Artificial intelligence, often referred to as AI, is a branch of computer science focused on developing systems that exhibit intelligent behavior. Broadly speaking, AI researchers aim to develop technologies that can ...Artificial intelligence, often referred to as AI, is a branch of computer science focused on developing systems that exhibit intelligent behavior. Broadly speaking, AI researchers aim to develop technologies that can think and act in a way that mimics human cognition and decision-making [1]. The foundations of AI can be traced back to early philosophical inquiries into the nature of intelligence and thinking. However, AI is generally considered to have emerged as a formal field of study in the 1940s and 1950s. Pioneering computer scientists at the time theorized that it might be possible to extend basic computer programming concepts using logic and reasoning to develop machines capable of “thinking” like humans. Over time, the definition and goals of AI have evolved. Some theorists argued for a narrower focus on developing computing systems able to efficiently solve problems, while others aimed for a closer replication of human intelligence. Today, AI encompasses a diverse set of techniques used to enable intelligent behavior in machines. Core disciplines that contribute to modern AI research include computer science, mathematics, statistics, linguistics, psychology and cognitive science, and neuroscience. Significant AI approaches used today involve statistical classification models, machine learning, and natural language processing. Classification methods are widely applicable to problems in various domains like healthcare, such as informing diagnostic or treatment decisions based on patterns in data. Dean and Goldreich, 1998, define ML as an approach through which a computer has to learn a model by itself from the data provided but no specification on the sort of model is provided to the computer. They can then predict values for things that are different from the values used in training the models. NLP looks at two interrelated concerns, the task of training computers to understand human languages and the fact that since natural languages are so complex, they lend themselves very well to serving a number of very useful goals when used by computers.展开更多
Globally,over 300 million surgeries are performed each year,and more than 50%of surgeries involve patients aged 65 and older.Aging poses significant challenges to perioperative brain health,as the deterioration of bra...Globally,over 300 million surgeries are performed each year,and more than 50%of surgeries involve patients aged 65 and older.Aging poses significant challenges to perioperative brain health,as the deterioration of brain structure and function increases susceptibility to postoperative neurological complications.Protecting perioperative brain health remains a worldwide clinical challenge.With senescence,the brain undergoes a progressive decline in homeostasis across various molecular,cellular,and regional functions.Anesthetics and surgical stimuli may accelerate the disruption of brain homeostasis and exacerbate age-related neurodegeneration.This review provides a framework for understanding how anesthesia and surgery can affect brain health in the aging population and contribute to postoperative neurological complications,with a particular focus on perioperative neurocognitive disorder.展开更多
The brain controls the nerve system,allowing complex emotional and cognitive activities.The microbiota–gut–brain axis is a bidirectional neural,hormonal,and immune signaling pathway that could link the gastrointesti...The brain controls the nerve system,allowing complex emotional and cognitive activities.The microbiota–gut–brain axis is a bidirectional neural,hormonal,and immune signaling pathway that could link the gastrointestinal tract to the brain.Over the past few decades,gut microbiota has been demonstrated to be an essential component of the gastrointestinal tract that plays a crucial role in regulating most functions of various body organs.The effects of the microbiota on the brain occur through the production of neurotransmitters,hormones,and metabolites,regulation of host-produced metabolites,or through the synthesis of metabolites by the microbiota themselves.This affects the host's behavior,mood,attention state,and the brain's food reward system.Meanwhile,there is an intimate association between the gut microbiota and exercise.Exercise can change gut microbiota numerically and qualitatively,which may be partially responsible for the widespread benefits of regular physical activity on human health.Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)is a non-invasive method to show areas of brain activity enabling the delineation of specific brain regions involved in neurocognitive disorders.Through combining exercise tasks and fMRI techniques,researchers can observe the effects of exercise on higher brain functions.However,exercise's effects on brain health via gut microbiota have been little studied.This article reviews and highlights the connections between these three interactions,which will help us to further understand the positive effects of exercise on brain health and provide new strategies and approaches for the prevention and treatment of brain diseases.展开更多
Brain health as an emerging research hotspot in recent years commonly refers to a state in which people can preserve optimal brain integrity and mental and cognitive function at a given age without overt brain disease...Brain health as an emerging research hotspot in recent years commonly refers to a state in which people can preserve optimal brain integrity and mental and cognitive function at a given age without overt brain diseases affecting normal brain function.[1]This definition explains the basic frame of brain health and shares goals for disparate parties to reduce brain health impairment and achieve global brain health.Conversely,impaired brain health involves a wide range of clinical outcomes,including stroke,dementia,cognitive impairment,cognitive aging,and vascular functional impairment,among others.[2]The impaired brain health burden is heavy and increasing.Neurological conditions have been the leading cause of mortality and disability accounting for 9 million deaths per year.展开更多
Objectives:Adults with cataracts are often reported with mental health issues,which has driven researchers to identify modifiable factors so that effective intervention programs can be timely implemented.Thus,we inves...Objectives:Adults with cataracts are often reported with mental health issues,which has driven researchers to identify modifiable factors so that effective intervention programs can be timely implemented.Thus,we investigated associations of physical activity(PA)and sedentary behavior(SB)with stress,anxiety,and sleep problems among adultswith cataracts.Methods:In this cross-sectional study,a total of 2219 participantswith cataracts completed self-reported measures on demographic characteristics(e.g.,age and sex),PA,SB,anxiety,stress and sleep problems.Multiple linear regression and logistic analyses adjusted for covariates were employed to examine the associations of PA and SB with outcomes of interest.Results:Meeting PA recommendation was significantly associated with lower stress score(β=−2.920,95%CI:−3.880 to−1.959;p<0.001),a 51.2%reduction in the odds of sleep problems(OR=0.488,95%CI:0.389 to 0.612;p<0.001).Limiting SB to≤8 h/day was significantly associated with reduced stress score(−5.191,95%CI:−6.378 to−4.004;p<0.001),lower odds of anxiety symptoms(OR=0.481,95%CI:0.354 to 0.655;p<0.001),and sleep problems(OR=0.540,95%CI:0.420 to 0.693;p<0.001).The greatest benefit appeared when both PA and SB recommendations were achieved simultaneously.Compared with individuals who met neither recommendation,those who were sufficiently active and sat less than 8 h/day showed a 9.307-point lower stress score(95%CI:−11.12 to−7.49;p<0.001),a 54.9%lower odds of anxiety symptoms(OR=0.451,95%CI:0.262 to 0.776;p=0.004),and a 66.4%lower odds of sleep problems(OR=0.336,95%CI:0.206 to 0.550;p<0.001).Conclusions:Meeting PA and SB recommendations could provide substantial psychosocial benefits for adults with cataracts.展开更多
The brain’s cellular landscape-a battleground where neurons and glial cells vie for survival-shapes cognition from infancy to old age.Researchers from the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB)of the C...The brain’s cellular landscape-a battleground where neurons and glial cells vie for survival-shapes cognition from infancy to old age.Researchers from the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have uncovered how neural cell competition(NCC)-a process once thought confined to early development-governs brain health across the lifespan,offering clues to combat age-related decline.展开更多
The migration of health professionals from low- and middle-income to high-income countries has received much attention amongst the global health community as an important factor influencing health care systems. There ...The migration of health professionals from low- and middle-income to high-income countries has received much attention amongst the global health community as an important factor influencing health care systems. There is however, much less dialogue about internationally trained health professionals who are not able to practice their professions in their countries of destination, a phenomenon labelled as “brain waste”. It has been shown that the integration of internationally trained health professionals in their country of destination is hindered due to inadequate language skills, a lack of local work experience, cultural incompetency, and barriers to the recognition of credentials from foreign academics and professionals. To maximize gains from migration of health professionals and to minimize the negative impacts, we need policies with proper guidelines for practical strategies to better integrate health professional immigrants into the workforce of destination countries. These policies and action plans should also foster healthcare system capacity building and appropriate compensation in low- and middle-income展开更多
With the occurrence of aging process,decreased neuron dopamine,disrupted brown adipose tissue(BAT)remodeling and decreased butyrate level all reflect a weak host healthy in certain degree.Nevertheless,the signs of mid...With the occurrence of aging process,decreased neuron dopamine,disrupted brown adipose tissue(BAT)remodeling and decreased butyrate level all reflect a weak host healthy in certain degree.Nevertheless,the signs of mid-adult gut microbiota,and its association with host healthy are not well understood.In current study,we deemed to illustrate the associations of age,neuron dopamine,BAT remodeling,butyrate and gut microbiota with the aid of traditional herbal formula Kang Shuai Lao Pian(KSLP),which is known for its anti-aging effect.Here,ELISA was performed to detect the production of brain dopamine,the mass of inguinal white adipose tissue versus interscapular brown adipose tissue(iWAT/iBAT)was calculated and considered as a sign of BAT remodeling,16 S rRNA gene sequencing was used to the detection of gut microbiota profiling and gas chromatography was used to measure the butyrate level in mice feces.Our results indicated mid-adult mice already present distinctive gut microbiota profiling compared with young mice,concomitant with which are the lower brain dopamine level and disrupted brown adipose remodeling.KSLP treatment improved the host healthy and regulated gut microbiota with enriched Firmicutes at the expense of Bacteroidetes,particularly increased the relative abundance of bacteria functionally related to dopamine and butyrate productions,which suggest KSLP treatment constructs a healthier gut environment.In conclusion,modulation of gut microbiota and butyrate may connectively regulate dopamine production and BAT remodeling through gut-brain axis and gut-metabolism axis.展开更多
Gliomas are malignant primary brain tumors and yet incurable. Palliation and the maintenance or improvement of the patient's quality of life is therefore of main importance. For that reason, health-related quality...Gliomas are malignant primary brain tumors and yet incurable. Palliation and the maintenance or improvement of the patient's quality of life is therefore of main importance. For that reason, health-related quality of life(HRQoL) has become an important outcome measure in clinical trials, next to traditional outcome measures such as overall and progression-free survivals, and radiological response to treatment. HRQoL is a multidimensional concept covering physical, psychological, and social domains, as well as symptoms induced by the disease and its treatment. HRQoL is assessed by using self-reported, validated questionnaires. Various generic HRQoL questionnaires, which can be supplemented with a brain tumor- specific module, are available. Both the tumor and its treatment can have a negative effect on HRQoL. However, treatment with surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and supportive treatment may also improve patients' HRQoL, in addition to extending survival. It is expected that the impact of HRQoL measurements in both clinical trials and clinical practice will increase. Hence, it is important that HRQoL data are collected, analyzed, and interpreted correctly. Methodological issues such as selection bias and missing data may hamper the interpretation of HRQoL data and should therefore be accounted. In clinical trials, HRQoL can be used to assess the benefits of a new treatment strategy, which should be weighed carefully against the adverse effects of that treatment. In daily clinical practice, HRQoL assessments of an individual patient can be used to inform physicians about the impact of a specific treatment strategy, and it may facilitate the communication between the physicians and the patients.展开更多
Alcohol use disorder （AUD）, mild traumatic brain injury （mTBI）, and posttraumatic stress disorder （PTSD） commonly co-occur （AUD ＋ mTBI ＋ PTSD）. These conditions have overlapping symptoms which are, in part, ...Alcohol use disorder （AUD）, mild traumatic brain injury （mTBI）, and posttraumatic stress disorder （PTSD） commonly co-occur （AUD ＋ mTBI ＋ PTSD）. These conditions have overlapping symptoms which are, in part, reflective of overlapping neuropathology. These conditions become problematic because their co-occurrence can exacerbate symptoms. Therefore, treatments must be developed that are inclusive to all three conditions. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation （rTMS） is non-invasive and may be an ideal treatment for co-occurring AUD ＋ mTBI ＋ PTSD. There is accumulating evidence on rTMS as a treatment for people with AUD, mTBI, and PTSD each alone. However, there are no published studies to date on rTMS as a treatment for co-occurring AUD ＋ mTBI ＋ PTSD. This review article advances the knowledge base for rTMS as a treatment for AUD ＋ mTBI ＋ PTSD. This review provides background information about these co-occurring conditions as well as rTMS. The existing literature on rTMS as a treatment for people with AUD, TBI, and PTSD each alone is reviewed. Finally, neurobiological findings in support of a theoretical model are discussed to inform TMS as a treatment for co-occurring AUD ＋ mTBI ＋ PTSD. The peer-reviewed literature was identified by targeted literature searches using PubMed and supplemented by cross-referencing the bibliographies of relevant review articles. The existing evidence on rTMS as a treatment for these conditions in isolation, coupled with the overlapping neuropathology and symptomology of these conditions, suggests that rTMS may be well suited for the treatment of these conditions together.展开更多
文摘Artificial intelligence, often referred to as AI, is a branch of computer science focused on developing systems that exhibit intelligent behavior. Broadly speaking, AI researchers aim to develop technologies that can think and act in a way that mimics human cognition and decision-making [1]. The foundations of AI can be traced back to early philosophical inquiries into the nature of intelligence and thinking. However, AI is generally considered to have emerged as a formal field of study in the 1940s and 1950s. Pioneering computer scientists at the time theorized that it might be possible to extend basic computer programming concepts using logic and reasoning to develop machines capable of “thinking” like humans. Over time, the definition and goals of AI have evolved. Some theorists argued for a narrower focus on developing computing systems able to efficiently solve problems, while others aimed for a closer replication of human intelligence. Today, AI encompasses a diverse set of techniques used to enable intelligent behavior in machines. Core disciplines that contribute to modern AI research include computer science, mathematics, statistics, linguistics, psychology and cognitive science, and neuroscience. Significant AI approaches used today involve statistical classification models, machine learning, and natural language processing. Classification methods are widely applicable to problems in various domains like healthcare, such as informing diagnostic or treatment decisions based on patterns in data. Dean and Goldreich, 1998, define ML as an approach through which a computer has to learn a model by itself from the data provided but no specification on the sort of model is provided to the computer. They can then predict values for things that are different from the values used in training the models. NLP looks at two interrelated concerns, the task of training computers to understand human languages and the fact that since natural languages are so complex, they lend themselves very well to serving a number of very useful goals when used by computers.
基金This work was supported by grants from the Major Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82293640 and 82293643)Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82130121)+1 种基金Scientific and Technological Innovation 2030-major project of Brain Science and Brain-Like Intelligence Technology(No.2021ZD0202804)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82301370)
文摘Globally,over 300 million surgeries are performed each year,and more than 50%of surgeries involve patients aged 65 and older.Aging poses significant challenges to perioperative brain health,as the deterioration of brain structure and function increases susceptibility to postoperative neurological complications.Protecting perioperative brain health remains a worldwide clinical challenge.With senescence,the brain undergoes a progressive decline in homeostasis across various molecular,cellular,and regional functions.Anesthetics and surgical stimuli may accelerate the disruption of brain homeostasis and exacerbate age-related neurodegeneration.This review provides a framework for understanding how anesthesia and surgery can affect brain health in the aging population and contribute to postoperative neurological complications,with a particular focus on perioperative neurocognitive disorder.
文摘The brain controls the nerve system,allowing complex emotional and cognitive activities.The microbiota–gut–brain axis is a bidirectional neural,hormonal,and immune signaling pathway that could link the gastrointestinal tract to the brain.Over the past few decades,gut microbiota has been demonstrated to be an essential component of the gastrointestinal tract that plays a crucial role in regulating most functions of various body organs.The effects of the microbiota on the brain occur through the production of neurotransmitters,hormones,and metabolites,regulation of host-produced metabolites,or through the synthesis of metabolites by the microbiota themselves.This affects the host's behavior,mood,attention state,and the brain's food reward system.Meanwhile,there is an intimate association between the gut microbiota and exercise.Exercise can change gut microbiota numerically and qualitatively,which may be partially responsible for the widespread benefits of regular physical activity on human health.Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)is a non-invasive method to show areas of brain activity enabling the delineation of specific brain regions involved in neurocognitive disorders.Through combining exercise tasks and fMRI techniques,researchers can observe the effects of exercise on higher brain functions.However,exercise's effects on brain health via gut microbiota have been little studied.This article reviews and highlights the connections between these three interactions,which will help us to further understand the positive effects of exercise on brain health and provide new strategies and approaches for the prevention and treatment of brain diseases.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82425101)Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(No.Z231100004823036)+3 种基金Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research(2022-2-2045)National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC3602500,2022YFC3602505,2024YFC3044800,2022YFF1501500,2022YFF1501501,2022YFF1501502,2022YFF1501503,2022YFF1501504,2022YFF1501505)Outstanding Young Talents Project of Capital Medical University(A2105)Beijing High-level Public Health Technical Personnel Construction Project(Discipline leader-03-12).
文摘Brain health as an emerging research hotspot in recent years commonly refers to a state in which people can preserve optimal brain integrity and mental and cognitive function at a given age without overt brain diseases affecting normal brain function.[1]This definition explains the basic frame of brain health and shares goals for disparate parties to reduce brain health impairment and achieve global brain health.Conversely,impaired brain health involves a wide range of clinical outcomes,including stroke,dementia,cognitive impairment,cognitive aging,and vascular functional impairment,among others.[2]The impaired brain health burden is heavy and increasing.Neurological conditions have been the leading cause of mortality and disability accounting for 9 million deaths per year.
文摘Objectives:Adults with cataracts are often reported with mental health issues,which has driven researchers to identify modifiable factors so that effective intervention programs can be timely implemented.Thus,we investigated associations of physical activity(PA)and sedentary behavior(SB)with stress,anxiety,and sleep problems among adultswith cataracts.Methods:In this cross-sectional study,a total of 2219 participantswith cataracts completed self-reported measures on demographic characteristics(e.g.,age and sex),PA,SB,anxiety,stress and sleep problems.Multiple linear regression and logistic analyses adjusted for covariates were employed to examine the associations of PA and SB with outcomes of interest.Results:Meeting PA recommendation was significantly associated with lower stress score(β=−2.920,95%CI:−3.880 to−1.959;p<0.001),a 51.2%reduction in the odds of sleep problems(OR=0.488,95%CI:0.389 to 0.612;p<0.001).Limiting SB to≤8 h/day was significantly associated with reduced stress score(−5.191,95%CI:−6.378 to−4.004;p<0.001),lower odds of anxiety symptoms(OR=0.481,95%CI:0.354 to 0.655;p<0.001),and sleep problems(OR=0.540,95%CI:0.420 to 0.693;p<0.001).The greatest benefit appeared when both PA and SB recommendations were achieved simultaneously.Compared with individuals who met neither recommendation,those who were sufficiently active and sat less than 8 h/day showed a 9.307-point lower stress score(95%CI:−11.12 to−7.49;p<0.001),a 54.9%lower odds of anxiety symptoms(OR=0.451,95%CI:0.262 to 0.776;p=0.004),and a 66.4%lower odds of sleep problems(OR=0.336,95%CI:0.206 to 0.550;p<0.001).Conclusions:Meeting PA and SB recommendations could provide substantial psychosocial benefits for adults with cataracts.
文摘The brain’s cellular landscape-a battleground where neurons and glial cells vie for survival-shapes cognition from infancy to old age.Researchers from the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have uncovered how neural cell competition(NCC)-a process once thought confined to early development-governs brain health across the lifespan,offering clues to combat age-related decline.
文摘The migration of health professionals from low- and middle-income to high-income countries has received much attention amongst the global health community as an important factor influencing health care systems. There is however, much less dialogue about internationally trained health professionals who are not able to practice their professions in their countries of destination, a phenomenon labelled as “brain waste”. It has been shown that the integration of internationally trained health professionals in their country of destination is hindered due to inadequate language skills, a lack of local work experience, cultural incompetency, and barriers to the recognition of credentials from foreign academics and professionals. To maximize gains from migration of health professionals and to minimize the negative impacts, we need policies with proper guidelines for practical strategies to better integrate health professional immigrants into the workforce of destination countries. These policies and action plans should also foster healthcare system capacity building and appropriate compensation in low- and middle-income
基金supported by the Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province,China(Nos.2018C02048 and 2018F10076)the Agricultural and Social Development Department of Hangzhou City,China(2018)。
文摘With the occurrence of aging process,decreased neuron dopamine,disrupted brown adipose tissue(BAT)remodeling and decreased butyrate level all reflect a weak host healthy in certain degree.Nevertheless,the signs of mid-adult gut microbiota,and its association with host healthy are not well understood.In current study,we deemed to illustrate the associations of age,neuron dopamine,BAT remodeling,butyrate and gut microbiota with the aid of traditional herbal formula Kang Shuai Lao Pian(KSLP),which is known for its anti-aging effect.Here,ELISA was performed to detect the production of brain dopamine,the mass of inguinal white adipose tissue versus interscapular brown adipose tissue(iWAT/iBAT)was calculated and considered as a sign of BAT remodeling,16 S rRNA gene sequencing was used to the detection of gut microbiota profiling and gas chromatography was used to measure the butyrate level in mice feces.Our results indicated mid-adult mice already present distinctive gut microbiota profiling compared with young mice,concomitant with which are the lower brain dopamine level and disrupted brown adipose remodeling.KSLP treatment improved the host healthy and regulated gut microbiota with enriched Firmicutes at the expense of Bacteroidetes,particularly increased the relative abundance of bacteria functionally related to dopamine and butyrate productions,which suggest KSLP treatment constructs a healthier gut environment.In conclusion,modulation of gut microbiota and butyrate may connectively regulate dopamine production and BAT remodeling through gut-brain axis and gut-metabolism axis.
文摘Gliomas are malignant primary brain tumors and yet incurable. Palliation and the maintenance or improvement of the patient's quality of life is therefore of main importance. For that reason, health-related quality of life(HRQoL) has become an important outcome measure in clinical trials, next to traditional outcome measures such as overall and progression-free survivals, and radiological response to treatment. HRQoL is a multidimensional concept covering physical, psychological, and social domains, as well as symptoms induced by the disease and its treatment. HRQoL is assessed by using self-reported, validated questionnaires. Various generic HRQoL questionnaires, which can be supplemented with a brain tumor- specific module, are available. Both the tumor and its treatment can have a negative effect on HRQoL. However, treatment with surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and supportive treatment may also improve patients' HRQoL, in addition to extending survival. It is expected that the impact of HRQoL measurements in both clinical trials and clinical practice will increase. Hence, it is important that HRQoL data are collected, analyzed, and interpreted correctly. Methodological issues such as selection bias and missing data may hamper the interpretation of HRQoL data and should therefore be accounted. In clinical trials, HRQoL can be used to assess the benefits of a new treatment strategy, which should be weighed carefully against the adverse effects of that treatment. In daily clinical practice, HRQoL assessments of an individual patient can be used to inform physicians about the impact of a specific treatment strategy, and it may facilitate the communication between the physicians and the patients.
基金supported with resources by Department of Veterans Affairs(VA),Health Services Research and Development Service and the Office of Academic Affiliations(TPP 42-013)at Edward Hines VA Hospitalsupported by the following:VA OAA Polytrauma Fellowship to AAH,NIDRR Merit Switzer Research Fellowship Award H133F130011to AAH and the VA RR&D CDA-II RX000949-01A2 to AAH
文摘Alcohol use disorder （AUD）, mild traumatic brain injury （mTBI）, and posttraumatic stress disorder （PTSD） commonly co-occur （AUD ＋ mTBI ＋ PTSD）. These conditions have overlapping symptoms which are, in part, reflective of overlapping neuropathology. These conditions become problematic because their co-occurrence can exacerbate symptoms. Therefore, treatments must be developed that are inclusive to all three conditions. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation （rTMS） is non-invasive and may be an ideal treatment for co-occurring AUD ＋ mTBI ＋ PTSD. There is accumulating evidence on rTMS as a treatment for people with AUD, mTBI, and PTSD each alone. However, there are no published studies to date on rTMS as a treatment for co-occurring AUD ＋ mTBI ＋ PTSD. This review article advances the knowledge base for rTMS as a treatment for AUD ＋ mTBI ＋ PTSD. This review provides background information about these co-occurring conditions as well as rTMS. The existing literature on rTMS as a treatment for people with AUD, TBI, and PTSD each alone is reviewed. Finally, neurobiological findings in support of a theoretical model are discussed to inform TMS as a treatment for co-occurring AUD ＋ mTBI ＋ PTSD. The peer-reviewed literature was identified by targeted literature searches using PubMed and supplemented by cross-referencing the bibliographies of relevant review articles. The existing evidence on rTMS as a treatment for these conditions in isolation, coupled with the overlapping neuropathology and symptomology of these conditions, suggests that rTMS may be well suited for the treatment of these conditions together.
