model of a divided rail freight brake disc, used to predict air flow properties and heat convection, was incorporated into a finite element model of the disc and used to evaluate the temperature of the disc. A numerical parametrical optimisation of cooling ribs of the brake disc was also performed, and novel optimised cooling ribs were developed. A transient thermal numerical analysis of the brake disc was validated using temperature measurements obtained during a braking test on a test bench. The ventilation losses of the brake disc were measured on a test bench specifically designed for the task, and the losses were compared to the simulation results. The experimentally obtained ventilation losses and temperature measurements compared favourably with the simulation results, confirming that this type of simulation process may be confidently applied in the future. Through systematic optimisation of the divided rail freight brake disc, ventilation losses were reduced by 37% and the mass was reduced by 21%, resulting in better thermal performance that will bring with it substantial energy savings.
基金Funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51475454)National Natural Science Foundation of JiangsuProvince(No.BK20151144)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds forthe Central Universities(No.2014QNA38)Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)
文摘In order to study the squeeze-strengthening effect of silicone oil-based magnetorheological fluid （MRF）, theoretical basis of disc squeezing brake was presented and a squeezing braking characteristics test-bed for MRF was designed. Moreover, relevant experiments were carded out and the relationship between squeezing pressure and braking torque was proposed. Experiments results showed that the yield stress of MRF improved linearly with the increasing of external squeezing pressure and the braking torque increased three times when external squeezing pressure achieved 2 MPa.
文摘In the last years, in formula racing cars championships, the aerodynamic had reached an ever more important stance as a performance parameter. In the last four seasons, Red Bull Racing Technical Officer had designed their Formula 1 car with the specific aim to generate the optimal downforce, in relation to the car instantaneous setup. However, this extreme research of higher downforce brings some negative effects when a car is within the wake of another car;indeed, it is well known that under these condition the aerodynamic is disturbed, and it makes difficult to overtake the leading car. To partially remedy this problem, Formula 1 regulations introduced the Drag Reduction System (DRS) in 2011, which was an adjustable flap located on the rear wing;if it is flattened, allowing to reduce the downforce, increasing significantly the velocity and, therefore, the chances to overtake the leading car. Vice versa, when the flap is closed, it ensures a higher grip, which is very useful especially in medium-slow speed turns. Keeping the focus on the rear wing, but by shifting attention from the increased top speed to increase the grip in the middle and slow speed curves, we decided to study a similar device to the DRS, but with the opposite effect. The aim is to design an aerodynamic brake integrated with the rear wing. In particular, the project idea was to sculpt, on the upper surface of the wing (pressure side), a series of 'C' shaped cavity, normally covered by adequate sliding panels. These cavities, when they are discovered, at the beginning of the braking phase, produce a turbulence and additional increase downforce, lightening the load on the braking system and allowing the pilot to substantially reduce slippage and to delay the braking. Since it seems that the regulations adopted by the FIA Formula 1 Championship do not allow such a device, it has been decided to apply the concept on a Formula 4 vehicle. This paper describes the design and analyzes the effects of these details on a standard wing cavity, using a commercial CFD software.
基金Item Sponsored by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant Funded by Korea Government (MEST) (No.2010-0015090)
文摘The paper presents a novel configuration in order to improve the compactness and manufacturing cost of magneto-rheological material(or fluid)based brakes(MRB in short).In conventional configurations of MRBs,the coil is normally wound on a nonmagnetic bobbin which is placed on the housing.This causes difficulties in manufacturing of the brake and the bottle-neck problem of magnetic circuit.In the proposed configuration,the coil is wound directly on the inner cylinder of the housing.In this case,the inner cylinder of the housing should be designed in a special shape that maximizes the magnetic flux across the MR fluid(MRF)duct.After proposing of the new configuration of the MRBs,the modeling of the MRBs is performed based on Bingham rheological model of the MRF.An optimal design of the proposed MRBs and conventional MRBs is then performed based on finite element analysis results of magnetic circuit of the MRBs.A comparative work between the optimal parameters of the proposed MRBs and conventional MRBs is conducted and the advanced performance characteristics of the proposed MRBs are investigated.
